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Kakati A, Banerjee A, Das P, Saha B, Goyary D, Karmakar S, Kishor S, Bhutia YD, Chattopadhyay P. Development of insecticide-impregnated polyester/cotton blend fabric and assessment of their repellent characteristics against Cimex lectularius and dengue vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:122. [PMID: 37032336 PMCID: PMC10082990 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal protection measures using insecticide-treated fabric is one of the most effective strategies to prevent the bites of hematophagous insects. Many countries have had success treating fabrics with pyrethroids on an individual level. METHODS In the current study, a new combination of insecticides, alpha-cypermethrin (ACP) and deltamethrin (DET), has been impregnated on fabric composed of a 50:50 blend of polyester and cotton. Residual and morphological analysis was performed along with the evaluation of physical parameters. Biological evaluations were performed to check the repellency, knockdown, and mortality of insecticide-impregnated fabric (IIF) against bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) using Petri plate assay and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) using cone bioassay. RESULTS The results showed the repellency of IIF to be 56.6% for C. lectularius and a knockdown percentage of 53.3% and 63.3% for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively. A > 80% mortality was found for both species of mosquitoes up to 20 cycles of washing with no significant difference (P > 0.05). From high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the reduction in the contents of ACP and DET after subsequent washes can be correlated with the overall decrease in bioefficacy. ACP and DET remaining in unit gram of fabric after 20 wash cycles were found to be 5.4 mg and 3.1 mg, respectively. By examining the fabric's surface morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and utilizing energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, it was possible to identify the presence of insecticides that were adhered to the fabric. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed distinctive endothermic peak of insecticide at 98.3 ºC, whereas no change in thermal behavior was observed from thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the physical attributes of IIF provide conclusive evidence for its firmness. CONCLUSION All experimental findings were consistent with the potential use of IIF as a bed bug- and mosquito-repellent fabric to be used against hematophagous infestations. This fabric can serve as a potential strategy to control vector-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, trench fever, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kakati
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Amartya Banerjee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Parikshit Das
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Buddhadeb Saha
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeev Karmakar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sumit Kishor
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Yangchen D Bhutia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL), DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India.
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Zverev SA, Andreev SV, Sakharov KA, Akhmetshina MB, Istomina LI, Verzhutskaya YA, Shashina NI. Evaluation of the efficacy of permethrin- and cypermethrin-based textile against taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 89:275-286. [PMID: 37017750 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of the efficacy of permethrin- and cypermethrin-based textile against taiga ticks (Ixodes persulcatus) was carried out in a tick-borne viral encephalitis hotspot in the Irkutsk Region (Russia) using model samples of impregnated textiles. We demonstrated that permethrin- and cypermethrin-treated model samples have similar protective parameters in terms of maximum height reached by the tick when climbing up the treated textile (20.9-38.7 cm for cypermethrin, 27.6-39.3 cm for permethrin, depending on concentration) and knockdown time (i.e., the time until a female tick falls off the treated textile; 3.52-4.31 min for cypermethrin, 5.02-8.25 min for permethrin, depending on concentration). In contrast, when evaluating the 'biting speed' index (which is the ratio of the average attaching time of ticks contacting untreated textiles and ticks contacting treated textiles), it has been shown that permethrin-treated textiles accelerate biting. So, using permethrin-treated protective clothing against the taiga tick could be risky because it increases the likelihood of being bitten and thus getting infected. In contrast, cypermethrin-treated textiles appear to block the ability of ticks to attack warm-blooded animals and humans - after contact with cypermethrin-treated textiles none of the ticks attached to a rabbit. So cypermethrin-based textiles could be an alternative to permethrin for tick-bite protection clothing production if there is no toxic effect on humans of textile materials based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Zverev
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Andreev
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Sakharov
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Marina B Akhmetshina
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Liudmila I Istomina
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Verzhutskaya
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Siberia and Far East, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia I Shashina
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
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Vang A, White AV, Balanay JAG, Tutor Marcom R, Richards SL. Evaluation of surface versus total permethrin content in permethrin-treated clothing: Implications for protection against mosquitoes. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:365-375. [PMID: 35038971 PMCID: PMC9387339 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2028377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to treat uniforms (e.g. military, foresters) and other clothing to protect people against pests (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks). Pests contacting the surface of permethrin-treated clothing (PTC) are repelled and/or killed, depending on the dose and duration of exposure. Hence, it is important to assess the amount of permethrin on the surface of clothing. Fabric swatches prepared using two commercially available permethrin treatments (Insect Shield® & Sawyer Repellant) and one laboratory created treatment (4g permethrin/L) were tested. A Martindale Abrasion and Pilling Tester (MAPT) and gas chromatography were used to assess surface permethrin content (SPC) and total permethrin content (TPC). Sawyer PTC had the highest SPC (mean ± standard error) (32.68±14.55µg/g), followed by Insect Shield® (23.35±2.71µg/g) and lab-created 4g/L permethrin (8.7±0.78µg/g). SPC (after 1000 rubs on MAPT) for Insect Shield®, Sawyer, and 4g/L permethrin groups was significantly lower than TPC (P=0.011, P<0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). The SPC/TPC relationship varied widely between permethrin treatment methods and practical implications for this are discussed. Mosquito repellency tests indicate that Insect Shield®, Sawyer, and lab-created (4g/L) permethrin-treated fabrics showed a significantly higher repellency rate than control (untreated) fabrics (P=0.001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, respectively). While Insect Shield® had the highest repellency rate against susceptible (53%) and exposed (48%) mosquitoes, differences between groups were not significant. Repellency rates indicate SPC plus other factors (e.g. treatment method) may contribute to mosquito repellency and should be considered in risk assessments for protection against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Vang
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Avian V. White
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Jo Anne G. Balanay
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Robin Tutor Marcom
- East Carolina University, North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, Greenville, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Richards
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA,CONTACT Stephanie L. Richards Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, 3403 Carol Belk Building, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC27858, USA
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Richards SL, Driver J, Dyer MC, Mather TN, Funkhouser S, Mitchell C, Anne Balanay J, White A, Meshnick S. Assessing Durability and Safety of Permethrin Impregnated Uniforms Used by Outdoor Workers to Prevent Tick Bites after One Year of Use. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:615-622. [PMID: 34958094 PMCID: PMC9272190 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long lasting permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can retain permethrin and repel ticks for up to three months and without exceeding EPA-approved safe levels; however, little is known about longer term effects of wearing LLPI clothing. Here, permethrin content was measured in new forester pants soon after initial impregnation (Insect Shield) and again one year later after being repeatedly worn by foresters in the field. Urine samples were collected from foresters for biomonitoring of permethrin metabolites at multiple time intervals (pre-use, one-month, three-to-four-months, and one-year post-use). Lethality against nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say was measured in clothing after one year of wear by foresters. Furthermore, to test potential variability in permethrin impregnation of different batches of clothing, separate sets of clothing were anonymously sent to Insect Shield for permethrin treatment over a period of three months and permethrin was quantified. Results demonstrated 33% of participants' pants had no measurable permethrin after one year of wear and permethrin content and tick mortality varied significantly between clothing. Only two of the participants' clothing resulted in ≥ 30% tick mortality after one year of wear. Significant differences were observed in 3-PBA and trans-DCCA, but not cis-DCCA metabolites in participants over the four measured time points and were higher than general United States population levels. This study provides practical information on the safety (measured by urinary metabolites) over time of LLPI clothing. It also provides snapshots (pre-washing and after one year of wear) of effectiveness of LLPI clothing as personal protective equipment against ticks for outdoor workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Jeffrey Driver
- risksciences LLC, 5285 Gulf of Mexico Dr., Longboat Key, FL 34228, and University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Megan C Dyer
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Thomas N Mather
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Sheana Funkhouser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cedar Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jo Anne Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Avian White
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Steven Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Skovmand O, Dang DM, Tran TQ, Bossellman R, Moore SJ. From the factory to the field: considerations of product characteristics for insecticide-treated net (ITN) bioefficacy testing. Malar J 2021; 20:363. [PMID: 34488778 PMCID: PMC8422710 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) undergo a series of tests to obtain listing by World Health Organization (WHO) Prequalification. These tests characterize the bioefficacy, physical and chemical properties of the ITN. ITN procurers assume that product specifications relate to product performance. Here, ITN test methods and their underlying assumptions are discussed from the perspective of the ITN manufacturing process and product characteristics. METHODS Data were extracted from WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) meeting reports from 2003 to 2017, supplemented with additional chemical analysis to critically evaluate ITNs bioassays with a focus on sampling, washing and wash resistance, and bioefficacy testing. Production methods for ITNs and their impact on testing outcomes are described. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ITNs are not homogenous products. They vary within panels and between the sides and the roof. Running tests of wash resistance using a before/after tests on the same sample or band within a net reduces test variability. As mosquitoes frequently interact with ITN roofs, additional sampling of the roof when evaluating ITNs is advisable because in nets where roof and sides are of the same material, the contribution of roof sample (20-25%) to the average is less than the tolerance for the specification (25%). Mosquito mortality data cannot be reliably used to evaluate net surface concentration to determine regeneration time (RT) and resistance to washing as nets may regenerate beyond the insecticide concentrations needed to kill 100% of susceptible mosquitoes. Chemical assays to quantify surface concentration are needed. The Wash Resistance Index (WRI) averaged over the first four washes is only informative if the product has a log linear loss rate of insecticide. Using a WRI that excludes the first wash off gives more reliable results. Storage conditions used for product specifications are lower than those encountered under product shipping and storage that may exceed 50 °C, and should be reconsidered. Operational monitoring of new ITNs and linking observed product performance, such as bioefficacy after 2 or 3 years of use, with product characteristics, such as WRI, will aid the development of more robust test methods and product specifications for new products coming to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Skovmand
- Intelligent Insect Control, Castelnau le Lez, France.
| | | | | | | | - Sarah J Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Vector Biology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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Nyangi M, Kigondu E, Irungu B, Nganga M, Gachanja A, Murigi M, Nyangacha R, Muniu E, Kamau L, Gathirwa J. Integrity, use and care of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:856. [PMID: 33941135 PMCID: PMC8091527 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control is an essential component in prevention and control of malaria in malaria endemic areas. Insecticide treated nets is one of the standard tools recommended for malaria vector control. The objective of the study was to determine physical integrity and insecticidal potency of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) used in control of malaria vector in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Method The study targeted households in an area which had received LLINs during mass net distribution in 2016 from Ministry of Health. A total of 420 households were sampled using systematic sampling method, where the household heads consented to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to assess care and use while physical examination was used to determine integrity. Chemical concentration was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Results After 18 months of use, 96.9% (95% CI: 95.2–98.6%) of the distributed nets were still available. Regarding net utilization, 94.1% of household heads reported sleeping under an LLIN the previous night. After physical examination, 49.9% (95% CI: 43–52.8%) of the bed nets had at least one hole. The median number of holes of any size was 2[interquartile range (IQR) 1–4], and most holes were located on the lower part of the nets, [median 3 (IQR 2–5)]. Only 15% of the nets with holes had been repaired. The median concentration for α-cypermethrin was 7.15 mg/m2 (IQR 4.25–15.31) and 0.00 mg/g (IQR 0.00–1.99) for permethrin. Based on pHI, Chi-square test varied significantly with the manufacturer (X (6, N = 389) = 29.14, p = 0.04). There was no significant difference between nets with different number of washes (X2(2) = 4.55, p = 0.103). Conclusion More than three-quarters of the nets supplied had survived and insecticidal potency was adequate in vector control. Standard procedure for field evaluation of surface insecticidal content available to a mosquito after landing on a net to rest is recommended. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10882-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Nyangi
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Elizabeth Kigondu
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Irungu
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Margaret Nganga
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Gachanja
- Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Murigi
- Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth Nyangacha
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erastus Muniu
- Centre for Public Health and Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology, Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeremiah Gathirwa
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Richards SL, Agada N, Balanay JAG, White AV. Permethrin treated clothing to protect outdoor workers: evaluation of different methods for mosquito exposure against populations with differing resistance status. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:13-21. [PMID: 29451081 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1437692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimizing arthropod exposure (e.g. mosquito and tick bites) is vital to protect health of outdoor workers. Personal protective measures can help protect against exposure. Here, the quantity of permethrin was evaluated for different fabric types after washing. Cone and petri dish exposure assays were used to investigate the knockdown/mortality of permethrin-susceptible and permethrin-resistant populations of mosquitoes. Permethrin-treated clothing was effective against the tested mosquito population that was susceptible to permethrin but not a permethrin-resistant population. Permethrin quantity was significantly highest in the 100% cotton fabric and for the 0 wash group. Permethrin quantity in fabrics decreased with washing. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in knockdown/mortality rates for either exposure method. The protective effect of permethrin-treated clothing against mosquitoes is impacted by many factors, e.g. wash frequency, fabric type, and the susceptibility/resistance status of local mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Richards
- a Department of Health Education and Promotion , Environmental Health Program, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Nwanne Agada
- a Department of Health Education and Promotion , Environmental Health Program, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Jo Anne G Balanay
- a Department of Health Education and Promotion , Environmental Health Program, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Avian V White
- a Department of Health Education and Promotion , Environmental Health Program, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
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