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Badiane AS, Ngom B, Ndiaye T, Cunningham D, Campbell J, Gaye A, Sène A, Sy M, Ndiaye D, Nwakanma D, Langhorne J. Evidence of Plasmodium vivax circulation in western and eastern regions of Senegal: implications for malaria control. Malar J 2024; 23:149. [PMID: 38750583 PMCID: PMC11097470 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria elimination in Senegal requires accurate diagnosis of all Plasmodium species. Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent species in Senegal, although Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and recently Plasmodium vivax have also been reported. Nonetheless, most malaria control tools, such as Histidine Rich Protein 2 rapid diagnosis test (PfHRP2-RDT,) can only diagnose P. falciparum. Thus, PfHRP2-RDT misses non-falciparum species and P. falciparum infections that fall below the limit of detection. These limitations can be addressed using highly sensitive Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). This study assesses the burden of the four different Plasmodium species in western and eastern regions of Senegal using targeted PCR amplicon sequencing. METHODS Three thousand samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in 2021 from three sites in Senegal (Sessene, Diourbel region; Parcelles Assainies, Kaolack region; Gabou, Tambacounda region) were collected. All samples were tested using PfHRP2-RDT and photoinduced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR), which detects all Plasmodium species. Targeted sequencing of the nuclear 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome B genes was performed on PET-PCR positive samples. RESULTS Malaria prevalence by PfHRP2-RDT showed 9.4% (94/1000) and 0.2% (2/1000) in Diourbel (DBL) and Kaolack (KL), respectively. In Tambacounda (TAM) patients who had malaria symptoms and had a negative PfHRP2-RDT were enrolled. The PET-PCR had a positivity rate of 23.5% (295/1255) overall. The PET-PCR positivity rate was 37.6%, 12.3%, and 22.8% in Diourbel, Kaolack, and Tambacounda, respectively. Successful sequencing of 121/295 positive samples detected P. falciparum (93%), P. vivax (2.6%), P. malariae (4.4%), and P. ovale wallikeri (0.9%). Plasmodium vivax was co-identified with P. falciparum in thirteen samples. Sequencing also detected two PfHRP2-RDT-negative mono-infections of P. vivax in Tambacounda and Kaolack. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the circulation of P. vivax in western and eastern Senegal, highlighting the need for improved malaria control strategies and accurate diagnostic tools to better understand the prevalence of non-falciparum species countrywide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida S Badiane
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Darkar, Sénégal.
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Bassirou Ngom
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Tolla Ndiaye
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Deirdre Cunningham
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James Campbell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platforms (STP), The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amy Gaye
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aita Sène
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mouhamad Sy
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Darkar, Sénégal
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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Aninagyei E, Puopelle DM, Tukwarlba I, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Attoh J, Adzakpah G, Acheampong DO. Molecular speciation of Plasmodium and multiplicity of P. falciparum infection in the Central region of Ghana. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002718. [PMID: 38236793 PMCID: PMC10796036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is endemic in the Central region of Ghana, however, the ecological and the seasonal variations of Plasmodium population structure and the intensity of malaria transmission in multiple sites in the region have not been explored. In this cross-sectional study, five districts in the region were involved. The districts were Agona Swedru, Assin Central and Gomoa East (representing the forest zone) and Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese and Cape Coast representing the coastal zone. Systematically, blood samples were collected from patients with malaria. The malaria status was screened with a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit (CareStart manufactured by Access Bio in Somerset, USA) and the positive ones confirmed microscopically. Approximately, 200 μL of blood was used to prepare four dried blood spots of 50μL from each microscopy positive sample. The Plasmodium genome was sequenced at the Malaria Genome Laboratory (MGL) of Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI), Hinxton, UK. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the parasite mitochondria (PfMIT:270) core genome aided the species identification of Plasmodium. Subsequently, the complexity of infection (COI) was determined using the complexity of infection likelihood (COIL) computational analysis. In all, 566 microscopy positive samples were sequenced. Of this number, Plasmodium genome was detected in 522 (92.2%). However, whole genome sequencing was successful in 409/522 (72.3%) samples. In total, 516/522 (98.8%) of the samples contained P. falciparum mono-infection while the rest (1.2%) were either P. falciparum/P. ovale (Pf/Po) (n = 4, 0.8%) or P. falciparum/P. malariae/P. vivax (Pf/Pm/Pv) mixed-infection (n = 2, 0.4%). All the four Pf/Po infections were identified in samples from the Assin Central municipality whilst the two Pf/Pm/Pv triple infections were identified in Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese district and Cape Coast metropolis. Analysis of the 409 successfully sequenced genome yielded between 1-6 P. falciparum clones per individual infection. The overall mean COI was 1.78±0.92 (95% CI: 1.55-2.00). Among the study districts, the differences in the mean COI between ecological zones (p = 0.0681) and seasons (p = 0.8034) were not significant. However, regression analysis indicated that the transmission of malaria was more than twice among study participants aged 15-19 years (OR = 2.16, p = 0.017) and almost twice among participants aged over 60 years (OR = 1.91, p = 0.021) compared to participants between 20-59 years. Between genders, mean COI was similar except in Gomoa East where females recorded higher values. In conclusion, the study reported, for the first time, P. vivax in Ghana. Additionally, intense malaria transmission was found to be higher in the 15-19 and > 60 years, compared to other age groups. Therefore, active surveillance for P. vivax in Ghana and enhanced malaria control measures in the 15-19 year group years and those over 60 years are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Dakorah Mavis Puopelle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Tukwarlba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Juliana Attoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Adzakpah
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Quaye IK, Aleksenko L, Paganotti GM, Peloewetse E, Haiyambo DH, Ntebela D, Oeuvray C, Greco B. Malaria Elimination in Africa: Rethinking Strategies for Plasmodium vivax and Lessons from Botswana. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:392. [PMID: 37624330 PMCID: PMC10458071 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The global malaria community has picked up the theme of malaria elimination in more than 90% of the world's population in the next decade. Recent reports of Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) in sub-Saharan Africa, including in Duffy-negative individuals, threaten the efforts aimed at achieving elimination. This is not only in view of strategies that are tailored only to P. falciparum elimination but also due to currently revealed biological characteristics of P. vivax concerning the relapse patterns of hypnozoites and conservation of large biomasses in cryptic sites in the bone marrow and spleen. A typical scenario was observed in Botswana between 2008 and 2018, which palpably projects how P. vivax could endanger malaria elimination efforts where the two parasites co-exist. The need for the global malaria community, national malaria programs (NMPs), funding agencies and relevant stakeholders to engage in a forum to discuss and recommend clear pathways for elimination of malaria, including P. vivax, in sub-Saharan Africa is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K. Quaye
- Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network, Faculty of Engineering Computer and Allied Sciences, Regent University College of Science and Technology, #1 Regent Ave, McCarthy Hill, Mendskrom, Dansoman, Accra P.O. Box DS1636, Ghana
| | - Larysa Aleksenko
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, UK;
| | - Giacomo M. Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Riverwalk, Gaborone P.O. Box 45498, Botswana;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias Peloewetse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana;
| | - Daniel H. Haiyambo
- Department of Human, Biological and Translational Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Hage Geingob Campus, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia;
| | - Davies Ntebela
- National Malaria Program, Ministry of Health, Gaborone Private Bag 0038, Botswana;
| | - Claude Oeuvray
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Terre Bonne Building Z0, Route de Crassier 1, Eysin, 1266 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.O.); (B.G.)
| | - Beatrice Greco
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Terre Bonne Building Z0, Route de Crassier 1, Eysin, 1266 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.O.); (B.G.)
| | - the PAVON Consortium
- PAVON, Regent University College of Science and Technology, #1 Regent Avenue, McCarthy Hiil, Mendskrom, Dansoman, Accra P.O. Box DS1636, Ghana
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Kartal L, Mueller I, Longley RJ. Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:791. [PMID: 37375481 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilisation of serological surveillance methods for malaria has the potential to identify individuals exposed to Plasmodium vivax, including asymptomatic carriers. However, the application of serosurveillance varies globally, including variations in methodology and transmission context. No systematic review exists describing the advantages and disadvantages of utilising serosurveillance in various settings. Collation and comparison of these results is a necessary first step to standardise and validate the use of serology for the surveillance of P. vivax in specific transmission contexts. A scoping review was performed of P. vivax serosurveillance applications globally. Ninety-four studies were found that met predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. These studies were examined to determine the advantages and disadvantages of serosurveillance experienced in each study. If studies reported seroprevalence results, this information was also captured. Measurement of antibodies serves as a proxy by which individuals exposed to P. vivax may be indirectly identified, including those with asymptomatic infections, which may be missed by other technologies. Other thematic advantages identified included the ease and simplicity of serological assays compared to both microscopy and molecular diagnostics. Seroprevalence rates varied widely from 0-93%. Methodologies must be validated across various transmission contexts to ensure the applicability and comparability of results. Other thematic disadvantages identified included challenges with species cross-reactivity and determining changes in transmission patterns in both the short- and long-term. Serosurveillance requires further refinement to be fully realised as an actionable tool. Some work has begun in this area, but more is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Kartal
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Rhea J Longley
- Population Health and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Djigo OKM, Gomez N, Ould Ahmedou Salem MS, Basco L, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A, Briolant S. Performance of a Commercial Multiplex Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Kit to Genotype African-Type Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:449-455. [PMID: 36535256 PMCID: PMC9896312 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs (primaquine, tafenoquine) are required for complete cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but they are contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. In the absence of spectrophotometry, which is a gold standard for measuring G6PD activity, G6PD genotyping is one of the alternatives to establish a database and distribution map of G6PD enzyme deficiency in Mauritania, which has become a new epicenter of P. vivax malaria in West Africa. The aim of our study was to assess the performance of multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (African-type Diaplex C™ G6PD kit) against PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Of 146 mutations associated with G6PD A- genotypes in 177 blood samples from Mauritanian patients, all but two samples were identified correctly using multiplex allele-specific PCR (100% sensitivity and 99% specificity; "almost perfect agreement" between allele-specific PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism/sequencing, with a kappa coefficient of 0.977). Despite a suboptimal PCR protocol for dried blood spots and the inability of the commercial assay to predict unequivocally the G6PD enzyme level in heterozygous females, the African-type Diaplex C™ G6PD genotyping kit seemed to be a valuable screening tool for male subjects and for research purposes in resource-limited countries where spectrophotometer and DNA sequencing are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oum Kelthoum Mamadou Djigo
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Nicolas Gomez
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Leonardo Basco
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de Recherche “Génomes et Milieux” (Jeune Equipe Associée à l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Santé des Armées, Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
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African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:683-696. [PMID: 35667992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming dominance of Duffy blood group negativity among most people living in sub-Saharan Africa has been considered the basis of their protection from endemic Plasmodium vivax malaria. New evidence demonstrates widespread transmission of P. vivax in Duffy-negative Africa, though currently of unknown distribution, magnitude, or consequences. Other new evidence from outside of Africa demonstrates marked tropisms of P. vivax for extravascular tissues of bone marrow and spleen. Those establish states of proliferative infection with low-grade or undetectable parasitemia of peripheral blood causing acute and chronic disease. This review examines the plausibility of those infectious processes also operating in Duffy-negative Africans and causing harm of unrecognized origin.
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Spatial cluster analysis of Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae exposure using serological data among Haitian school children sampled between 2014 and 2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010049. [PMID: 34986142 PMCID: PMC8765618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimation of malaria prevalence in very low transmission settings is difficult by even the most advanced diagnostic tests. Antibodies against malaria antigens provide an indicator of active or past exposure to these parasites. The prominent malaria species within Haiti is Plasmodium falciparum, but P. vivax and P. malariae infections are also known to be endemic. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From 2014-2016, 28,681 Haitian children were enrolled in school-based serosurveys and were asked to provide a blood sample for detection of antibodies against multiple infectious diseases. IgG against the P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae merozoite surface protein 19kD subunit (MSP119) antigens was detected by a multiplex bead assay (MBA). A subset of samples was also tested for Plasmodium DNA by PCR assays, and for Plasmodium antigens by a multiplex antigen detection assay. Geospatial clustering of high seroprevalence areas for P. vivax and P. malariae antigens was assessed by both Ripley's K-function and Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic. Of 21,719 children enrolled in 680 schools in Haiti who provided samples to assay for IgG against PmMSP119, 278 (1.27%) were seropositive. Of 24,559 children enrolled in 788 schools providing samples for PvMSP119 serology, 113 (0.46%) were seropositive. Two significant clusters of seropositivity were identified throughout the country for P. malariae exposure, and two identified for P. vivax. No samples were found to be positive for Plasmodium DNA or antigens. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE From school-based surveys conducted from 2014 to 2016, very few Haitian children had evidence of exposure to P. vivax or P. malariae, with no children testing positive for active infection. Spatial scan statistics identified non-overlapping areas of the country with higher seroprevalence for these two malarias. Serological data provides useful information of exposure to very low endemic malaria species in a population that is unlikely to present to clinics with symptomatic infections.
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Abstract
J. Kevin Baird and colleagues, examine and discuss the estimated global burden of vivax malaria and it's biological, clinical, and public health complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Battle
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Baird JK. Basic Research of Plasmodium vivax Biology Enabling Its Management as a Clinical and Public Health Problem. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:696598. [PMID: 34540716 PMCID: PMC8447957 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.696598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging understanding of Plasmodium vivax as an infection seated in extravascular spaces of its human host carries fundamentally important implications for its management as a complex clinical and public health problem. This progress begins to reverse decades of neglected research borne of the false dogma of P. vivax as an intrinsically benign and inconsequential parasite. This Review provides real world context for the on-going laboratory explorations of the molecular and cellular events in the life of this parasite. Chemotherapies against the latent reservoir impose extraordinarily complex and difficult problems of science and medicine, but great strides in studies of the biology of hepatic P. vivax promise solutions. Fundamental assumptions regarding the interpretation of parasitaemia in epidemiology, clinical medicine, and public health are being revisited and reassessed in light of new studies of P. vivax cellular/molecular biology and pathogenesis. By examining these long overlooked complexities of P. vivax malaria, we open multiple new avenues to vaccination, chemoprevention, countermeasures against transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, chemotherapy, and clinical management. This Review expresses how clarity of vision of biology and pathogenesis may rationally and radically transform the multiple means by which we may combat this insidiously harmful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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The Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network (PAVON): Refocusing on Plasmodium vivax, ovale and asymptomatic malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102415. [PMID: 34216801 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent World Malaria report shows that progress in malaria elimination has stalled. Current data acquisition by NMCPs depend on passive case detection and clinical reports focused mainly on Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). In recent times, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reported cases of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) with a considerable number being Duffy negative. The burden of Pv and Plasmodium ovale (Po) appear to be more than acknowledged. Similarly, the contribution of asymptomatic malaria in transmission is hardly considered by NMCPs in Africa. Inclusion of these as targets in malaria elimination agenda is necessary to achieve elimination goal, as these harbor hypnozoites. The Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network (PAVON) is a new consortium of African Scientists working in Africa on the transmission profile of Pv and Po. The group collaborates with African NMCPs to train in Plasmodium molecular diagnostics, microscopy, and interpretation of molecular data from active surveys to translate into policy. Details of the mission, rational and modus operandi of the group are outlined.
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Ba H, Auburn S, Jacob CG, Goncalves S, Duffy CW, Stewart LB, Price RN, Deh YB, Diallo MY, Tandia A, Kwiatkowski DP, Conway DJ. Multi-locus genotyping reveals established endemicity of a geographically distinct Plasmodium vivax population in Mauritania, West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008945. [PMID: 33326439 PMCID: PMC7773413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax has been recently discovered as a significant cause of malaria in Mauritania, although very rare elsewhere in West Africa. It has not been known if this is a recently introduced or locally remnant parasite population, nor whether the genetic structure reflects epidemic or endemic transmission. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate the P. vivax population genetic structure in Mauritania and compare with populations previously analysed elsewhere, multi-locus genotyping was undertaken on 100 clinical isolates, using a genome-wide panel of 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), plus seven SNPs in drug resistance genes. The Mauritanian P. vivax population is shown to be genetically diverse and divergent from populations elsewhere, indicated consistently by genetic distance matrix analysis, principal components analyses, and fixation indices. Only one isolate had a genotype clearly indicating recent importation, from a southeast Asian source. There was no linkage disequilibrium in the local parasite population, and only a small number of infections appeared to be closely genetically related, indicating that there is ongoing genetic recombination consistent with endemic transmission. The P. vivax diversity in a remote mining town was similar to that in the capital Nouakchott, with no indication of local substructure or of epidemic population structure. Drug resistance alleles were virtually absent in Mauritania, in contrast with P. vivax in other areas of the world. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The molecular epidemiology indicates that there is long-standing endemic transmission that will be very challenging to eliminate. The virtual absence of drug resistance alleles suggests that most infections have been untreated, and that this endemic infection has been more neglected in comparison to P. vivax elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampate Ba
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Sonia Goncalves
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig W. Duffy
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay B. Stewart
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ric N. Price
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Yacine Boubou Deh
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Abderahmane Tandia
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - David J. Conway
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Oboh MA, Oyebola KM, Idowu ET, Badiane AS, Otubanjo OA, Ndiaye D. Rising report of Plasmodium vivax in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for malaria elimination agenda. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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13
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Large Variations in Malaria Parasite Carriage by Afebrile School Children Living in Nearby Communities in the Central Region of Ghana. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:4125109. [PMID: 33029151 PMCID: PMC7528039 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indicators of successful malaria control interventions include a reduction in the prevalence and densities of malaria parasites contained in both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections as well as a reduction in malaria transmission. Individuals harboring malaria parasites in asymptomatic infections serve as reservoirs for malaria transmission. This study determined the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriage in afebrile children attending six different schools in two districts, the Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly (CCMA) and the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem (KEEA) of the Central Region of Ghana. Methods This cross sectional study recruited afebrile children aged between 3 and 15 years old from six randomly selected schools in the Central Region of Ghana. Finger-pricked blood was collected and used to prepare thick and thin blood smears as well as spot a strip of filter paper (Whatman #3). Nested PCR was used to identify Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax in DNA extracted from the filter paper spots. The multiplicity of P. falciparum infection was determined using merozoite surface protein 2 genotyping. Results Out of the 528 children sampled, PCR identified 27.1% to harbor Plasmodium parasites in asymptomatic infections, whilst microscopy identified malaria parasites in 10.6% of the children. The overall PCR estimated prevalence of P. falciparum and P. malariae was 26.6% and 1.3%, respectively, with no P. ovale or P. vivax identified by PCR or microscopy. The RDT positivity rate ranged from 55.8% in Simiw to 4.5% in Kuful. Children from the Simiw Basic School accounted for 87.5% of all the asymptomatic infections. The multiplicity of P. falciparum infection was predominantly monoclonal and biclonal. Conclusions The low prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriage by the children living in the Cape Coast Metropolis suggests that the malaria control interventions in place in CCMA are highly effective and that additional malaria control interventions are required for the KEEA district to reduce the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriers. No molecular evidence of P. ovale and P. vivax was identified in the afebrile children sampled from the selected schools.
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Oboh MA, Singh US, Ndiaye D, Badiane AS, Ali NA, Bharti PK, Das A. Presence of additional Plasmodium vivax malaria in Duffy negative individuals from Southwestern Nigeria. Malar J 2020; 19:229. [PMID: 32590997 PMCID: PMC7318376 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is thought to be mostly caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Recently, growing reports of cases due to Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium vivax have been increasingly observed to play a role in malaria epidemiology in sSA. This in fact is due to the usage of very sensitive diagnostic tools (e.g. PCR), which have highlighted the underestimation of non-falciparum malaria in this sub-region. Plasmodium vivax was historically thought to be absent in sSA due to the high prevalence of the Duffy negativity in individuals residing in this sub-continent. Recent studies reporting detection of vivax malaria in Duffy-negative individuals from Mali, Mauritania, Cameroon challenge this notion. Methods Following previous report of P. vivax in Duffy-negative individuals in Nigeria, samples were further collected and assessed RDT and/or microscopy. Thereafter, malaria positive samples were subjected to conventional PCR method and DNA sequencing to confirm both single/mixed infections as well as the Duffy status of the individuals. Results Amplification of Plasmodium gDNA was successful in 59.9% (145/242) of the evaluated isolates and as expected P. falciparum was the most predominant (91.7%) species identified. Interestingly, four P. vivax isolates were identified either as single (3) or mixed (one P. falciparum/P. vivax) infection. Sequencing results confirmed all vivax isolates as truly vivax malaria and the patient were of Duffy-negative genotype. Conclusion Identification of additional vivax isolates among Duffy-negative individuals from Nigeria, substantiate the expanding body of evidence on the ability of P. vivax to infect RBCs that do not express the DARC gene. Hence, such genetic-epidemiological study should be conducted at the country level in order to evaluate the true burden of P. vivax in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Aigbiremo Oboh
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, P.O. Box 273, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Upasana Shyamsunder Singh
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aida Sadikh Badiane
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nazia Anwar Ali
- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482003, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Bharti
- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482003, India
| | - Aparup Das
- Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India.
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15
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Seck MC, Thwing J, Badiane AS, Rogier E, Fall FB, Ndiaye PI, Diongue K, Mbow M, Ndiaye M, Diallo MA, Gomis JF, Mbaye A, Ndiaye T, Gaye A, Sy M, Déme AB, Ndiaye YD, Ndiaye D. Analysis of anti-Plasmodium IgG profiles among Fulani nomadic pastoralists in northern Senegal to assess malaria exposure. Malar J 2020; 19:15. [PMID: 31931834 PMCID: PMC6958760 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Northern Senegal is a zone of very low malaria transmission, with an annual incidence of < 5/1000 inhabitants. This area, where the Senegal National Malaria Control Programme has initiated elimination activities, hosts Fulani, nomadic, pastoralists that spend the dry season in the south where malaria incidence is higher (150-450/1000 inhabitants) and return to the north with the first rains. Previous research demonstrated parasite prevalence of < 1% in this Fulani population upon return from the south, similar to that documented in the north in cross-sectional surveys. METHODS A modified snowball sampling survey of nomadic pastoralists was conducted in five districts in northern Senegal during September and October 2014. Demographic information and dried blood spots were collected. Multiplex bead-based assays were used to assess antibody responses to merozoite surface protein (MSP-119) antigen of the four primary Plasmodium species, as well as circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and liver stage antigen (LSA-1) of Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS In the five study districts, 1472 individuals were enrolled, with a median age of 22 years (range 1 to 80 years). Thirty-two percent of subjects were under 14 years and 57% were male. The overall seroprevalence of P. falciparum MSP-119, CSP and LSA-1 antibodies were 45, 12 and 5%, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum MSP-119 antibody responses increased significantly with age in all study areas, and were significantly higher among males. The highest seroprevalence to P. falciparum antigens was observed in the Kanel district (63%) and the lowest observed in Podor (28%). Low seroprevalence was observed for non-falciparum species in all the study sites: 0.4, 0.7 and 1.8%, respectively, for Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae MSP-1. Antibody responses to P. vivax were observed in all study sites except Kanel. CONCLUSION Prevalence of P. falciparum MSP-119 antibodies and increases by study participant age provided data for low levels of exposure among this transient nomadic population. In addition, antibody responses to P. falciparum short half-life markers (CSP and LSA-1) and non-falciparum species were low. Further investigations are needed to understand the exposure of the Fulani population to P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame Cheikh Seck
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal. .,Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Julie Thwing
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA
| | - Aida Sadikh Badiane
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Eric Rogier
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA
| | - Fatou Ba Fall
- Senegal National Malaria Control Programme, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Pape Ibrahima Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Khadim Diongue
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moustapha Mbow
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mouhamadou Ndiaye
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Alpha Diallo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jules François Gomis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aminata Mbaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Tolla Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aminata Gaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mohamad Sy
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa Bineta Déme
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Yaye Die Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
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16
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Deida J, Tahar R, Khalef YO, Lekweiry KM, Hmeyade A, Khairy MLO, Simard F, Bogreau H, Basco L, Boukhary AOMS. Oasis Malaria, Northern Mauritania 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:273-280. [PMID: 30666926 PMCID: PMC6346462 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.180732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A malaria survey was conducted in Atar, the northernmost oasis city in Mauritania, during 2015–2016. All febrile patients in whom malaria was suspected were screened for malaria by using rapid diagnostic testing and microscopic examination of blood smears and later confirmed by PCR. Of 453 suspected malaria cases, 108 (23.8%) were positive by rapid diagnostic testing, 154 (34.0%) by microscopic examination, and 162 (35.7%) by PCR. Malaria cases were observed throughout the year and among all age groups. Plasmodium vivax was present in 120/162 (74.1%) cases, P. falciparum in 4/162 (2.4%), and mixed P. falciparum–P. vivax in 38/162 (23.4%). Malaria is endemic in northern Mauritania and could be spreading farther north in the Sahara, possibly because of human-driven environmental changes. Further entomologic and parasitologic studies and monitoring are needed to relate these findings to major Anopheles mosquito vectors and to design and implement strategies for malaria prevention and control.
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Amaral LC, Robortella DR, Guimarães LFF, Limongi JE, Fontes CJF, Pereira DB, de Brito CFA, Kano FS, de Sousa TN, Carvalho LH. Ribosomal and non-ribosomal PCR targets for the detection of low-density and mixed malaria infections. Malar J 2019; 18:154. [PMID: 31039781 PMCID: PMC6492410 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The unexpected high proportion of submicroscopic malaria infections in areas with low transmission intensity challenges the control and elimination of malaria in the Americas. The current PCR-based assays present limitations as most protocols still rely on amplification of few-copies target gene. Here, the hypothesis was that amplification of different plasmodial targets—ribosomal (18S rRNA) and non-ribosomal multi-copy sequences (Pvr47 for Plasmodium vivax and Pfr364 for Plasmodium falciparum)—could increase the chances of detecting submicroscopic malaria infection. Methods A non-ribosomal real-time PCR assay targeting Pvr47/Pfr364 (NR-qPCR) was established and compared with three additional PCR protocols, two of them based on 18S rRNA gene amplification (Nested-PCR and R-qPCR) and one based on Pvr47/Pfr364 targets (NR-cPCR). The limit of detection of each PCR protocol, at single and artificial mixed P. vivax/P. falciparum infections, was determined by end-point titration curves. Field samples from clinical (n = 110) and subclinical (n = 324) malaria infections were used to evaluate the impact of using multiple molecular targets to detect malaria infections. Results The results demonstrated that an association of ribosomal and non-ribosomal targets did not increase sensitivity to detect submicroscopic malaria infections. Despite of that, artificial mixed-malaria infections demonstrated that the NR-qPCR was the most sensitive protocol to detect low-levels of P. vivax/P. falciparum co-infections. Field studies confirmed that submicroscopic malaria represented a large proportion (up to 77%) of infections among asymptomatic Amazonian residents, with a high proportion of infections (~ 20%) identified only by the NR-qPCR. Conclusions This study presents a new species-specific non-ribosomal PCR assay with potential to identify low-density P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. As the majority of subclinical infections was caused by P. vivax, the commonest form of malaria in the Amazon area, future studies should investigate the potential of Pvr47/Pfr364 to detect mixed-malaria infections in the field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2781-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cotta Amaral
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rocha Robortella
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dhelio Batista Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Flora Satiko Kano
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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18
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Niang M, Sane R, Sow A, Sadio BD, Chy S, Legrand E, Faye O, Diallo M, Sall AA, Menard D, Toure-Balde A. Asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections among Duffy-negative population in Kedougou, Senegal. Trop Med Health 2018; 46:45. [PMID: 30618490 PMCID: PMC6311047 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-018-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the southeastern Senegal, the report of Plasmodium vivax infections among febrile patients in Kedougou constitutes a new emerging health problem. Methods Samples from 48 asymptomatic schoolchildren sampled twice a year over 2 years were used to explore the reservoir of P. vivax parasite infections in this region. Both Duffy genotyping and Plasmodium species diagnostic assays were performed. Results PCR assays detected Plasmodium genomic DNA in 38.5% (74/192) of samples. Pure P. falciparum and P. vivax infections were identified in 79.7% (59/74) and 20.3% (15/74) of samples, respectively. All schoolchildren were classified as Duffy-negative by genotyping. P. vivax infections were detected in five children: in two children during both years, in one child in 2010 and on May 2011, and only in 2010 for the remaining two children. Conclusions This unexpectedly high proportion of P. vivax infections in asymptomatic Duffy-negative children highlights to consider vivax malaria as an emerging problem in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhtar Niang
- 1Immunology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rokhaya Sane
- 1Immunology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal.,2Department of Animal Biology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdourahmane Sow
- 3Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal.,West African Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bacary D Sadio
- 3Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sophy Chy
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Eric Legrand
- 6Groupe Génétique du Paludisme et Résistance, Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ousmane Faye
- 3Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- 7Medical Entomology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou A Sall
- 3Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Pasteur Institute of Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Didier Menard
- 6Groupe Génétique du Paludisme et Résistance, Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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19
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Oboh MA, Badiane AS, Ntadom G, Ndiaye YD, Diongue K, Diallo MA, Ndiaye D. Molecular identification of Plasmodium species responsible for malaria reveals Plasmodium vivax isolates in Duffy negative individuals from southwestern Nigeria. Malar J 2018; 17:439. [PMID: 30486887 PMCID: PMC6263541 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in Nigeria is principally due to Plasmodium falciparum and, to a lesser extent to Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Plasmodium vivax is thought to be absent in Nigeria in particular and sub-Saharan Africa in general, due to the near fixation of the Duffy negative gene in this population. Nevertheless, there are frequent reports of P. vivax infection in Duffy negative individuals in the sub-region, including reports from two countries sharing border with Nigeria to the west (Republic of Benin) and east (Cameroon). Additionally, there were two cases of microscopic vivax-like malaria from Nigerian indigenous population. Hence molecular surveillance of the circulating Plasmodium species in two states (Lagos and Edo) of southwestern Nigeria was carried out. METHODS A cross-sectional survey between September 2016 and March 2017 was conducted. 436 febrile patients were included for the present work. Venous blood of these patients was subjected to RDT as well as microscopy. Further, parasite DNA was isolated from positive samples and PCR diagnostic was employed followed by direct sequencing of the 18S rRNA of Plasmodium species as well as sequencing of a portion of the promoter region of the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines. Samples positive for P. vivax were re-amplified several times and finally using the High Fidelity Taq to rule out any bias introduced. RESULTS Of the 256 (58.7%) amplifiable malaria parasite DNA, P. falciparum was, as expected, the major cause of infection, either alone 85.5% (219/256; 97 from Edo and 122 from Lagos), or mixed with P. malariae 6.3% (16/256) or with P. vivax 1.6% (4/256). Only one of the five P. vivax isolates was found to be a single infection. DNA sequencing and subsequent alignment of the 18S rRNA of P. vivax with the reference strains displayed very high similarities (100%). Remarkably, the T-33C was identified in all P. vivax samples, thus confirming that all vivax-infected patients in the current study are Duffy negative. CONCLUSION The present study gave the first molecular evidence of P. vivax in Nigeria in Duffy negative individuals. Though restricted to two states; Edo in South-South and Lagos in South-west Nigeria, the real burden of this species in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa might have been underestimated, hence there is need to put in place a country-wide, as well as a sub-Saharan Africa-wide surveillance and appropriate control measures.
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MESH Headings
- Child, Preschool
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Duffy Blood-Group System/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Male
- Nigeria/epidemiology
- Plasmodium vivax/classification
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Aigbiremo Oboh
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Aida Sadikh Badiane
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Godwin Ntadom
- National Malaria Elimination Programme/Epidemiology Division, Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Yaye Die Ndiaye
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Khadim Diongue
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Alpha Diallo
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Parasitology and Mycology Laboratory, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
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20
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Gunalan K, Niangaly A, Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Miller LH. Plasmodium vivax Infections of Duffy-Negative Erythrocytes: Historically Undetected or a Recent Adaptation? Trends Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29530446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the main cause of malarial disease in Asia and South America. Plasmodium vivax infection was thought to be absent in African populations who are Duffy blood group antigen negative (Duffy-negative). However, many cases of P. vivax infection have recently been observed in Duffy-negative Africans. This raises the question: were P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative populations previously missed or has P. vivax adapted to infect Duffy-negative populations? This review focuses on recent P. vivax findings in Africa and reports views on the parasite ligands that may play a role in Duffy-negative P. vivax infections. In addition, clues gained from studying P. vivax infection of reticulocytes are presented, which may provide possible avenues for establishing P. vivax culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; These authors contributed equally.
| | - Amadou Niangaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; These authors contributed equally
| | - Mahamadou A Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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