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Mahendran R, Pathirana S, Weerasinghe MC. Living Conditions and Malaria: A Longitudinal Study in a Rural Malaria-Endemic Area of Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:317-323. [PMID: 38889733 PMCID: PMC11310603 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in a rural malaria-endemic community in Sri Lanka in 2014-2015 because malaria was no longer endemic in the area as of November 2012. Data on sociodemographic factors, living conditions, malaria infections, and use of mosquito protection methods during the period from 1990 to 2015 were collected through a household survey in a systematically selected sample of 724 households, covering >10% of the population in the area. Malaria incidence data were obtained from Anti-Malaria Campaign, and Malaria Research Unit of the University of Colombo. A total of 24,549 malaria cases were reported and a considerable improvement in living conditions was noted during the period covered. The association of malaria case incidence with living conditions of the community was evaluated using Spearman Rank Correlation at P <0.05. Sixty-six percent of households reported a history of malaria. The percentage of poorest type of houses (type 1) declined from 38.8% in the 1990-1994 period to 1.6% by 2015, whereas the best houses (type 5) doubled from 49.1% to 92.1% during the same period. Malaria case incidence was reported to be lowest in the best type houses (r = -0.933, P = 0.007), when pipe-borne water was available within the premises (for drinking: r = -0.846, P = 0.034; for personal hygiene: r = -0.859, P = 0.029), when water-sealed sanitary facilities were available (r = -0.956, P = 0.003), and when mosquito nets were used (r = -0.98, P = 0.001). This observed negative association may have been due to reduced human-mosquito contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sisira Pathirana
- Malaria Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Taylor R, Messenger LA, Abeku TA, Clarke SE, Yadav RS, Lines J. Invasive Anopheles stephensi in Africa: insights from Asia. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:731-743. [PMID: 39054167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is a highly competent urban malaria vector species, endemic in South Asia and the Persian Gulf, which has colonised eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since 2013 and is now spreading uncontrollably. In urban areas of Africa, where malaria transmission has previously been low or non-existent, the invasion of An. stephensi represents a significant problem, particularly to immunologically naïve populations. Despite this rapidly advancing threat, there is a paucity of information regarding the bionomics of An. stephensi in SSA. Here, we offer a critical synthesis of literature from An. stephensi's native range, focusing on the future of An. stephensi in a rapidly urbanising Africa, and highlighting key questions that warrant prioritisation by the global malaria vector control community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Taylor
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Parasitology and Vector Biology (PARAVEC) Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Tarekegn A Abeku
- Malaria Consortium, Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London E2 9DA, UK
| | - Sian E Clarke
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rajpal S Yadav
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur 313002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jo Lines
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Sanei-Dehkordi A, Heiran R, Montaseri Z, Elahi N, Abbasi Z, Osanloo M. Promising Larvicidal Effects of Nanoliposomes Containing Carvone and Mentha spicata and Tanacetum balsamita Essential Oils Against Anopheles stephensi. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:216-226. [PMID: 37979013 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of synthetic pesticides to control the spread of mosquito-borne diseases has caused environmental pollution and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Developments of new green insecticides have thus received more attention to overcome these problems. METHODS Nanoliposomes containing carvone and essential oils were first prepared. The nanoliposome physicochemical characteristics (particle size, morphology, and successful loading) were then evaluated by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and the Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR) analyses. Larvicidal effects of carvone, Mentha spicata, and Tanacetum balsamita essential oils were investigated against the main malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, in non-formulated and nanoformulated states. RESULTS The larvicidal effects of nanoformulated states were significantly more potent (7.2 folds, 3.5 folds, and 8 folds) than non-formulated states. Nanoliposomes containing M. spicata and T. balsamita essential oils with particle sizes of 175 ± 8 and 184 ± 5 nm showed the best efficacies (LC50 values = 9.74 and 9.36 μg/mL). CONCLUSION The prepared samples could be used as new green potent larvicides against An stephensi mosquito in further field trials. It is also recommended to investigate their efficacies against other mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Heiran
- Estahban Higher Education Center- Shiraz University, Estahban, Iran
| | - Zahra Montaseri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Narges Elahi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Osanloo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Ahmed RA, Kumar A, Swargiary A, Suri HS, Shankar H, Hussain SSA, Kumar G, Singh K, Kalita D, begum A. Impact assessment of Intensified Malaria Control Project in transitioning a high malaria-endemic district to a low-endemic district: an epidemiological aspect. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:493-504. [PMID: 36960929 PMCID: PMC10262807 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2194498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensified Malaria Control Project (IMCP) was implemented in 2005 to control malaria in all North-Eastern and Odisha states of India. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of IMCP in reducing the malaria burden in Udalguri district, Assam state of North-East India. Malaria epidemiological data were obtained for IMCP intervention (Udalguri) and nonintervention district (West Singhbhumi, Jharkhand state). IMCP activities include introducing bi-valent rapid diagnostic kits (RDTs), Artemether-Lumefantrine drug in North-East India, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution, and creating awareness programs about malaria in an intensified mode. The data revealed a significant decline in annual parasite incidence (API) from 14.94 (2005) to 2.61 (2018), -37% (95%CI: -57%, -19%, p = 001) after using LLINs in 2009 and -64% (95%CI: -116%, -14%, p = 013) after the introduction of RDTs in district Udalguri. Whereas control district showed a -28% (95%CI: -63%, 6.3%, p = 0.051) decrease in API using LLINs and a 10% (95%CI: -7.6%, 28%, p = 0.122) increase after the introduction of RDTs. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv) were the major malarial parasites in Udalguri. Pv-malaria was much higher (71%) than Pf-malaria (29%) during the study period. An increasing trend of Pf cases was observed in Udalguri. Udalguri and Khoirabari BPHCs showed an overall reduction of 94% (95%CI: -143%, -45%, p = 0.001) and 84% (95%CI: -126%, -39%, p = 0.003), respectively; however, only a 10% (95%CI: -65%, -41%, p = 0.360) reduction in API was observed in Orang BPHC. An overall decrease in malaria indicates the effective implementation of vector and disease control strategies in the Udalguri district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ali Ahmed
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Udalguri, Darrang, Assam, India
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avdhesh Kumar
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananta Swargiary
- Department of Zoology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
| | - Harpal Singh Suri
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Udalguri, Darrang, Assam, India
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shah Areeb Hussain
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipika Kalita
- Department of Zoology, Bhattadev University, Pathshala, Assam, India
| | - Afluza begum
- Department of Chemistry, Bhattadev University, Pathshala, Assam, India
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Nikookar SH, Charkame A, Nezammahalleh A, Moradi-Asl E, Enayati A, Fazeli-Dinan M, Sedaghat MM, Zaim M. Entomological surveillance of invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran from 2014 to 2020. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8683. [PMID: 37248286 PMCID: PMC10227060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of serious infectious diseases in the world. Dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever are emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, associated with the distribution of two key vectors i.e. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus throughout the world including countries neighbouring Iran. Entomological surveillance was planned and performed monthly from May to December during 2014-2020 in selected counties of Mazandaran Province, North of Iran, by ovitrap, larval collection, hand catch and human baited trap. Overall, 4410 Aedes specimens including 2376 larvae (53.9%) and 2034 (46.1%) adults belonging to six species, namely Aedes vexans, Aedes geniculatus, Aedes caspius, Aedes echinus, Aedes pulcritarsis and Aedes flavescence were collected and morphologically identified. Over the seven years of surveillance, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were not found by any sampling method. Aedes vexans and Ae. geniculatus were the most abundant species, their populations peaked in October and November and was positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity. Aedes flavescence was a new species record for the province. A flowchart for planning and implementation of invasive mosquito surveillance for provincial health authorities in the country is proposed. These surveillance efforts provide basic and timely information for the health system to act promptly on integrated and intensified surveillance and control programs should Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus detected in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Charkame
- Medical Entomology, Health Expert of the Health Deputy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Asghar Nezammahalleh
- Medical Entomology, Health Expert of the Health Deputy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Eslam Moradi-Asl
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Head of Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Affiliated Professor, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Katusi GC, Hermy MRG, Makayula SM, Ignell R, Govella NJ, Hill SR, Mnyone LL. Seasonal variation in abundance and blood meal sources of primary and secondary malaria vectors within Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:479. [PMID: 36539892 PMCID: PMC9768911 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing control tools have significantly reduced malaria over the past two decades. However, progress has been stalled due to increased resistance in primary vectors and the increasing role of secondary vectors. This study aimed to investigate the impact of seasonal change on primary and secondary vector abundance and host preference. Understanding the impact of seasonal dynamics of primary and secondary vectors on disease transmission will inform effective strategies for vector management and control. METHODS Vector abundance was measured through longitudinal collection of mosquitoes, conducted monthly during the wet and dry seasons, in Sagamaganga, a village in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Mosquitoes were collected indoors using CDC light traps and backpack aspirators, and outdoors using resting buckets baited with cattle urine. In addition, a direct measure of host preference was taken monthly using human- and cattle-baited mosquito electrocuting traps. A host census was conducted to provide an indirect measure of host preference together with monthly blood meal source analysis. All collected mosquitoes were assayed for Plasmodium sporozoites. RESULTS A total of 2828 anophelines were collected, of which 78.5% and 21.4%, were primary and secondary vectors, respectively. The abundance of the primary vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus, and of the secondary vectors varied seasonally. Indirect measures of host preference indicated that all vectors varied blood meal choice seasonally, with the direct measure confirming this for An. arabiensis. All anopheline mosquitoes tested negative for sporozoites. CONCLUSIONS At the study location, the abundance of both primary and secondary vectors changed seasonally. Indirect and direct measures of host preference demonstrated that An. arabiensis varied from being zoophilic to being more opportunistic during the wet and dry seasons. A similar trend was observed for the other vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey C. Katusi
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Marie R. G. Hermy
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Samwely M. Makayula
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rickard Ignell
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Nicodem J. Govella
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.451346.10000 0004 0468 1595School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Sharon R. Hill
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Ladslaus L. Mnyone
- grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3110, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Larval Anopheles Species Composition and Diversity at Different Habitats and Seasons of Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:9767155. [PMID: 35979515 PMCID: PMC9377994 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9767155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles species' larval habitats are diversified and season dependent. Anopheles larvae can be found at different habitats and their preference may vary seasonally. Knowledge of species diversity and distribution helps plan malaria control interventions. Anopheles larvae were sampled using the WHO standard 350 ml dipper from breeding habitats of irrigation, pond, sewage, stream, and swamp. The collected sample larvae were identified microscopically to species using morphological keys. Among Anopheles species recorded, Anopheles gambiae complex was the most abundant followed by Anopheles christyi, Anopheles cinereus, Anopheles demeilloni, and Anopheles pharoensis in descending order. Anopheles species occurred more in January than in other months of the study period and less in March and April. For any particular mosquito species, larval abundance did not significantly vary between the habitats; in other words, all habitats contributed equally. In this study, we confirmed that Anopheles mosquito larval population varied more with respect to species than to habitats and months. Interventions could be launched targeting each habitat; during the month, numbers were high.
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Sanei-Dehkordi A, Agholi M, Shafiei M, Osanloo M. Promising Larvicidal Efficacy of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Mentha longifolia L., Mentha pulegium L., and Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oils Against the Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1265-1272. [PMID: 35704149 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An attempt was made in the current study to develop a natural mosquito larvicide using nanotechnology. METHODS Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing three essential oils were first prepared using the high-pressure homogenizer. Larvicidal effects of essential oils and the SLNs against Anopheles stephensi were then compared. RESULTS The size of SLN containing Mentha longifolia, Mentha pulegium, Zataria multiflora essential oil was obtained as 105 ± 7, 210 ± 4, and 137 ± 8 nm. Their zeta potentials were - 7.8, - 4.7, and - 9.7 mV. Besides, their efficacy with LC50 values of 24.79, 5.11, and 9.19 µg/mL was significantly more potent than that of their un-formulated essential oils with LC50 values of 36.2, 27.55, and 33.33 µg/mL. CONCLUSION SLNs containing M. pulegium with the best efficacy (P < 0.05) could be considered as potent larvicides against other important species of mosquitoes and field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Agholi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahsa Shafiei
- Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Osanloo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Fazeli-Dinan M, Azarnoosh M, Özgökçe MS, Chi H, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Haghi FM, Zazouli MA, Nikookar SH, Dehbandi R, Enayati A, Zaim M, Hemingway J. Global water quality changes posing threat of increasing infectious diseases, a case study on malaria vector Anopheles stephensi coping with the water pollutants using age-stage, two-sex life table method. Malar J 2022; 21:178. [PMID: 35676692 PMCID: PMC9178840 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Water pollution due to uncontrolled release of chemical pollutants is an important global problem. Its effect on medically important insects, especially mosquitoes, is a critical issue in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods In order to understand the effect of water pollutants on the demography of Anopheles stephensi, colonies were reared in clean, moderately and highly polluted water for three consecutive generations at 27 °C, 75% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (L:D). The demographic data of the 4th generation of An. stephensi were collected and analysed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Results The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), mean fecundity (F) and net reproductive rate (R0) of An. stephensi in clean water were 0.2568 d−1, 1.2927 d−1, 251.72 eggs, and 109.08 offspring, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those obtained in moderately polluted water (r = 0.2302 d−1, λ = 1.2589 d−1, 196.04 eggs, and R0 = 65.35 offspring) and highly polluted water (r = 0.2282 d−1, λ = 1.2564 d−1, 182.45 eggs, and R0 = 62.03 offspring). Female adult longevity in moderately polluted (9.38 days) and highly polluted water (9.88 days) were significantly shorter than those reared in clean water (12.43 days), while no significant difference in the male adult longevity was observed among treatments. Conclusions The results of this study showed that An. stephensi can partially adapt to water pollution and this may be sufficient to extend the range of mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mostafa Azarnoosh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehmet Salih Özgökçe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Hsin Chi
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farzad Motevalli Haghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ali Zazouli
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Environment Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Janet Hemingway
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Jaberhashemi SA, Azari-Hamidian S, Soltani A, Azizi K, Dorzaban H, Norouzi M, Daghighi E. The Fauna, Diversity, and Bionomics of Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:987-996. [PMID: 35134206 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hormozgan Province is one of the important foci of malaria in Iran. In addition to malaria pathogens, mosquitoes also transmit the pathogens that cause dirofilariasis and West Nile fever in the province. Also, the threat of emerging aedine-borne viruses that cause infections, such as Chikungunya, dengue, and Zika, is noticeable. There is little information about the fauna and bionomics of Culicinae in the province. The present investigation aimed to study the fauna, diversity, and bionomics of culicines. The study was conducted from September 2016 to April 2017 in four counties of Bandar Abbas, Bandar Khamir, Bashagard, and Jask. In total, 3,236 larvae and 1,901 adults including 16 culicine species were collected. The larvae of Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart) (25.65%), Culex pipiens Linnaeus (16.62%), and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say (16.16%) were most abundant and Cx. hortensis Ficalbi (0.09%) was least abundant. Among adults, Cx. laticinctus Edwards (33.19%), Cx. quinquefasciatus (31.09%), and Cx. pipiens (11.99%) were the most prevalent species and Cs. longiareolata (0.47%), Aedes caballus (Theobald) (0.90%), and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Giles (0.90%) were the least prevalent species. The pairwise similarities of fauna of the counties and different collecting methods and diversity indices were investigated. More ecological data, especially on host preference, seasonality, and larval habitat characteristics, are needed as a basic knowledge for any intervention measures using integrated vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Aghil Jaberhashemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Department of Health Education, Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hedayat Dorzaban
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Norouzi
- Department of Health Deputy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Elaheh Daghighi
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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11
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Akoniyon OP, Adewumi TS, Maharaj L, Oyegoke OO, Roux A, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M. Whole Genome Sequencing Contributions and Challenges in Disease Reduction Focused on Malaria. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:587. [PMID: 35453786 PMCID: PMC9027812 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malaria elimination remains an important goal that requires the adoption of sophisticated science and management strategies in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) is making whole genome sequencing (WGS) a standard today in the field of life sciences, as PCR genotyping and targeted sequencing provide insufficient information compared to the whole genome. Thus, adapting WGS approaches to malaria parasites is pertinent to studying the epidemiology of the disease, as different regions are at different phases in their malaria elimination agenda. Therefore, this review highlights the applications of WGS in disease management, challenges of WGS in controlling malaria parasites, and in furtherance, provides the roles of WGS in pursuit of malaria reduction and elimination. WGS has invaluable impacts in malaria research and has helped countries to reach elimination phase rapidly by providing required information needed to thwart transmission, pathology, and drug resistance. However, to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with high malaria transmission, we recommend that WGS machines should be readily available and affordable in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Philip Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Taiye Samson Adewumi
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Olukunle Olugbenle Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Alexandra Roux
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
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12
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Youssefi F, Zoej MJV, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Dariane AB, Khaki M, Safdarinezhad A, Ghaderpour E. Temporal Monitoring and Predicting of the Abundance of Malaria Vectors Using Time Series Analysis of Remote Sensing Data through Google Earth Engine. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051942. [PMID: 35271089 PMCID: PMC8915056 DOI: 10.3390/s22051942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In many studies regarding the field of malaria, environmental factors have been acquired in single-time, multi-time or a short-time series using remote sensing and meteorological data. Selecting the best periods of the year to monitor the habitats of Anopheles larvae can be effective in better and faster control of malaria outbreaks. In this article, high-risk times for three regions in Iran, including Qaleh-Ganj, Sarbaz and Bashagard counties with a history of malaria prevalence were estimated. For this purpose, a series of environmental factors affecting the growth and survival of Anopheles were used over a seven-year period through the Google Earth Engine. The results of this study indicated two high-risk times for Qaleh-Ganj and Bashagard counties and three high-risk times for Sarbaz county over the course of a year observing an increase in the abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes. Further evaluation of the results against the entomological data available in previous studies showed that the high-risk times predicted in this study were consistent with an increase in the abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes in the study areas. The proposed method is extremely useful for temporal prediction of the increase in abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes in addition to the use of optimal data aimed at monitoring the exact location of Anopheles habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Youssefi
- Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammad Javad Valadan Zoej
- Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran;
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 6446-14155, Iran;
| | - Alireza Borhani Dariane
- Department of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran;
| | - Mehdi Khaki
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Alireza Safdarinezhad
- Department of Geodesy and Surveying Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh 79611-39518, Iran;
| | - Ebrahim Ghaderpour
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
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13
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati A. Population Fluctuations and Abundance Indices of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicid), as the Potential Bridge Vectors of Pathogens to Humans and Animals in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2022; 15:207-224. [PMID: 35111859 PMCID: PMC8782748 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i2.7490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal activity patterns of mosquitoes are essential as baseline knowledge to understand the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the monthly dynamics of the mosquito populations and their relation to meteorological factors in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. Methods Mosquito adults and larvae were collected from 16 counties of Mazandaran Province using different sampling techniques, once a month from May to December 2014. "Index of Species Abundance" (ISA) along with "Standardized ISA" (SISA) was used for assessing the most abundant species of mosquitoes based on the explanations of Robert and Hsi. Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) was used to assess the relationships between the monthly population fluctuations and meteorological variables. Results Overall, 23750 mosquitoes belonging to four genera and nineteen species were collected and identified. The highest population density of mosquitoes was in July and the lowest in May. The ISA/SISA indices for Culex pipiens were both 1 for larvae and 1.25/0.973 for adults in total catch performed in human dwellings. For Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the ISA/SISA were 1.68/0.938 in pit shelter method. A significant positive correlation was observed between population fluctuations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mean temperature (R: 0.766, P< 0.027). Conclusion The results indicated that the mosquitoes are more active in July, and Cx. pipiens and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were the most abundant species. Considering the potential of these species as vectors of numerous pathogens, control programs can be planed based on their monthly activity pattern in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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14
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Mfueni Bikundi E, Coppieters Y. Prediction ability of vector species, environmental characteristics and socio-economic factors for malaria risk in Sub-Saharan African Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:191-206. [PMID: 32279543 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1745763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem, causing 435,000 deaths in 2017. The objective of this study was to estimate the prediction ability of vector species associated with the prediction power of environmental and socio-economic factors for malaria risk. Logistic regression was used for malaria risk estimation. A Radial Basis Function model was applied for estimating the predictive ability of Anopheles species, environmental and socio-economic factors. The lowest fever prevalence was found where Anopheles melas was dominant. Anopheles coluzzi and Anopheles gambiae were the dominant species where prevalence of malaria was high. Altitude, country and vector species were the best predictive factors. Anopheles arabiensis, An. coluzzi and An. gambiae were most common in urban areas. This study will improve the prediction of malaria risk in targeted areas. We have observed how important it is to adapt health policies according to the dominant malaria vector in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvire Mfueni Bikundi
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research Center, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Coppieters
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research Center, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Zare M, Farshidi H, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Jaberhashemi SA, Sanei-Dehkordi A. Significant decline of malaria incidence in a low socioeconomic area in the southeast of Iran: 10 years field assessment during malaria elimination programme. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:986-994. [PMID: 34789982 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although malaria burden and its active foci have sharply declined after the implementation of elimination programme since 2010, it is still considered as a major public health problem in southeast Iran. This descriptive-analytical study aimed to determine 10-years of malaria epidemiological trends in Bashagard County. Data were collected from 7 selected malarious region of the county based on active and passive surveillance of clinical cases. For diagnosis of malaria, the examination of microscopic slides and rapid diagnostic test, were used. In total, 237 malaria cases were found from 2009 to 2018. Plasmodium vivax was the dominant parasite species and identified in 232 (97.9%) individuals. Males were infected more than females and the majority of malaria cases (67.4%) were recorded from rural areas. Although about 98% of malaria cases were indigenous, they have decreased form 200 cases in 2009 to zero indigenous transmission in 2018. During the study period, malaria cases had decreased significantly by about 99% and the incidence rate had declined from 5.47/1000 cases in 2009 to 0.002/1000 in 2018. The incidence of malaria, especially indigenous cases, in Bashagard County has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years. However, there is still probability of malaria re-introduction and outbreak in the county due to climatical and geographical conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to implement an active surveillance system to detect and treat malaria cases quickly, during the elimination phase in this county.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zare
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hossein Farshidi
- Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Moussa Soleimani-Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 79145-3838, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyed Aghil Jaberhashemi
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 79145-3838, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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16
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Keshavarz H, Hassanpour G, Tohidinik H, Mohebali M, Sanjar M. Prediction of malaria cases in the southeastern Iran using climatic variables: An 18-year SARIMA time series analysis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.329008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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17
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Omrani SM, Azari-Hamidian S. Vertical Distribution, Biodiversity, and Some Selective Aspects of the Physicochemical Characteristics of the Larval Habitats of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijer.2020.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are still a focus of research because of their role in the transmission of diseases and annoying biting behavior. Source reduction is an effective measure to control mosquito populations, which is based on good knowledge of larval habitats. This study was conducted to obtain that basic knowledge in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methods: This study was carried out in 2011 and 2012. Geographical coordinates, altitude, pH, temperature, and the dissolved oxygen level of larval habitats were recorded by relevant devices, followed by documenting physical attributes by direct observation. In addition, the indices of biodiversity were calculated to analyze the vertical biodiversity of species. Finally, the affinity index was calculated to elucidate species co-occurrence. Results: Eighteen species were recovered from 92 larval habitats. Low- (≤ 1400 m), mid- (1401–2000 m), and high- (≥ 2001 m) altitudes lodged 7, 17, and 14 species, respectively. Further, the indices of the species richness and biodiversity for these altitudinal categories were 0.93, 1.94, and 1.58, as well as 1.54, 2.13, and 1.96, respectively. Larval habitats were mostly natural, temporary, with standing but clear water, muddy substrate, sunlit, and with vegetation. Other physicochemical characteristics and affinity of species were described and discussed as well. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of vertical distribution and biodiversity of mosquito larvae in Iran. The relative uniformity of physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats was attributed to prevailing water resources in the studied area and sampling design. The oviposition site selection of gravid mosquitoes is still an unresolved problem which needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Mohammad Omrani
- Medical Parasitology Department, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Department of Health Education, Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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