1
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Askarani HK, Tahghighi A, Ahmadpoor M, Zamani Z. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of a synthetic dihydroartemisinin-eosin B hybrid. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4013-4024. [PMID: 37999757 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
With the inexorable prevalence and spread of drug-resistant malaria strains, many efforts have been made to find alternative chemotherapeutic agents. In this regard, scientists have developed the concept of hybridization of two or more active pharmacophores into a single chemical compound, resulting in "antimalarial hybrids." The aim of this study was planned based on the highly synergistic effect of the physical hybrid of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) with eosin B (EB). Therefore, a chemical hybrid of the two compounds (DHA-EB) was synthesized, and its antimalarial activity was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The drug hybrid was fabricated through a propionyl ester linker between DHA and EB. The antiplasmodial activity of the new hybrid was tested in vitro on the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum (chloroquine-sensitive, 3D7 strain) and also evaluated in vivo by Peters' standard test in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The hybrid compound was also assessed for in vivo toxicity. Among all the compounds studied, a DHA-EB hybrid showed an appropriate inhibition percentage (53%) was at a very low dose (0.65 nM). The highest in vivo antimalarial activity until the 9th day was related to DHA-EB in a low dose (0.5 mg/kg). Also, the most survival rate was observed in the test group of hybrid compound at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for 22 days. No external changes were identified in the toxicity assay. The weight of internal organs of treated animals and that of controls indicated nontoxicity of DHA-EB even after 60 days of consumption. In vitro and in vivo studies substantiated that DHA-EB hybrid has the potential for developing as a safe antimalarial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Karimi Askarani
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azar Tahghighi
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Zahra Zamani
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Feitosa LM, Franca RRF, Ferreira MDLG, Aguiar ACC, de Souza GE, Maluf SEC, de Souza JO, Zapata L, Duarte D, Morais I, Nogueira F, Nonato MC, Pinheiro LCS, Guido RVC, Boechat N. Discovery of new piperaquine hybrid analogs linked by triazolopyrimidine and pyrazolopyrimidine scaffolds with antiplasmodial and transmission blocking activities. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116163. [PMID: 38290351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 247 million malaria cases in 2021 worldwide, representing an increase in 2 million cases compared to 2020. The urgent need for the development of new antimalarials is underscored by specific criteria, including the requirement of new modes of action that avoid cross-drug resistance, the ability to provide single-dose cures, and efficacy against both assexual and sexual blood stages. Motivated by the promising results obtained from our research group with [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives, we selected these molecular scaffolds as the foundation for designing two new series of piperaquine analogs as potential antimalarial candidates. The initial series of hybrids was designed by substituting one quinolinic ring of piperaquine with the 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine or pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine nucleus. To connect the heterocyclic systems, spacers with 3, 4, or 7 methylene carbons were introduced at the 4 position of the quinoline. In the second series, we used piperazine as a spacer to link the 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine or pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine group to the quinoline core, effectively merging both pharmacophoric groups via a rigid spacer. Our research efforts yielded promising compounds characterized by low cytotoxicity and selectivity indices exceeding 1570. These compounds displayed potent in vitro inhibitory activity in the low nanomolar range against the erythrocytic form of the parasite, encompassing both susceptible and resistant strains. Notably, these compounds did not show cross-resistance with either chloroquine or established P. falciparum inhibitors. Even though they share a pyrazolo- or triazolo-pyrimidine core, enzymatic inhibition assays revealed that these compounds had minimal inhibitory effects on PfDHODH, indicating a distinct mode of action unrelated to targeting this enzyme. We further assessed the compounds' potential to interfere with gametocyte and ookinete infectivity using mature P. falciparum gametocytes cultured in vitro. Four compounds demonstrated significant gametocyte inhibition ranging from 58 % to 86 %, suggesting potential transmission blocking activity. Finally, we evaluated the druggability of these new compounds using in silico methods, and the results indicated that these analogs had favorable physicochemical and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties. In summary, our research has successfully identified and characterized new piperaquine analogs based on [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffolds and has demonstrated their potential as promising candidates for the development of antimalarial drugs with distinct mechanisms of action, considerable selectivity, and P. falciparum transmission blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia M Feitosa
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Rodrigo F Franca
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes G Ferreira
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna C C Aguiar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia. Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme E de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah El Chamy Maluf
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana O de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Zapata
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Center for the Research and Advancement of Fragments and Molecular Targets (CRAFT), Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Duarte
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ines Morais
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fatima Nogueira
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Center for the Research and Advancement of Fragments and Molecular Targets (CRAFT), Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C S Pinheiro
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Departamento de Ciências, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela, 1470, Patronato, 24435-005, São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Av. João Dagnone, 1.100, Jd. Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ, Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos. Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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3
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Ferreira AM, Sales I, Santos SAO, Santos T, Nogueira F, Mattedi S, Pinho SP, Coutinho JA, Freire MG. Enhanced Antimalarial Activity of Extracts of Artemisia annua L. Achieved with Aqueous Solutions of Salicylate Salts and Ionic Liquids. CHEM & BIO ENGINEERING 2024; 1:44-52. [PMID: 38434799 PMCID: PMC10906083 DOI: 10.1021/cbe.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria, can be chemically synthesized or extracted from Artemisia annua L. However, the extraction method for artemisinin from biomass needs to be more sustainable while maintaining or enhancing its bioactivity. This work investigates the use of aqueous solutions of salts and ionic liquids with hydrotropic properties as alternative solvents for artemisinin extraction from Artemisia annua L. Among the investigated solvents, aqueous solutions of cholinium salicylate and sodium salicylate were found to be the most promising. To optimize the extraction process, a response surface method was further applied, in which the extraction time, hydrotrope concentration, and temperature were optimized. The optimized conditions resulted in extraction yields of up to 6.50 and 6.44 mg·g-1, obtained with aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate and cholinium salicylate, respectively. The extracts obtained were tested for their antimalarial activity, showing a higher efficacy against the Plasmodium falciparum strain compared with pure (synthetic) artemisinin or extracts obtained with conventional organic solvents. Characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of artemisinin together with other compounds, such as artemitin, chrysosplenol D, arteannuin B, and arteannuin J. These compounds act synergistically with artemisinin and enhance the antimalarial activity of the obtained extracts. Given the growing concern about artemisinin resistance, the results here obtained pave the way for the development of sustainable and biobased antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Ferreira
- CICECO
− Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabela Sales
- CICECO
− Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Escola
Politécnica, Universidade Federal
da Bahia, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil
| | - Sónia A. O. Santos
- CICECO
− Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Global
Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation
and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene
e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global
Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation
and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene
e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade
Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
MolSyn, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Silvana Mattedi
- Escola
Politécnica, Universidade Federal
da Bahia, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil
| | - Simão P. Pinho
- Mountain
Research Center − CIMO, Polytechnic
Institute of Bragança, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal
- SusTEC, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal
| | - João A.
P. Coutinho
- CICECO
− Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO
− Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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5
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da Silva G, Luz AFS, Duarte D, Fontinha D, Silva VLM, Almeida Paz FA, Madureira AM, Simões S, Prudêncio M, Nogueira F, Silva AMS, Moreira R. Facile Access to Structurally Diverse Antimalarial Indoles Using a One-Pot A 3 Coupling and Domino Cyclization Approach. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300264. [PMID: 37392377 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
A multistep and diversity-oriented synthetic route aiming at the A3 coupling/domino cyclization of o-ethynyl anilines, aldehydes and s-amines is described. The preparation of the corresponding precursors included a series of transformations, such as haloperoxidation and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, amine protection, desilylation and amine reduction. Some products of the multicomponent reaction underwent further detosylation and Suzuki coupling. The resulting library of structurally diverse compounds was evaluated against blood and liver stage malaria parasites, which revealed a promising lead with sub-micromolar activity against intra-erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum. The results from this hit-to-lead optimization are hereby reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André F S Luz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Denise Duarte
- GHTM - Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira n° 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vera L M Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO -, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Madureira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- GHTM - Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira n° 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- GHTM - Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira n° 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Costa Souza RM, Montenegro Pimentel LML, Ferreira LKM, Pereira VRA, Santos ACDS, Dantas WM, Silva CJO, De Medeiros Brito RM, Andrade JL, De Andrade-Neto VF, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Silva Junior VA, Pena L, Camara CA, Rathi B, De Oliveira RN. Biological activity of 1,2,3-triazole-2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and their evaluation as therapeutic strategy for malaria control. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115400. [PMID: 37130472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria can be caused by several Plasmodium species and the development of an effective vaccine is challenging. Currently, the most effective tool to control the disease is the administration of specific chemotherapy; however, resistance to the frontline antimalarials is one of the major problems in malaria control and thus the development of new drugs becomes urgent. The study presented here sought to evaluate the antimalarial activities of compounds derived from 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones containing 1,2,3-triazole using in vivo and in vitro models. 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial activity in vitro, using P. falciparum W2 chloroquine (CQ) resistant strain and in vivo using the murine-P. berghei ANKA strain. Acute toxicity was determined as established by the OECD (2001). Cytotoxicity was evaluated against HepG2 and Vero mammalian cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy of the Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite (early and late stages) was used to evaluate the action of compounds derived at ultra-structural level. The compounds displayed low cytotoxicity CC50 > 100 μM, neither did they cause hemolysis at the tested doses and nor the signs of toxicity in the in vivo acute toxicity test. Among the five compounds tested, one showed IC50 values in submicromolar range of 0.8 μM. Compounds 7, 8 and 11 showed IC50 values < 5 μM, and selectivity index (SI) ranging from 6.8 to 343 for HepG2, and from 13.7 to 494.8 for Vero cells. Compounds 8 and 11 were partially active against P. berghei induced parasitemia in vivo. Analysis of the ultrastructural changes associated with the treatment of these two compounds, showed trophozoites with completely degraded cytoplasm, loss of membrane integrity, organelles in the decomposition stage and possible food vacuole deterioration. Our results indicated that compounds 8 and 11 may be considered hit molecules for antimalarial drug discovery platform and deserve further optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Maria Costa Souza
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoepidemiology of Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aline Caroline Da Silva Santos
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Willyenne Marília Dantas
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carla Jasmine Oliveira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ramayana Morais De Medeiros Brito
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Valter Ferreira De Andrade-Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Celso Amorim Camara
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento De Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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7
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Biodereplication of Antiplasmodial Extracts: Application of the Amazonian Medicinal Plant Piper coruscans Kunth. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217638. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved methodological tools to hasten antimalarial drug discovery remain of interest, especially when considering natural products as a source of drug candidates. We propose a biodereplication method combining the classical dereplication approach with the early detection of potential antiplasmodial compounds in crude extracts. Heme binding is used as a surrogate of the antiplasmodial activity and is monitored by mass spectrometry in a biomimetic assay. Molecular networking and automated annotation of targeted mass through data mining were followed by mass-guided compound isolation by taking advantage of the versatility and finely tunable selectivity offered by centrifugal partition chromatography. This biodereplication workflow was applied to an ethanolic extract of the Amazonian medicinal plant Piper coruscans Kunth (Piperaceae) showing an IC50 of 1.36 µg/mL on the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum strain. It resulted in the isolation of twelve compounds designated as potential antiplasmodial compounds by the biodereplication workflow. Two chalcones, aurentiacin (1) and cardamonin (3), with IC50 values of 2.25 and 5.5 µM, respectively, can be considered to bear the antiplasmodial activity of the extract, with the latter not relying on a heme-binding mechanism. This biodereplication method constitutes a rapid, efficient, and robust technique to identify potential antimalarial compounds in complex extracts such as plant extracts.
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Synthesis, Structure and Antileishmanial Evaluation of Endoperoxide–Pyrazole Hybrids. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175401. [PMID: 36080174 PMCID: PMC9457810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are among the most impacting neglected tropical diseases. In attempts to repurpose antimalarial drugs or candidates, it was found that selected 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, and pyrazole-containing chemotypes demonstrated activity against Leishmania parasites. This study reports the synthesis and structure of trioxolane–pyrazole (OZ1, OZ2) and tetraoxane–pyrazole (T1, T2) hybrids obtained from the reaction of 3(5)-aminopyrazole with endoperoxide-containing building blocks. Interestingly, only the endocyclic amine of 3(5)-aminopyrazole was found to act as nucleophile for amide coupling. However, the fate of the reaction was influenced by prototropic tautomerism of the pyrazole heterocycle, yielding 3- and 5-aminopyrazole containing hybrids which were characterized by different techniques, including X-ray crystallography. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of L. tropica and L. infantum, and for cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells. Selected compounds were also evaluated against intramacrophage amastigote forms of L. infantum. Trioxolane–pyrazole hybrids OZ1 and OZ2 exhibited some activity against Leishmania promastigotes, while tetraoxane–pyrazole hybrids proved inactive, most likely due to solubility issues. Eight salt forms, specifically tosylate, mesylate, and hydrochloride salts, were then prepared to improve the solubility of the corresponding peroxide hybrids and were uniformly tested. Biological evaluations in promastigotes showed that the compound OZ1•HCl was the most active against both strains of Leishmania. Such finding was corroborated by the results obtained in assessments of the L. infantum amastigote susceptibility. It is noteworthy that the salt forms of the endoperoxide–pyrazole hybrids displayed a broader spectrum of action, showing activity in both strains of Leishmania. Our preliminary biological findings encourage further optimization of peroxide–pyrazole hybrids to identify a promising antileishmanial lead.
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Amado PSM, Jesus AJL, Paixão JA, Fausto R, Cristiano MLS. Unravelling the structure of peroxides with antiparasitic activity: relative impact of a trioxolane or a tetraoxane pharmacophore on the overall molecular structure. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200207. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S. M. Amado
- University of Algarve Faculty of Science and Technology: Universidade do Algarve Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Chemistry and Pharmacy PORTUGAL
| | - A. J. Lopes Jesus
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Pharmacy: Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Farmacia Chemistry PORTUGAL
| | - José A. Paixão
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sciences and Technology: Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Department of Physics PORTUGAL
| | - Rui Fausto
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sciences and Technology: Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Department of Chemistry PORTUGAL
| | - M. Lurdes S. Cristiano
- Universidade do Algarve Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia Quimica e Farmácia Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro PORTUGAL
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10
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Ramos S, Ademolue TW, Jentho E, Wu Q, Guerra J, Martins R, Pires G, Weis S, Carlos AR, Mahú I, Seixas E, Duarte D, Rajas F, Cardoso S, Sousa AGG, Lilue J, Paixão T, Mithieux G, Nogueira F, Soares MP. A hypometabolic defense strategy against malaria. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1183-1200.e12. [PMID: 35841892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is a clinical hallmark of severe malaria, the often-lethal outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Here, we report that malaria-associated hypoglycemia emerges from a non-canonical resistance mechanism, whereby the infected host reduces glycemia to starve Plasmodium. This hypometabolic response is elicited by labile heme, a byproduct of hemolysis that induces illness-induced anorexia and represses hepatic glucose production. While transient repression of hepatic glucose production prevents unfettered immune-mediated inflammation, organ damage, and anemia, when sustained over time it leads to hypoglycemia, compromising host energy expenditure and adaptive thermoregulation. The latter arrests the development of asexual stages of Plasmodium via a mechanism associated with parasite mitochondrial dysfunction. In response, Plasmodium activates a transcriptional program associated with the reduction of virulence and sexual differentiation toward the generation of transmissible gametocytes. In conclusion, malaria-associated hypoglycemia represents a trade-off of a hypometabolic-based defense strategy that balances parasite virulence versus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Elisa Jentho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Qian Wu
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joel Guerra
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Rui Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gil Pires
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Inês Mahú
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elsa Seixas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Denise Duarte
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiago Paixão
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Araújo DMF, da Cruz Filho IJ, Santos T, Pereira DTM, Marques DSC, da Conceição Alves de Lima A, de Aquino TM, de Moraes Rocha GJ, do Carmo Alves de Lima M, Nogueira F. Biological activities and physicochemical characterization of alkaline lignins obtained from branches and leaves of Buchenavia viridiflora with potential pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:224-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Fang J, Song F, Wang F. The antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane hybrids and dimers: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200077. [PMID: 35388499 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne parasitic infection caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, is a dangerous disease that contributes to millions of hospital visits and hundreds and thousands of deaths across the world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Antimalarial agents are vital for treating malaria and controlling transmission, and 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane-containing agents, especially artemisinin and its derivatives, own antimalarial efficacy and low toxicity with unique mechanisms of action. Moreover, artemisinin-based combination therapies were recommended by the World Health Organization as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria infection and have remained as the mainstay of the treatment of malaria, demonstrating that 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane derivatives are useful prototypes for the control and eradication of malaria. However, malaria parasites have already developed resistance to almost all of the currently available antimalarial agents, creating an urgent need for the search of novel pharmaceutical interventions for malaria. The purpose of this review article is to provide an emphasis on the current scenario (January 2012 to January 2022) of 1,2,4-trioxolane/trioxane hybrids and dimers with potential antimalarial activity and the structure-activity relationships are also discussed to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junman Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Mendes A, Armada A, Cabral LIL, Amado PSM, Campino L, Cristiano MLS, Cortes S. 1,2,4-Trioxolane and 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxane Endoperoxides against Old-World Leishmania Parasites: In Vitro Activity and Mode of Action. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040446. [PMID: 35455443 PMCID: PMC9024893 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains one of the ten Neglected Tropical Diseases with significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Current treatment of visceral leishmaniasis is difficult due to a lack of effective, non-toxic, and non-extensive medications. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of 12 synthetic endoperoxides (1,2,4-trioxolanes; 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) and uncover their biochemical effects on Leishmania parasites responsible for visceral leishmaniasis. The compounds were screened for in vitro activity against L. infantum and L. donovani and for cytotoxicity in two monocytic cell lines (J774A.1 and THP-1) using the methyl thiazol tetrazolium assay. Reactive oxygen species formation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial impairment were measured by flow cytometry. The compounds exhibited fair to moderate anti-proliferative activity against promastigotes of the 2 Leishmania species, with IC50 values ranging from 13.0 ± 1.7 µM to 793.0 ± 37.2 µM. Tetraoxanes LC132 and LC138 demonstrated good leishmanicidal activity on L. infantum amastigotes (IC50 13.2 ± 5.2 and 23.9 ± 2.7 µM) with low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells (SIs 22.1 and 118.6), indicating selectivity towards the parasite. Furthermore, LC138 was able to induce late apoptosis and dose-dependent oxidative stress without affecting mithocondria. Compounds LC132 and LC138 can be further explored as potential antileishmanial chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Mendes
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Ana Armada
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Global Health Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lília I. L. Cabral
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.I.L.C.); (P.S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S. M. Amado
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.I.L.C.); (P.S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.I.L.C.); (P.S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Sofia Cortes
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Global Health Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.C.); (S.C.)
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14
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Lardani D, Marti R, Quintavalla A, Lombardo M, Trombini C. Multidecagram Scale Synthesis of an Endoperoxide, Precursor of Anti-malarial and Anti-leishmanial Agents, via Free-Radical [2 + 2 + 2] Annulation with Molecular Oxygen. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lardani
- Institut ChemTech, HES-SO, Hochschule für Technik und Architektur, Boulevard de Pérolles 80, CH-1700 Freiburg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Marti
- Institut ChemTech, HES-SO, Hochschule für Technik und Architektur, Boulevard de Pérolles 80, CH-1700 Freiburg, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Quintavalla
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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15
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Owolabi ATY, Reece SE, Schneider P. Daily rhythms of both host and parasite affect antimalarial drug efficacy. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:208-219. [PMID: 34285807 PMCID: PMC8284615 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Circadian rhythms contribute to treatment efficacy in several non-communicable diseases. However, chronotherapy (administering drugs at a particular time-of-day) against infectious diseases has been overlooked. Yet, the daily rhythms of both hosts and disease-causing agents can impact the efficacy of drug treatment. We use the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi, to test whether the daily rhythms of hosts, parasites and their interactions affect sensitivity to the key antimalarial, artemisinin. METHODOLOGY Asexual malaria parasites develop rhythmically in the host's blood, in a manner timed to coordinate with host daily rhythms. Our experiments coupled or decoupled the timing of parasite and host rhythms, and we administered artemisinin at different times of day to coincide with when parasites were either at an early (ring) or later (trophozoite) developmental stage. We quantified the impacts of parasite developmental stage, and alignment of parasite and host rhythms, on drug sensitivity. RESULTS We find that rings were less sensitive to artemisinin than trophozoites, and this difference was exacerbated when parasite and host rhythms were misaligned, with little direct contribution of host time-of-day on its own. Furthermore, the blood concentration of haem at the point of treatment correlated positively with artemisinin efficacy but only when parasite and host rhythms were aligned. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Parasite rhythms influence drug sensitivity in vivo. The hitherto unknown modulation by alignment between parasite and host daily rhythms suggests that disrupting the timing of parasite development could be a novel chronotherapeutic approach. LAY SUMMARY We reveal that chronotherapy (providing medicines at a particular time-of-day) could improve treatment for malaria infections. Specifically, parasites' developmental stage at the time of treatment and the coordination of timing between parasite and host both affect how well antimalarial drug treatment works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alíz T Y Owolabi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK,Corresponding author. Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK. Tel (office): +441316508642; E-mail:
| | - Sarah E Reece
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Petra Schneider
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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16
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Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Albino SL, da Silva JM, de C Nobre MS, de M E Silva YMS, Santos MB, de Araújo RSA, do C A de Lima M, Schmitt M, de Moura RO. Bioprospecting of Nitrogenous Heterocyclic Scaffolds with Potential Action for Neglected Parasitosis: A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4112-4150. [PMID: 32611290 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701160904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases are a group of infections currently considered as a worldwide concern. This fact can be attributed to the migration of these diseases to developed and developing countries, associated with therapeutic insufficiency resulted from the low investment in the research and development of new drugs. In order to overcome this situation, bioprospecting supports medicinal chemistry in the identification of new scaffolds with therapeutically appropriate physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Among them, we highlight the nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, as they are secondary metabolites of many natural products with potential biological activity. The objective of this work was to review studies within a 10-year timeframe (2009- 2019), focusing on the pharmacological application of nitrogen bioprospectives (pyrrole, pyridine, indole, quinoline, acridine, and their respective derivatives) against neglected parasitic infections (malaria, leishmania, trypanosomiases, and schistosomiasis), and their application as a template for semi-synthesis or total synthesis of potential antiparasitic agents. In our studies, it was observed that among the selected articles, there was a higher focus on the attempt to identify and obtain novel antimalarial compounds, in a way that an extensive amount of studies involving all heterocyclic nitrogen nuclei were found. On the other hand, the parasites with the lowest number of publications up until the present date have been trypanosomiasis, especially those caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and schistosomiasis, where some heterocyclics have not even been cited in recent years. Thus, we conclude that despite the great biodiversity on the planet, little attention has been given to certain neglected tropical diseases, especially those that reach countries with a high poverty rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaly L Albino
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Jamire M da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Michelangela S de C Nobre
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Yvnni M S de M E Silva
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Mirelly B Santos
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S A de Araújo
- Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Maria do C A de Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Martine Schmitt
- Universite de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIT UMR 7200, Laboratoire d'innovation therapeutique, Illkirch, France
| | - Ricardo O de Moura
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitaria, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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18
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Brás EM, Cabral LIL, Amado PSM, Abe M, Fausto R, Cristiano MLS. Photoinduced Reactivity in a Dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane: Adamantane Ring Expansion and First Direct Observation of the Long-Lived Triplet Diradical Intermediates. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4202-4210. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M. Brás
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-531, Portugal
| | - Lília I. L. Cabral
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S. M. Amado
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Rui Fausto
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-531, Portugal
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
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Secrieru A, Costa ICC, O’Neill PM, Cristiano MLS. Antimalarial Agents as Therapeutic Tools Against Toxoplasmosis-A Short Bridge between Two Distant Illnesses. Molecules 2020; 25:E1574. [PMID: 32235463 PMCID: PMC7181032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease with paramount impact worldwide, affecting many vulnerable populations and representing a significant matter of concern. Current therapies used against toxoplasmosis are based essentially on old chemotypes, which fail in providing a definitive cure for the disease, placing the most sensitive populations at risk for irreversible damage in vital organs, culminating in death in the most serious cases. Antimalarial drugs have been shown to possess key features for drug repurposing, finding application in the treatment of other parasite-borne illnesses, including toxoplasmosis. Antimalarials provide the most effective therapeutic solutions against toxoplasmosis and make up for the majority of currently available antitoxoplasmic drugs. Additionally, other antiplasmodial drugs have been scrutinized and many promising candidates have emanated in recent developments. Available data demonstrate that it is worthwhile to explore the activity of classical and most recent antimalarial chemotypes, such as quinolines, endoperoxides, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, and nature-derived peptide-based parasiticidal agents, in the context of toxoplasmosis chemotherapy, in the quest for encountering more effective and safer tools for toxoplasmosis control or eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Secrieru
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.S.); (I.C.C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK;
| | - Inês C. C. Costa
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.S.); (I.C.C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK;
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Center of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.S.); (I.C.C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, FCT, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, UAlg, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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20
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Sharma M, Prasher P. An epigrammatic status of the ' azole'-based antimalarial drugs. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:184-211. [PMID: 33479627 PMCID: PMC7536834 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug resistance in the malarial parasite has sabotaged majority of the eradication efforts by restraining the inhibition profile of first line as well as second line antimalarial drugs, thus necessitating the development of novel pharmaceutics constructed on appropriate scaffolds with superior potency against the drug-resistant and drug-susceptible Plasmodium parasite. Over the past decades, the infectious malarial parasite has developed resistance against most of the contemporary therapeutics, thus necessitating the rational development of novel approaches principally focused on MDR malaria. This review presents an epigrammatic collation of the epidemiology and the contemporary antimalarial therapeutics based on the 'azole' motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , Uttaranchal University , Dehradun 248007 , India
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Petroleum & Energy Studies , Dehradun 248007 , India . ;
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
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21
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Synthesis and Antileishmanial Activity of 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes against Leishmania donovani. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030465. [PMID: 31979089 PMCID: PMC7038143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically diverse range of novel tetraoxanes was synthesized and evaluated in vitro against intramacrophage amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani. All 15 tested tetraoxanes displayed activity, with IC50 values ranging from 2 to 45 µm. The most active tetraoxane, compound LC140, exhibited an IC50 value of 2.52 ± 0.65 µm on L. donovani intramacrophage amastigotes, with a selectivity index of 13.5. This compound reduced the liver parasite burden of L. donovani-infected mice by 37% after an intraperitoneal treatment at 10 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days, whereas miltefosine, an antileishmanial drug in use, reduced it by 66%. These results provide a relevant basis for the development of further tetraoxanes as effective, safe, and cheap drugs against leishmaniasis.
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22
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Guimarães DSM, de Sousa Luz LS, do Nascimento SB, Silva LR, de Miranda Martins NR, de Almeida HG, de Souza Reis V, Maluf SEC, Budu A, Marinho JA, Abramo C, Carmona AK, da Silva MG, da Silva GR, Kemmer VM, Butera AP, Ribeiro-Viana RM, Gazarini ML, Júnior CSN, Guimarães L, Dos Santos FV, de Castro WV, Viana GHR, de Brito CFA, de Pilla Varotti F. Improvement of antimalarial activity of a 3-alkylpiridine alkaloid analog by replacing the pyridine ring to a thiazole-containing heterocycle: Mode of action, mutagenicity profile, and Caco-2 cell-based permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 138:105015. [PMID: 31344442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of new antimalarial drugs is urgent to overcome the spread of resistance to the current treatment. Herein we synthesized the compound 3, a hit-to‑lead optimization of a thiazole based on the most promising 3-alkylpyridine marine alkaloid analog. Compound 3 was tested against Plasmodium falciparum and has shown to be more potent than its precursor (IC50 values of 1.55 and 14.7 μM, respectively), with higher selectivity index (74.7) for noncancerous human cell line. This compound was not mutagenic and showed genotoxicity only at concentrations four-fold higher than its IC50. Compound 3 was tested in vivo against Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain and inhibited the development of parasite at 50 mg/kg. In silico and UV-vis approaches determined that compound 3 acts impairing hemozoin crystallization and confocal microscopy experiments corroborate these findings as the compound was capable of diminishing food vacuole acidity. The assay of uptake using human intestinal Caco-2 cell line showed that compound 3 is absorbed similarly to chloroquine, a standard antimalarial agent. Therefore, we present here compound 3 as a potent new lead antimalarial compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letícia Silveira de Sousa Luz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Sara Batista do Nascimento
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rabelo Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Natália Rezende de Miranda Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Heloísa Gonçalves de Almeida
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, 74 Dom Helvécio Square, São João del Rei, MG 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Vitória de Souza Reis
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, 74 Dom Helvécio Square, São João del Rei, MG 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Sarah El Chamy Maluf
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Biofísica, 669 Pedro de Toledo Street, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Biofísica, 669 Pedro de Toledo Street, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Aparecida Marinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer Street, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Clarice Abramo
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer Street, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Karaoglanovic Carmona
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Biofísica, 669 Pedro de Toledo Street, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Marina Goulart da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Rodrigues da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Departamento de Farmácia, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, w/n, Bauxita, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Victor Matheus Kemmer
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Química, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Anna Paola Butera
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Química, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Renato Márcio Ribeiro-Viana
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Departamento Acadêmico de Química (DAQUI), Londrina, PR, 6036-370, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Leoni Gazarini
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Biociências, 136 Silva Jardim Street, Santos, SP 11015-020, Brazil.
| | | | - Luciana Guimarães
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, 74 Dom Helvécio Square, São João del Rei, MG 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Fabio Vieira Dos Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Whocely Victor de Castro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro Viana
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
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Tiwari MK, Yadav DK, Chaudhary S. Recent Developments in Natural Product Inspired Synthetic 1,2,4- Trioxolanes (Ozonides): An Unusual Entry into Antimalarial Chemotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:831-846. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190412104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO “World health statistics 2018”, malaria alongside acute respiratory infections
and diarrhoea, is one of the major infectious disease causing children’s death in between the
age of 1-5 years. Similarly, according to another report (2016) malaria accounts for approximately
3.14% of the total disease burden worldwide. Although malaria has been widely eradicated in many
parts of the world, the global number of cases continues to rise due to the rapid spread of malaria parasites
that are resistant to antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin (8), a major breakthrough in the antimalarial
chemotherapy was isolated from the plant Artemisia annua in 1972. Its semi-synthetic derivatives such
as artemether (9), arteether (10), and artesunic acid (11) are quite effective against multi-drug resistant
malaria strains and are currently the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria. Inspite of exhibiting
excellent antimalarial activity by artemisinin (8) and its derivatives, parallel programmes for the discovery
of novel natural and synthetic peroxides were also the area of investigation of medicinal chemists
all over the world. In these continuous efforts of extensive research, natural ozonide (1,2,4-
trioxolane) was isolated from Adiantum monochlamys (Pteridaceae) and Oleandra wallichii (Davalliaceae)
in 1976. These naturally occurring stable ozonides inspired chemists to investigate this novel
class for antimalarial chemotherapy. The first identification of unusually stable synthetic antimalarial
1,2,4-trioxolanes was reported in 1992. Thus, an unusual entry of ozonides in the field of antimalarial
chemotherapy had occurred in the early nineties. This review highlights the recent advancements and
historical developments observed during the past 42 years (1976-2018) focusing mainly on important
ventures of the antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon city, 406-799, Korea
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
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24
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Chen J, Zhang J, Wu X, Chen J, Dai Y, Ma X, Yu Y, Zhang L, Liu C. Disordered Metabolic Profiling in Plasma and Tissues of Mice Infected with Artemisinin-Sensitive and -Resistant Plasmodium berghei K173 Determined by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1970-1993. [PMID: 30931571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin resistance has inevitably emerged in several malaria-endemic areas and led to an incremental clinical failure rate for artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), which is strongly recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Genetically resilient malaria parasites have evolved antimalarial drug-evasion mechanisms; meanwhile, the metabolic cross-talk between the malaria parasites and the host is of significance during the invasion. The intention of this work, therefore, is to propose a feasible method to discover the systematic metabolic phenotypes of mice invaded with artemisinin-sensitive or -resistant Plasmodium berghei K173 when compared with healthy mice. Biological samples, including plasma, liver, spleen, and kidney, of mice collected after euthanasia at day 7 were subjected to 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multivariable data analysis was utilized to estimate the metabolic characteristics of these samples from uninfected and infected mice. In contrast with healthy mice, both sensitive and resistant malaria-parasite-infected models displayed distinct metabolic profiles. Parasite invasion significantly changed the glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and amino acid metabolism in plasma and tissues. Decreased N, N-dimethylglycine and glycine levels in plasma from the artemisinin-sensitive P. berghei-infected group and increased lactate, lipid, and aspartate in the artemisinin-resistant P. berghei-infected group were observed, respectively. In the liver, the artemisinin-sensitive group up-regulated the glutamate level and down-regulated glutamine. Artemisinin-resistant parasite exposure decreased ethanol and allantoin levels. The levels of myo-inositol and valine in the spleen were increased due to artemisinin-sensitive P. berghei infection, together with decreased trimethylamine N-oxide, phosphocholine, β-glucose, and acetoacetic acid. In the artemisinin-resistant group, the spleen showed a remarkably increased phosphocholine content along with decreased dimethylglycine and arginine levels. In the kidney, artemisinin-sensitive P. berghei K173 caused increased lysine, glutamate, creatine, and 2-hydroxybutyrate as well as decreased ethanol. Artemisinin-resistant P. berghei led to low glycerophosphorylcholine and high acetate, betaine, and hypoxanthine. Mutual and specific altered metabolites and, accordingly, metabolic pathways induced by the infection of artemisinin-sensitive or -resistant P. berghei were therefore screened out. This should be considered a preliminary study to establish a direct relationship with the host metabolic background and artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
| | - Juanhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Yong Dai
- Basic Medical College , Chengdu University of TCM , Chengdu 611137 , China
| | - Xueqin Ma
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
| | - Yongjie Yu
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
| | - Liming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy , Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan 750004 , China
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25
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Recent advances of tetrazole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular and anti-malarial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:404-412. [PMID: 30530192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetrazole, a bioisostere of the carboxylic acid group, can replace the carboxyl group in drugs to increase the lipophilicity, bioavailability and reduce side effects. Tetrazole derivatives possess a broad-spectrum of biological properties including anti-tubercular and anti-malarial activities, and some tetrazole-based compounds have already been used in clinics for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, tetrazole is an important pharmacophore in the development of new drugs. This review covers the recent advances of tetrazole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular and anti-malarial agents, and the structure-activity relationship is also discussed for the further rational design of tetrazole derivatives.
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