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Venegas M, Durán A, Campusano S, Barahona S, Sepúlveda D, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Identification of Potential New Genes Related to the SREBP Pathway in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Biomolecules 2024; 14:778. [PMID: 39062491 PMCID: PMC11274570 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway is an integral cellular mechanism that regulates lipid homeostasis, in which transcriptional activator SREBPs regulate the expression of various genes. In the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, Sre1 (the yeast SREBP homolog) regulates lipid biosynthesis and carotenogenesis, among other processes. Despite the characterization of several components of the SREBP pathway across various eukaryotes, the specific elements of this pathway in X. dendrorhous remain largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of the SREBP pathway in X. dendrorhous using the strain CBS.cyp61- as a model, which is known to have Sre1 in its active state under standard culture conditions, resulting in a carotenoid-overproducing phenotype. This strain was subjected to random mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), followed by a screening methodology that focused on identifying mutants with altered Sre1 activation phenotypes. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of 20 selected mutants detected 5439 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), narrowing them down to 1327 SNPs of interest after a series of filters. Classification based on SNP impact identified 116 candidate genes, including 49 genes with high impact and 68 genes with deleterious moderate-impact mutations. BLAST, InterProScan, and gene ontology enrichment analyses highlighted 25 genes as potential participants in regulating Sre1 in X. dendrorhous. The key findings of this study include the identification of genes potentially encoding proteins involved in protein import/export to the nucleus, sterol biosynthesis, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, protein regulatory activities such as deacetylases, a subset of kinases and proteases, as well as transcription factors that could be influential in SREBP regulation. These findings are expected to significantly contribute to the current understanding of the intricate regulation of the transcription factor Sre1 in X. dendrorhous, providing valuable groundwork for future research and potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Alejandro Durán
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Sebastián Campusano
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
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Cai C, Xu N, Feng J, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Liu H, Nan B, Li X, Wang Y. Energy metabolism analysis of exogenous glutamate on promoting co-accumulation of astaxanthin yield and biomass in Phaffia rhodozyma D3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130834. [PMID: 38740311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Effective metabolic regulators play an essential role in regulating astaxanthin biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. In this study, it was found that 5 mM glutamate increased the astaxanthin yield and biomass of P. rhodozyma D3 to 22.34 mg/L and 6.12 g/L, which were 1.22 and 1.33 times higher than the control group, respectively. Meanwhile, glucose uptake was increased and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was reduced with 5 mM glutamate. To further explore the interrelationship between glutamate and astaxanthin synthesis, the energy metabolism of P. rhodozyma D3 with and without glutamate was analysed. Glutamate promoted the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) metabolic flux, modulated the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), activated the ornithine cycle and purine metabolism, and provided more ATP and NADPH for astaxanthin accumulation. This study clarified the possible mechanism by which glutamate promoted astaxanthin accumulation in P. rhodozyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Na Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Jiale Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Qianxi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China.
| | - Bo Nan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China.
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3
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Torres-Haro A, Verdín J, Kirchmayr MR, Arellano-Plaza M. Combined 6-benzylaminopurine and H 2O 2 stimulate the astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:158. [PMID: 38252271 PMCID: PMC10803577 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is one of the most attractive carotenoids due to its high antioxidant activity and beneficial biological properties, while Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of its main microbial sources. Since astaxanthin is synthesized as a response to oxidative stress, several oxidative agents have been evaluated to increase X. dendrorhous astaxanthin yields. However, the extent of the stimulation is determined by the cellular damage caused by the applied oxidative agent. Phytohormones have also been reported as stimulants of astaxanthin biosynthesis acting directly on its metabolic pathway and indirectly promoting cellular resistance to reactive oxygen species. We reasoned that both oxidative agents and phytohormones lead to increased astaxanthin synthesis, but the latter could mitigate the drawbacks of the former. Thus, here, the stimulation on astaxanthin biosynthesis, as well as the cellular and transcriptional responses of wild type X. dendrorhous to phytohormones (6-benzylaminopurine, 6-BAP; abscisic acid, ABA; and indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), and oxidative agents (glutamate, menadione, H2O2, and/or Fe2+) were evaluated as a single or combined treatments. ABA and 6-BAP were the best individual stimulants leading to 2.24- and 2.60-fold astaxanthin biosynthesis increase, respectively. Nevertheless, the effect of combined 6-BAP and H2O2 led to a 3.69-fold astaxanthin synthesis increase (0.127 ± 0.018 mg astaxanthin/g biomass). Moreover, cell viability (> 82.75%) and mitochondrial activity (> 82.2%) remained almost intact in the combined treatment (6-BAP + H2O2) compared to control (< 52.17% cell viability; < 85.3% mitochondrial activity). On the other hand, mRNA levels of hmgR, idi, crtYB, crtR, and crtS, genes of the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway, increased transiently along X. dendrorhous fermentation due to stimulations assayed in this study. KEY POINTS: • Combined 6-BAP and H2O2 is the best treatment to increase astaxanthin yields in X. dendrorhous. • 6-BAP preserves cell integrity under oxidative H2O2 stress conditions. • 6-BAP and H2O2 increase transcriptional responses of hmgR, idi, and crt family genes transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torres-Haro
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Manuel R Kirchmayr
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melchor Arellano-Plaza
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Mussagy CU, Kot A, Dufossé L, Gonçalves CNDP, Pereira JFB, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Raghavan V, Pessoa A. Microbial astaxanthin: from bioprocessing to the market recognition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12586-1. [PMID: 37233757 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The attractive biological properties and health benefits of natural astaxanthin (AXT), including its antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties, have garnered significant attention from academia and industry seeking natural alternatives to synthetic products. AXT, a red ketocarotenoid, is mainly produced by yeast, microalgae, wild or genetically engineered bacteria. Unfortunately, the large fraction of AXT available in the global market is still obtained using non-environmentally friendly petrochemical-based products. Due to the consumers concerns about synthetic AXT, the market of microbial-AXT is expected to grow exponentially in succeeding years. This review provides a detailed discussion of AXT's bioprocessing technologies and applications as a natural alternative to synthetic counterparts. Additionally, we present, for the first time, a very comprehensive segmentation of the global AXT market and suggest research directions to improve microbial production using sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. KEY POINTS: • Unlock the power of microorganisms for high value AXT production. • Discover the secrets to cost-effective microbial AXT processing. • Uncover the future opportunities in the AXT market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassamo U Mussagy
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2260000, Quillota, Chile.
| | - Anna Kot
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chemistry and Biotechnology of Natural Products, CHEMBIOPRO, ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, CEDEX 9, 97744, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Carmem N D P Gonçalves
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F B Pereira
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valeria C Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Pharmaceutical-Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pan X, Li T, Wang B, Qi S, Yang D, Huang Z, Gao R, Li J, Ling X, Lu Y. Metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in response to sodium citrate treatment. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:29. [PMID: 38647925 PMCID: PMC10992204 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is an important ketocarotenoid widely used in industries. However, its application is limited because of its low yield. Sodium citrate (Na-citrate), one of the major carbon sources for microorganisms, can promote cell growth and product accumulation. The basidiomycetous red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was thus used to study the effect of Na-citrate on cell growth and astaxanthin synthesis. The highest biomass and astaxanthin yield (6.0 g/L and 22.5 mg/L) were obtained in shake-flask when 3 g/L Na-citrate was added at 24 h and were 1.8 and 2.0 times higher than those of the control group, respectively. Furthermore, metabolomics and real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis were conducted to study the metabolic pathways of X. dendrorhous in response to Na-citrate. The qRT-PCR assay revealed that Na-citrate facilitated glucose consumption, promoted the metabolic flux from glycolysis, and regulated the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, providing more energy and substrates for the synthesis of astaxanthin. The gene analysis revealed that adding Na-citrate significantly upregulated the expression of six key genes (ICL, HMGS, crtE, crtYB, crtI, and crtS) involved in pathways related to astaxanthin biosynthesis. These results suggest that exogenous Na-citrate treatment is a potentially valuable strategy to stimulate astaxanthin production in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshan Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonggang Li
- Department of Hygiene, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baobei Wang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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Yang L, Yang HY, You L, Ni H, Jiang ZD, Du XP, Zhu YB, Zheng MJ, Li LJ, Lin R, Li ZP, Li QB. Transcriptomics analysis and fed-batch regulation of high astaxanthin-producing Phaffia rhodozyma/Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous obtained through adaptive laboratory evolution. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad015. [PMID: 37580133 PMCID: PMC10448994 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin has high utilization value in functional food because of its strong antioxidant capacity. However, the astaxanthin content of Phaffia rhodozyma is relatively low. Adaptive laboratory evolution is an excellent method to obtain high-yield strains. TiO2 is a good inducer of oxidative stress. In this study, different concentrations of TiO2 were used to domesticate P. rhodozyma, and at a concentration of 1000 mg/L of TiO2 for 105 days, the optimal strain JMU-ALE105 for astaxanthin production was obtained. After fermentation, the astaxanthin content reached 6.50 mg/g, which was 41.61% higher than that of the original strain. The ALE105 strain was fermented by batch and fed-batch, and the astaxanthin content reached 6.81 mg/g. Transcriptomics analysis showed that the astaxanthin synthesis pathway, and fatty acid, pyruvate, and nitrogen metabolism pathway of the ALE105 strain were significantly upregulated. Based on the nitrogen metabolism pathway, the nitrogen source was adjusted by ammonium sulphate fed-batch fermentation, which increased the astaxanthin content, reaching 8.36 mg/g. This study provides a technical basis and theoretical research for promoting industrialization of astaxanthin production of P. rhodozyma. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY A high-yield astaxanthin strain (ALE105) was obtained through TiO2 domestication, and its metabolic mechanism was analysed by transcriptomics, which combined with nitrogen source regulation to further improve astaxanthin yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hao-Yi Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Li You
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ze-Dong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xi-Ping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yan-Bing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ming-Jing Zheng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Li-Jun Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Rui Lin
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Ocean Observation Technologies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qing-Biao Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
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Yeast Carotenoids: Cost-Effective Fermentation Strategies for Health Care Applications. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid production from oleaginous red yeast has been considered as a safe alternative to chemically synthesized carotenoids commonly used in the food industry, since plant-based carotenoids are expensive and an irregular source for obtaining pigments. This is a summative review on the factors affecting carotenoid production, cost-effective production strategies using various inexpensive feedstock, metabolic engineering, and strain improvisation. The review specially highlights the various potential applications of carotenoids as anti-microbial, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-malarial agents, etc. The importance of such natural and easily available resources for prevention, evasion, or cure of emerging diseases and their plausible nutraceutical effect demands exhaustive research in this area.
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The Role of Astaxanthin as a Nutraceutical in Health and Age-Related Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217167. [PMID: 36363994 PMCID: PMC9655540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current review provides an up-to-date analysis of scientific data on astaxanthin (ASX) sources and experimental studies on its health benefits as a potent antioxidant in the aging process. ASX is a liposoluble carotenoid nutrient and reddish-orange pigment, naturally synthesized by numerous microalgae, yeasts, and bacteria as secondary metabolites. Provides a reddish hue to redfish and shellfish flesh that feed on ASX-producing microorganisms. The microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is the most important source for its industrial bioproduction. Due to its strong antioxidant properties, numerous investigations reported that natural ASX is a more significant antioxidant agent than other antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene. Furthermore, several data show that ASX possesses important nutraceutical applications and health benefits, especially in healthy aging processes. However, further studies are needed for a deeper understanding of the potential mechanisms through which ASX could lead to its effective role in the healthy aging process, such as supporting brain health and skin homeostasis. This review highlights the current investigations on the effective role of ASX in oxidative stress, aging mechanisms, skin physiology, and central nervous system functioning, and shows the potential clinical implications related to its consumption.
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Sandmann G. Generation of stable homozygous transformants of diploid yeasts such as Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4921-4927. [PMID: 35831455 PMCID: PMC9329418 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nonconventional yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is an established platform for genetic pathway modification. A genetic tool box is available and can be used extensively to select from for different engineering strategies. Due to the diploid nature of X. dendrorhous, genetic transformation typically results in heterozygous lines. They are genetically unstable and lose their phenotypes caused by mitotic recombination. In addition, targeted integration for inactivation of genes of the carotenoid pathway resulted in an intermediary phenotype of incomplete pathway disruption. This issue is the main scope of this review. It is illustrated by using genetic modification of the carotenoid pathway of X. dendrorhous as a model system with a focus on the demonstration of how to solve these problems by generation of homozygous lines. They can be selected from heterozygous transformants after spontaneous mitotic recombination and selection or after induced meiotic recombination. Corresponding methods of how to proceed including the initiation of a sexual cycle are described. The selected segregated lines are stable in fermenter cultures without the need of selection pressure. This is an essential requirement for any industrial application. KEY POINTS: • Genetic interventions of diploid yeasts result in heterozygous transformants that are unstable without selection pressure. • This is due to mitotic recombination leading to the elimination of inserted DNA. • Stable homozygous lines can be obtained and selected after either meiotic or mitotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sandmann
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bio Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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10
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Huang R, Ding R, Liu Y, Li F, Zhang Z, Wang S. GATA transcription factor WC2 regulates the biosynthesis of astaxanthin in yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2578-2593. [PMID: 35830570 PMCID: PMC9518987 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a type of carotenoid widely used as powerful antioxidant and colourant in aquaculture and the poultry industry. Production of astaxanthin by yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous has attracted increasing attention due to high cell density and low requirements of water and land compared to photoautotrophic algae. Currently, the regulatory mechanisms of astaxanthin synthesis in X. dendrorhous remain obscure. In this study, we obtained a yellow X. dendrorhous mutant by Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis and sequenced its genome. We then identified a putative GATA transcription factor, white collar 2 (XdWC2), from the comparative genome data and verified that disruption of the XdWC2 gene resulted in a similar carotenoid profile to that of the ARTP mutant. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis and yeast one‐hybrid (Y1H) assay showed that XdWC2 regulated the expression of phytoene desaturase gene CrtI and astaxanthin synthase gene CrtS. The yeast two‐hybrid (Y2H) assay demonstrated that XdWC2 interacted with white collar 1 (XdWC1) forming a heterodimer WC complex (WCC) to regulate the expression of CrtI and CrtS. Increase of the transcriptional levels of XdWC2 or CrtS in the wild‐type strain did not largely modify the carotenoid profile, indicating translational and/or post‐translational regulations involved in the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. Overexpression of CrtI in both the wild‐type strain and the XdWC2‐disrupted strain apparently improved the production of monocyclic carotenoid 3‐hydroxy‐3′, 4′‐didehydro‐β, ψ‐carotene‐4‐one (HDCO) rather than β‐carotene and astaxanthin. The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis by XdWC2 presented here provides the foundation for further understanding the global regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis and guides the construction of astaxanthin over‐producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruirui Ding
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Fuli Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi'an Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
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Aneesh P, Ajeeshkumar K, Lekshmi R, Anandan R, Ravishankar C, Mathew S. Bioactivities of astaxanthin from natural sources, augmenting its biomedical potential: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Enhancing astaxanthin yield in Phaffia rhodozyma: current trends and potential of phytohormones. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3531-3538. [PMID: 35579685 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is an important ketocarotenoid with remarkable biological activities and high economic value. In recent times, natural astaxanthin production by microorganisms has attracted much attention particularly in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and feed industries. Though, currently, productivity is still low and has restricted scale-up application in the commercial market, microbial production of astaxanthin has enormous prospects as it is a greener alternative to the predominating chemical synthesis. Over the years, Phaffia rhodozyma has attracted immense interest particularly in the field of biovalorization and sustainable production of natural nutraceuticals as a promising source of natural astaxanthin since it is able to use agro-food waste as inexpensive nutrient source. Many research works have, thus, been devoted to improving the astaxanthin yield from this yeast. Considering that the yeast was first isolated from tree exudates, the use of phytohormones and plant growth stimulators as prospective stimulants of astaxanthin production in the yeast is promising. Besides, it has been shown in several studies that phytohormones could improve cell growth and astaxanthin production of algae. Nevertheless, this option is less explored for P. rhodozyma. The few studies that have examined the effect of phytohormones on the yeast and its astaxanthin productivity reported positive results, with phytohormones such as 6-benzylaminopurin and gibberellic acid resulting in increased expression of carotenogenesis genes. Although the evidence available is scanty, the results are promising. KEY POINTS: • Phaffia rhodozyma is a promising source of natural astaxanthin • For industrialization, astaxanthin productivity of P. rhodozyma still needs optimization • Phytohormones could potentially augment astaxanthin yield of P. rhodozyma.
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A Fast-Growing Oleaginous Strain of Coelastrella Capable of Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin Accumulation in Phototrophy and Heterotrophy. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030334. [PMID: 35330084 PMCID: PMC8955800 DOI: 10.3390/life12030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the importance of microalgae as a promising feedstock for the production of both low- and high-value products, such as lipids and pigments, it is desirable to isolate strains which simultaneously accumulate these two types of products and grow in various conditions in order to widen their biotechnological applicability. A novel freshwater strain from the genus Coelastrella was isolated in Belgium. Compared to other Coelastrella species, the isolate presented rapid growth in phototrophy, dividing 3.5 times per day at a light intensity of 400 µmol·m−2·s−1 and 5% CO2. In addition, nitrogen depletion was associated with the accumulation of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and fatty acids, which reached ~30% of dry weight, and a majority of SFAs and MUFAs, which are good precursors for biodiesel. This strain also accumulated astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in heterotrophy. Although the content was very low in this latter condition, it is an interesting feature considering the biotechnological potential of the microalgal heterotrophic growth. Thus, due to its rapid growth in the light, its carotenogenesis, and its fatty acids characteristics, the newly identified Coelastrella strain could be considered as a potential candidate for biorefinery purposes of both low- and high-values products.
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Li Z, Yang H, Zheng C, Du X, Ni H, He N, Yang L, You L, Zhu Y, Li L. Effectively Improve the Astaxanthin Production by Combined Additives Regulating Different Metabolic Nodes in Phaffia rhodozyma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:812309. [PMID: 35111739 PMCID: PMC8801872 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.812309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is an important natural resource that is widely found in marine environments. Metabolic regulation is an effective method for improving astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma. Most studies have focused on single regulators, which have limited effects. In this study, 16 metabolic regulators were screened to improve astaxanthin production in high-yield and wild-type strains. Fluconazol and glutamic acid increased astaxanthin volumetric yield in MVP14 by 25.8 and 30.9%, respectively, while ethanol increased astaxanthin volumetric yield in DSM626, 29.3%. Furthermore, six additives that inhibit the competing pathways and promote the main pathway for astaxanthin synthesis were selected for combination treatment. We found that the optimal combination was penicillin, ethanol, triclosan, and fluconazol, which increased astaxanthin cell yield by 51%. Therefore, we suggest that simultaneously promoting the master pathways (mevalonate) and inhibiting competing pathways (fatty acid synthesis and ergosterol) is the best strategy to improve astaxanthin cell yield. Moreover, regulators of the biomass pathway should be avoided to improve cell yield. This study provides a technical basis for the utilisation of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Haoyi Yang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenhua Zheng
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Li You
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Li,
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