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Dash R, Skillman KM, Pereira L, Mascarenhas A, Dass S, Walke J, Almeida A, Fernandes M, Gomes E, White J, Chery-Karschney L, Khandeparkar A, Rathod PK, Duraisingh MT, Kanjee U. Development of a Plasmodium vivax biobank for functional ex vivo assays. Malar J 2023; 22:250. [PMID: 37653486 PMCID: PMC10470152 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent cause of malaria yet remains challenging to study due to the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system, highlighting the need to establish a biobank of clinical isolates with multiple freezes per sample for use in functional assays. Different methods for cryopreserving parasite isolates were compared and subsequently the most promising one was validated. Enrichment of early- and late-stage parasites and parasite maturation were quantified to facilitate assay planning. METHODS In order to compare cryopreservation protocols, nine clinical P. vivax isolates were frozen with four glycerolyte-based mixtures. Parasite recovery post thaw, post KCl-Percoll enrichment and in short-term in vitro culture was measured via slide microscopy. Enrichment of late-stage parasites by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) was measured. Short and long-term storage of parasites at either - 80 °C or liquid nitrogen were also compared. RESULTS Of the four cryopreservation mixtures, one mixture (glycerolyte:serum:RBC at a 2.5:1.5:1 ratio) resulted in improved parasite recovery and statistically significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in parasite survival in short-term in vitro culture. A parasite biobank was subsequently generated using this protocol resulting in a collection of 106 clinical isolates, each with 8 vials. The quality of the biobank was validated by measuring several factors from 47 thaws: the average reduction in parasitaemia post-thaw (25.3%); the average fold enrichment post KCl-Percoll (6.65-fold); and the average percent recovery of parasites (22.0%, measured from 30 isolates). During short-term in vitro culture, robust maturation of ring stage parasites to later stages (> 20% trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes) was observed in 60.0% of isolates by 48 h. Enrichment of mature parasite stages via MACS showed good reproducibility, with an average of 30.0% post-MACS parasitaemia and an average of 5.30 × 105 parasites/vial. Finally, the effect of storage temperature was tested, and no large impacts from short-term (7 days) or long-term (7-10 years) storage at - 80 °C on parasite recovery, enrichment or viability was observed. CONCLUSIONS Here, an optimized freezing method for P. vivax clinical isolates is demonstrated as a template for the generation and validation of a parasite biobank for use in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Dash
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kristen M Skillman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ligia Pereira
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sheena Dass
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jayashri Walke
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anvily Almeida
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mezia Fernandes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - John White
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Laura Chery-Karschney
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Kumari S, Sinha A. Culture and transfection: Two major bottlenecks in understanding Plasmodium vivax biology. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1144453. [PMID: 37082177 PMCID: PMC10110902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1144453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The long term in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum was successfully established by Trager and Jensen in 1976; however it largely remains unachieved for P. vivax. The major obstacle associated with Plasmodium vivax in vitro culture is its predilection for invading younger reticulocytes and the complex remodelling of invaded reticulocytes. There are many factors under exploration for this predilection and host–parasite interactions between merozoites and invaded reticulocytes. These include various factors related to parasite, host and environment such as compromised reticulocyte osmotic stability after invasion, abundance of iron in the reticulocytes which makes them favourable for P. vivax growth and propagation and role of a hypoxic environment in P. vivax in vitro growth. P. vivax blood stage transfection represents another major hurdle towards understanding this parasite’s complex biology. Efforts in making this parasite amenable for molecular investigation by genetic modification are limited. Newer approaches in sustaining a longer in vitro culture and thereby help advancing transfection technologies in P. vivax are urgently needed that can be explored to understand the unique biology of this parasite.
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Dash R, Skillman KM, Pereira L, Mascarenhas A, Dass S, Walke J, Almeida A, Fernandes M, Gomes E, White J, Chery-Karschney L, Khandeparkar A, Rathod PK, Duraisingh MT, Kanjee U. Development of a Plasmodium vivax biobank for functional ex vivo assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533128. [PMID: 36993272 PMCID: PMC10055260 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent cause of malaria yet remains challenging to study due to the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system, highlighting the need to establish a biobank of clinical isolates with multiple freezes per sample for use in functional assays. Different methods for cryopreserving parasite isolates were compared and subsequently the most promising one was validated. Enrichment of early- and late-stage parasites and parasite maturation were quantified to facilitate assay planning. Methods In order to compare cryopreservation protocols, nine clinical P. vivax isolates were frozen with four glycerolyte-based mixtures. Parasite recovery post thaw, post KCl-Percoll enrichment and in short-term in vitro culture was measured via slide microscopy. Enrichment of late-stage parasites by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) was measured. Short and long-term storage of parasites at either -80°C or liquid nitrogen were also compared. Results Of the four cryopreservation mixtures, one mixture (glycerolyte:serum:RBC at a 2.5:1.5:1 ratio) resulted in improved parasite recovery and statistically significant (P<0.05) enhancement in parasite survival in short-term in vitro culture. A parasite biobank was subsequently generated using this protocol resulting in a collection with 106 clinical isolates, each with 8 vials. The quality of the biobank was validated by measuring several factors from 47 thaws: the average reduction in parasitemia post-thaw (25.3%); the average fold enrichment post KCl-Percoll (6.65-fold); and the average percent recovery of parasites (22.0%, measured from 30 isolates). During short-term in vitro culture, robust maturation of ring stage parasites to later stages (>20% trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes) was observed in 60.0% of isolates by 48 hours. Enrichment of mature parasite stages via MACS showed good reproducibility, with an average 30.0% post-MACS parasitemia and an average 5.30 × 10 5 parasites/vial. Finally, the effect of storage temperature was tested, and no large impacts from short-term (7 day) or long term (7 - 10 year) storage at -80°C on parasite recovery, enrichment or viability was observed. Conclusions Here, an optimized freezing method for P. vivax clinical isolates is demonstrated as a template for the generation and validation of a parasite biobank for use in functional assays.
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Kojom Foko LP, Hawadak J, Kouemo Motse FD, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Kamgain Mawabo L, Pande V, Singh V. Non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in three epidemiological malaria facets in Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:900. [PMID: 36460990 PMCID: PMC9718470 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are growing reports on the prevalence of non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in sub-Saharan African countries but little information is available from Cameroon. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in four towns (Douala, Maroua, Mayo-Oulo, and Pette) from three malaria epidemiological strata (Forest, Sahelian, and Soudanian) of Cameroon. Malaria parasites were detected by Giemsa light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Non-falciparum isolates were characterized and their 18S gene sequences were BLASTed for confirmatory diagnosis. RESULTS PCR assay detected malaria parasites in 82.4% (98/119) patients, among them 12.2% (12/98) were asymptomatic cases. Three Plasmodium species viz. P. falciparum, P. ovale curtisi and P. vivax, and two co-infection types (P. falciparum + P. vivax and P. falciparum + P. ovale curtisi) were found. The remaining infections were mono-infections with either P. falciparum or P. ovale curtisi. All non-falciparum infections were symptomatic and microscopic. The overall proportion of submicroscopic infections was 11.8% (14/119). Most asymptomatic and submicroscopic infection cases were self-medicated with antimalarial drugs and/or medicinal plants. On analysis, P. ovale curtisi sequences were found to be phylogenetically closer to sequences from India while P. vivax isolates appeared closer to those from Nigeria, India, and Cameroon. No G6PD-d case was found among non-falciparum infections. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms our previous work on circulation of P. vivax and P. ovale curtisi and the absence of P. knowlesi in Cameroon. More studies are needed to address non-falciparum malaria along with submicroscopic infections for effective malaria management and control in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- grid.419641.f0000 0000 9285 6594ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New-Delhi 110077 India ,grid.411155.50000 0001 1533 858XDepartment of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- grid.419641.f0000 0000 9285 6594ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New-Delhi 110077 India ,grid.411155.50000 0001 1533 858XDepartment of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Francine Dorgelesse Kouemo Motse
- grid.29273.3d0000 0001 2288 3199Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- grid.413096.90000 0001 2107 607XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, 24157 Douala, Cameroon ,Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, 1274 Yaoundé, Cameroon ,grid.413096.90000 0001 2107 607XLaboratory of Parasitology, Mycology and Virology, Postgraduate Training Unit for Health Sciences, Postgraduate School for Pure and Applied Sciences, The University of Douala, 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Veena Pande
- grid.411155.50000 0001 1533 858XDepartment of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- grid.419641.f0000 0000 9285 6594ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New-Delhi 110077 India
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de Carvalho LP, Groeger-Otero S, Kreidenweiss A, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B, Held J. Boromycin has Rapid-Onset Antibiotic Activity Against Asexual and Sexual Blood Stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:802294. [PMID: 35096650 PMCID: PMC8795978 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.802294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Boromycin is a boron-containing macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces antibioticus with potent activity against certain viruses, Gram-positive bacteria and protozoan parasites. Most antimalarial antibiotics affect plasmodial organelles of prokaryotic origin and have a relatively slow onset of action. They are used for malaria prophylaxis and for the treatment of malaria when combined to a fast-acting drug. Despite the success of artemisinin combination therapies, the current gold standard treatment, new alternatives are constantly needed due to the ability of malaria parasites to become resistant to almost all drugs that are in heavy clinical use. In vitro antiplasmodial activity screens of tetracyclines (omadacycline, sarecycline, methacycline, demeclocycline, lymecycline, meclocycline), macrolides (oleandomycin, boromycin, josamycin, troleandomycin), and control drugs (chloroquine, clindamycin, doxycycline, minocycline, eravacycline) revealed boromycin as highly potent against Plasmodium falciparum and the zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi. In contrast to tetracyclines, boromycin rapidly killed asexual stages of both Plasmodium species already at low concentrations (~ 1 nM) including multidrug resistant P. falciparum strains (Dd2, K1, 7G8). In addition, boromycin was active against P. falciparum stage V gametocytes at a low nanomolar range (IC50: 8.5 ± 3.6 nM). Assessment of the mode of action excluded the apicoplast as the main target. Although there was an ionophoric activity on potassium channels, the effect was too low to explain the drug´s antiplasmodial activity. Boromycin is a promising antimalarial candidate with activity against multiple life cycle stages of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Groeger-Otero
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jana Held, ;
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Pasini EM, Kocken CHM. Parasite-Host Interaction and Pathophysiology Studies of the Human Relapsing Malarias Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale Infections in Non-Human Primates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614122. [PMID: 33680982 PMCID: PMC7925837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a serious health concern across the globe. Historically neglected, non-Falciparum human malarias were put back on the agenda by a paradigm shift in the fight against malaria from malaria control to malaria eradication. Here, we review the modeling of the relapsing parasites Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) and Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale) in non-human primates with a specific focus on the contribution of these models to our current understanding of the factors that govern parasite-host interactions in P. vivax and P. ovale parasite biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Pasini
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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7
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Obaldía N, Nuñez M. On the survival of 48 h Plasmodium vivax Aotus monkey-derived ex vivo cultures: the role of leucocytes filtration and chemically defined lipid concentrate media supplementation. Malar J 2020; 19:278. [PMID: 32746814 PMCID: PMC7398384 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filtration of leukocytes (WBCs) is a standard practice of malaria ex vivo cultures. To date, few studies have considered the effect of filtration or the lack thereof on the survival of Plasmodium vivax ex vivo cultures through one cycle of maturation. This study investigates the effect of WBC filtration and culture media supplementation on the survival of 48–72 h ex vivo cultures. Methods Using parasitaemia density, the study compares the survival of Plasmodipur® filtered, filter-retained or washed ex vivo cultures, maintained with McCoy’s5A medium supplemented with 25% serum alone or 20% in combination with 5% chemically defined lipid concentrate (CDLC), and in washed ex vivo cultures plus GlutaMAX™, benchmarked against IMDM™ or AIM-V™ media; also, assessed the survival of ex vivo cultures co-cultivated with human red blood cells (hRBCs). Results After 48 h of incubation a statistically significant difference was detected in the survival proportions of filtered and the filter-retained ex vivo cultures supplemented with serum plus CDLC (p = 0.0255), but not with serum alone (p = 0.1646). To corroborate these finding, parasitaemias of washed ex vivo cultures maintained with McCoy’s5A complete medium were benchmarked against IMDM™ or AIM-V™ media; again, a statistically significant difference was detected in the cultures supplemented with CDLC and GlutaMAX™ (p = 0.03), but not when supplemented with either alone; revealing a pattern of McCoy’s5A medium supplementation for Aotus-derived P. vivax cultures as follows: serum < serum + GlutaMAX™ < serum + CDLC < serum + CDLC + GlutaMAX™; confirming a key role of CDLC in combination with GlutaMAX™ in the enhanced survival observed. Lastly, results showed that co-cultivation with malaria-naïve hRBCs improved the survival of ex vivo cultures. Conclusions This study demonstrates that WBC filtration is not essential for the survival of P. vivax ex vivo cultures. It also demonstrates that McCoy’s5A complete medium improves the survival of Aotus-derived P. vivax ex vivo cultures, with no significant difference in survival compared to IMDM and AIM-V media. Finally, the study demonstrates that co-cultivation with hRBCs enhances the survival of ex vivo cultures. These findings are expected to help optimize seeding material for long-term P. vivax in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor Obaldía
- Center for the Evaluation of Antimalarial Drugs and Vaccines, Tropical Medicine Research/Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama city, Panama. .,Center for Global Health & Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marlon Nuñez
- Center for the Evaluation of Antimalarial Drugs and Vaccines, Tropical Medicine Research/Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama city, Panama
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8
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A Way Forward for Culturing Plasmodium vivax. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:512-519. [PMID: 32360314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Trager and Jensen established a method for culturing Plasmodium falciparum, a breakthrough for malaria research worldwide. Since then, multiple attempts to establish Plasmodium vivax in continuous culture have failed. Unlike P. falciparum, which can invade all aged erythrocytes, P. vivax is restricted to reticulocytes. Thus, a constant supply of reticulocytes is considered critical for continuous P. vivax growth in vitro. A critical question remains why P. vivax selectively invades reticulocytes? What do reticulocytes offer to P. vivax that is not present in mature erythrocytes? One possibility is protection from oxidative stress by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Here, we also suggest supplements to the media and procedures that may reduce oxidative stress and, as a result, establish a system for the continuous culture of P. vivax.
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Howes RE, Franchard T, Rakotomanga TA, Ramiranirina B, Zikursh M, Cramer EY, Tisch DJ, Kang SY, Ramboarina S, Ratsimbasoa A, Zimmerman PA. Risk Factors for Malaria Infection in Central Madagascar: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Population Survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 99:995-1002. [PMID: 30182923 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Community prevalence of infection is a widely used, standardized metric for evaluating malaria endemicity. Conventional methods for measuring prevalence include light microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), but their detection thresholds are inadequate for diagnosing low-density infections. The significance of submicroscopic malaria infections is poorly understood in Madagascar, a country of heterogeneous malaria epidemiology. A cross-sectional community survey in the western foothills of Madagascar during the March 2014 transmission season found malaria infection to be predominantly submicroscopic and asymptomatic. Prevalence of Plasmodium infection diagnosed by microscopy, RDT, and molecular diagnosis was 2.4%, 4.1%, and 13.8%, respectively. This diagnostic discordance was greatest for Plasmodium vivax infection, which was 98.5% submicroscopic. Village location, insecticide-treated bednet ownership, and fever were significantly associated with infection outcomes, as was presence of another infected individual in the household. Duffy-negative individuals were diagnosed with P. vivax, but with reduced odds relative to Duffy-positive hosts. The observation of high proportions of submicroscopic infections calls for a wider assessment of the parasite reservoir in other regions of the island, particularly given the country's current focus on malaria elimination and the poorly documented distribution of the non-P. falciparum parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind E Howes
- Malaria Atlas Project, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thierry Franchard
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Ministry of Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Brune Ramiranirina
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Ministry of Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Melinda Zikursh
- The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Estee Y Cramer
- The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel J Tisch
- The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Su Y Kang
- Malaria Atlas Project, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Ramboarina
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Ministry of Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arsène Ratsimbasoa
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Ministry of Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Bermúdez M, Moreno-Pérez DA, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA. Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel. Malar J 2018; 17:301. [PMID: 30126427 PMCID: PMC6102941 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax is fundamental for developing strategies aimed at controlling and eliminating this parasitic species. Although advances in omic sciences and high-throughput techniques in recent years have enabled the identification and characterization of proteins which might be participating in P. vivax invasion of target cells, exclusive parasite tropism for invading reticulocytes has become the main obstacle in maintaining a continuous culture for this species. Such advance that would help in defining each parasite protein’s function in the complex process of P. vivax invasion, in addition to evaluating new therapeutic agents, is still a dream. Advances related to maintenance, culture medium supplements and the use of different sources of reticulocytes and parasites (strains and isolates) have been made regarding the development of an in vitro culture for P. vivax; however, only some cultures having few replication cycles have been obtained to date, meaning that this parasite’s maintenance goes beyond the technical components involved. Although it is still not yet clear which molecular mechanisms P. vivax prefers for invading young CD71+ reticulocytes [early maturation stages (I–II–III)], changes related to membrane proteins remodelling of such cells could form part of the explanation. The most relevant aspects regarding P. vivax in vitro culture and host cell characteristics have been analysed in this review to explain possible reasons why the species’ continuous in vitro culture is so difficult to standardize. Some alternatives for P. vivax in vitro culture have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Bermúdez
- Receptor-ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Darwin Andrés Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,Livestock Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Receptor-ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Receptor-ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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Enhanced Ex Vivo Plasmodium vivax Intraerythrocytic Enrichment and Maturation for Rapid and Sensitive Parasite Growth Assays. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02519-17. [PMID: 29378713 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02519-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance has been documented in nearly every region where this malaria-causing parasite is endemic. Unfortunately, P. vivax resistance surveillance and drug discovery are challenging due to the low parasitemias of patient isolates and poor parasite survival through ex vivo maturation that reduce the sensitivity and scalability of current P. vivax antimalarial assays. Using cryopreserved patient isolates from Brazil and fresh patient isolates from India, we established a robust enrichment method for P. vivax parasites. We next performed a medium screen for formulations that enhance ex vivo survival. Finally, we optimized an isotopic metabolic labeling assay for measuring P. vivax maturation and its sensitivity to antimalarials. A KCl Percoll density gradient enrichment method increased parasitemias from small-volume ex vivo isolates by an average of >40-fold. The use of Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium for P. vivax ex vivo culture approximately doubled the parasite survival through maturation. Coupling these with [3H]hypoxanthine metabolic labeling permitted sensitive and robust measurements of parasite maturation, which was used to measure the sensitivities of Brazilian P. vivax isolates to chloroquine and several novel antimalarials. These techniques can be applied to rapidly and robustly assess the P. vivax isolate sensitivities to antimalarials for resistance surveillance and drug discovery.
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Gunalan K, Niangaly A, Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Miller LH. Plasmodium vivax Infections of Duffy-Negative Erythrocytes: Historically Undetected or a Recent Adaptation? Trends Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29530446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the main cause of malarial disease in Asia and South America. Plasmodium vivax infection was thought to be absent in African populations who are Duffy blood group antigen negative (Duffy-negative). However, many cases of P. vivax infection have recently been observed in Duffy-negative Africans. This raises the question: were P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative populations previously missed or has P. vivax adapted to infect Duffy-negative populations? This review focuses on recent P. vivax findings in Africa and reports views on the parasite ligands that may play a role in Duffy-negative P. vivax infections. In addition, clues gained from studying P. vivax infection of reticulocytes are presented, which may provide possible avenues for establishing P. vivax culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; These authors contributed equally.
| | - Amadou Niangaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; These authors contributed equally
| | - Mahamadou A Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Bourgard C, Albrecht L, Kayano ACAV, Sunnerhagen P, Costa FTM. Plasmodium vivax Biology: Insights Provided by Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:34. [PMID: 29473024 PMCID: PMC5809496 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the vast omics field has revolutionized biological research, especially the genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics branches, as technological tools become available to the field researcher and allow difficult question-driven studies to be addressed. Parasitology has greatly benefited from next generation sequencing (NGS) projects, which have resulted in a broadened comprehension of basic parasite molecular biology, ecology and epidemiology. Malariology is one example where application of this technology has greatly contributed to a better understanding of Plasmodium spp. biology and host-parasite interactions. Among the several parasite species that cause human malaria, the neglected Plasmodium vivax presents great research challenges, as in vitro culturing is not yet feasible and functional assays are heavily limited. Therefore, there are gaps in our P. vivax biology knowledge that affect decisions for control policies aiming to eradicate vivax malaria in the near future. In this review, we provide a snapshot of key discoveries already achieved in P. vivax sequencing projects, focusing on developments, hurdles, and limitations currently faced by the research community, as well as perspectives on future vivax malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bourgard
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana C A V Kayano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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