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Kacholi DS. A comprehensive review of antimalarial medicinal plants used by Tanzanians. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:133-152. [PMID: 38270178 PMCID: PMC10812860 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2305453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tanzania has rich medicinal plant (MP) resources, and most rural inhabitants rely on traditional healing practices for their primary healthcare needs. However, available research evidence on antimalarial MPs is highly fragmented in the country. OBJECTIVE This systematic review compiles ethnomedicinal research evidence on MPs used by Tanzanians as antimalarials. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic web search was conducted using various electronic databases and grey materials to gather relevant information on antimalarial MPs utilized by Tanzanians. The review was per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The data were collected from 25 articles, and MS Excel software was used to analyse relevant ethnobotanical information using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 227 MPs belonging to 67 botanical families and 180 genera were identified. Fabaceae (15.9%) is the most frequently utilized family. The ethnobotanical recipes analysis indicated leaves (40%) and trees (44%) are the preferred MPs part and life form, respectively. Decoctions (67%) are the dominant preparation method of remedies. Of the recorded MPs, 25.9% have been scientifically investigated for antimalarial activities with positive results. However, 74.1% of MPs have no scientific records on antimalarial activities, but they could be potential sources of remedies. CONCLUSIONS The study discloses a wealth of antimalarial MPs possessed by Tanzanians and suggests a need for research to authenticate the healing potential of antimalarial compounds from the unstudied MPs. Additionally, it indicates that some of the presented MPs are potential sources for developing safe, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sylvester Kacholi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Ali A, Islam J, Paul R, Parvin S, Mohammed Mohiuddin Chowdhury AT, Islam R, Siddique S, Rahman A, Tasnim ST, Hasna S. Geographic inequalities and determinants of anaemia among preeclamptic women: a cross-sectional sample-based study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1650. [PMID: 38902634 PMCID: PMC11191240 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia among preeclamptic (PE) women is a major undefined health issue in Bangladesh. This study explored the risk factors associated with anaemia and mapped the regional influences to understand the geographical inequalities. METHODS Data from 180 respondents were prospectively collected from the Preeclampsia ward of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Bangladesh. Anaemia was defined as a blood haemoglobin level less than 11.0 g/dl. Preeclampsia was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg with proteinuria. Factors associated with anaemia were explored using the chi-square test. Logistic regression (LR) was done to determine the level of association with the risk factors. RESULTS Among the participants, 28.9% were identified as having early onset and 71.1% reported late onset of PE. 38.9% of the subjects were non-anaemic, whereas mild, moderate, and severe anaemia was found among 38.3%, 17.8%, and 5% of patients respectively. The following factors were identified; including age range 25-34 (OR: 0.169, p < 0.05), a lower education level (OR: 3.106, p < 0.05), service-holder mothers (OR: 0.604, p < 0.05), pregnancy interval of less than 24 months (OR: 4.646, p < 0.05), and gestational diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.702, p < 0.05). Dhaka district (IR: 1.46), Narayanganj district (IR: 1.11), and Munshiganj district (IR: 0.96) had the highest incidence rates. CONCLUSION Determinants of anaemia must be considered with importance. In the future, periodic follow-ups of anaemia should be scheduled with a health care program and prevent maternal fatality and fetus morbidity in patients with PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahasan Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jahirul Islam
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ratna Paul
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahinur Parvin
- Department of Nursing, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | | | - Rafiqul Islam
- Daffodil International University Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmina Siddique
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial surgery, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | | | - Suraiya Hasna
- Ad-din Women Medical College Hospital Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Getachew H, Demissew A, Abossie A, Habtamu K, Wang X, Zhong D, Zhou G, Lee MC, Hemming-Schroeder E, Bradley L, Degefa T, Hawaria D, Tsegaye A, W Kazura J, Koepfli C, Yan G, Yewhalaw D. Asymptomatic and submicroscopic malaria infections in sugar cane and rice development areas of Ethiopia. Malar J 2023; 22:341. [PMID: 37940948 PMCID: PMC10634149 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water resource development projects, such as dams and irrigation schemes, have a positive impact on food security and poverty reduction. However, such projects could increase prevalence of vector borne disease, such as malaria. This study investigate the impact of different agroecosystems and prevalence of malaria infection in Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the dry and wet seasons in irrigated and non-irrigated clusters of Arjo sugarcane and Gambella rice development areas of Ethiopia in 2019. A total of 4464 and 2176 study participants from 1449 households in Arjo and 546 households in Gambella enrolled in the study and blood samples were collected, respectively. All blood samples were microscopically examined and a subset of microscopy negative blood samples (n = 2244) were analysed by qPCR. Mixed effect logistic regression and generalized estimating equation were used to determine microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infection and the associated risk factors, respectively. RESULTS Prevalence by microscopy was 2.0% (88/4464) in Arjo and 6.1% (133/2176) in Gambella. In Gambella, prevalence was significantly higher in irrigated clusters (10.4% vs 3.6%) than in non-irrigated clusters (p < 0.001), but no difference was found in Arjo (2.0% vs 2.0%; p = 0.993). On the other hand, of the 1713 and 531 samples analysed by qPCR from Arjo and Gambella the presence of submicroscopic infection was 1.2% and 12.8%, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale were identified by qPCR in both sites. Irrigation was a risk factor for submicroscopic infection in both Arjo and Gambella. Irrigation, being a migrant worker, outdoor job, < 6 months length of stay in the area were risk factors for microscopic infection in Gambella. Moreover, school-age children and length of stay in the area for 1-3 years were significant predictors for submicroscopic malaria in Gambella. However, no ITN utilization was a predictor for both submicroscopic and microscopic infection in Arjo. Season was also a risk factor for microscopic infection in Arjo. CONCLUSION The study highlighted the potential importance of different irrigation practices impacting on submicroscopic malaria transmission. Moreover, microscopic and submicroscopic infections coupled with population movement may contribute to residual malaria transmission and could hinder malaria control and elimination programmes in the country. Therefore, strengthening malaria surveillance and control by using highly sensitive diagnostic tools to detect low-density parasites, screening migrant workers upon arrival and departure, ensuring adequate coverage and proper utilization of vector control tools, and health education for at-risk groups residing or working in such development corridors is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallelujah Getachew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Assalif Demissew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Abossie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Habtamu
- Menelik II Medical & Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular & Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA92697, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA92697, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA92697, USA
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder
- Center for Vector Born Infectious Diseases (CVID), Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Lauren Bradley
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA92697, USA
| | - Teshome Degefa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Hawaria
- School of Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Arega Tsegaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - James W Kazura
- Biomedical Research Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Global Health & Disease School of Medicine Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Department of Biological Sciences 319 Galvin Life Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA92697, USA
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Getachew H, Demissew A, Abossie A, Habtamu K, Wang X, Zhong D, Zhou G, Lee MC, Hemming-Schroeder E, Bradley L, Degefa T, Hawaria D, Tsegaye A, Kazura JW, Koepfli C, Yan G, Yewhalaw D. Asymptomatic and submicroscopic malaria infections in sugar cane and rice development areas of Ethiopia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2692688. [PMID: 36993196 PMCID: PMC10055656 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2692688/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Water resource development projects such as dams and irrigation schemes have a positive impact on food security and poverty reduction but might result in increased prevalence of malaria. Methods Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the dry and wet seasons in irrigated and non-irrigated clusters of Arjo sugarcane and Gambella rice development areas of Ethiopia in 2019. A total of 4464 and 2176 blood samples were collected from Arjo and Gambella. A subset of 2244 microscopy negative blood samples were analyzed by PCR. Results Prevalence by microscopy was 2.0% (88/4464) in Arjo and 6.1% (133/2176) in Gambella. In Gambella, prevalence was significantly higher in irrigated clusters (10.4% vs 3.6%) than in non-irrigated clusters (p < 0.001), but no difference was found in Arjo (2.0% vs 2.0%; p = 0.993). Level of education was an individual risk factors associated with infection in Arjo [AOR: 3.2; 95%CI (1.27-8.16)] and in Gambella [AOR: 1.7; 95%CI (1.06-2.82)]. While duration of stay in the area for < 6 months [AOR: 4.7; 95%CI (1.84-12.15)] and being a migrant worker [AOR: 4.7; 95%CI (3.01-7.17)] were risk factors in Gambella. Season [AOR: 15.9; 95%CI (6.01-42.04)], no ITN utilization [AOR: 22.3; 95%CI (7.74-64.34)] were risk factors in Arjo, and irrigation [AOR: 2.4; 95%CI (1.45-4.07)] and family size [AOR: 2.3; 95%CI (1.30-4.09)] risk factors in Gambella. Of the 1713 and 531 randomly selected smear negative samples from Arjo and Gambella and analyzed by PCR the presence of Plasmodium infection was 1.2% and 12.8%, respectively. P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale were identified by PCR in both sites. Conclusion Strengthening malaria surveillance and control in project development areas and proper health education for at-risk groups residing or working in such development corridors is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallelujah Getachew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch
| | - Assalif Demissew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo
| | - Ashenafi Abossie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch
| | | | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder
- Center for Vector Born Infectious Diseases (CVID), Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University
| | - Lauren Bradley
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Teshome Degefa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma
| | - Dawit Hawaria
- Hawassa University, School of Environmental Health, Hawassa
| | - Arega Tsegaye
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Jimma University
| | - James W Kazura
- Biomedical Research Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Department of Biological Sciences 319 Galvin Life Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma
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5
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Zhou G, Hemming-Schroeder E, Jeang B, Wang X, Zhong D, Lee MC, Li Y, Bradley L, Gobran SR, David RE, Ondeto BM, Orondo P, Atieli H, Githure JI, Githeko AK, Kazura J, Yan G. Irrigation-Induced Environmental Changes Sustain Malaria Transmission and Compromise Intervention Effectiveness. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1657-1666. [PMID: 36056912 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irrigated agriculture enhances food security, but it potentially promotes mosquito-borne disease transmission and affects vector intervention effectiveness. This study was conducted in the irrigated and nonirrigated areas of rural Homa Bay and Kisumu Counties, Kenya. METHODS We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys to determine Plasmodium infection prevalence, clinical malaria incidence, molecular force of infection (molFOI), and multiplicity of infection. We examined the impact of irrigation on the effectiveness of the new interventions. RESULTS We found that irrigation was associated with >2-fold higher Plasmodium infection prevalence and 3-fold higher clinical malaria incidence compared to the nonirrigated area. Residents in the irrigated area experienced persistent, low-density parasite infections and higher molFOI. Addition of indoor residual spraying was effective in reducing malaria burden, but the reduction was more pronounced in the nonirrigated area than in the irrigated area. CONCLUSIONS Our findings collectively suggest that irrigation may sustain and enhance Plasmodium transmission and affects intervention effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brook Jeang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yiji Li
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Lauren Bradley
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sabrina R Gobran
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Randy E David
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Benyl M Ondeto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pauline Orondo
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harrysone Atieli
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.,International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - John I Githure
- International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Andrew K Githeko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - James Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Ibeji JU, Mwambi H, Iddrisu AK. Bayesian spatio-temporal modelling and mapping of malaria and anaemia among children between 0 and 59 months in Nigeria. Malar J 2022; 21:311. [PMID: 36320061 PMCID: PMC9623970 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/M&M A vital aspect of disease management and policy making lies in the understanding of the universal distribution of diseases. Nevertheless, due to differences all-over host groups and space-time outbreak activities, data are subject to intricacies. Herein, Bayesian spatio-temporal models were proposed to model and map malaria and anaemia risk ratio in space and time as well as to ascertain risk factors related to these diseases and the most endemic states in Nigeria. Parameter estimation was performed by employing the R-integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) package and Deviance Information Criteria were applied to select the best model. RESULTS In malaria, model 7 which basically suggests that previous trend of an event cannot account for future trend i.e., Interaction with one random time effect (random walk) has the least deviance. On the other hand, model 6 assumes that previous event can be used to predict future event i.e., (Interaction with one random time effect (ar1)) gave the least deviance in anaemia. DISCUSSION For malaria and anaemia, models 7 and 6 were selected to model and map these diseases in Nigeria, because these models have the capacity to receive strength from adjacent states, in a manner that neighbouring states have the same risk. Changes in risk and clustering with a high record of these diseases among states in Nigeria was observed. However, despite these changes, the total risk of malaria and anaemia for 2010 and 2015 was unaffected. CONCLUSION Notwithstanding the methods applied, this study will be valuable to the advancement of a spatio-temporal approach for analyzing malaria and anaemia risk in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jecinta U. Ibeji
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henry Mwambi
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Abdul-Karim Iddrisu
- grid.449674.c0000 0004 4657 1749School of Science, Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
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Omondi CJ, Ochwedo KO, Athiany H, Onyango SA, Odongo D, Otieno A, Orondo P, Ondeto BM, Lee MC, Kazura JW, Githeko AK, Yan G. Impact of Agricultural Irrigation on Anemia in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:484-491. [PMID: 35895424 PMCID: PMC9393467 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanding agricultural irrigation efforts to enhance food security and socioeconomic development in sub-Saharan Africa may affect malaria transmission and socioeconomic variables that increase the risk of anemia in local communities. We compared the prevalence of anemia, Plasmodium falciparum infection, and indicators of socioeconomic status related to nutrition in communities in Homa Bay County, Kenya, where an agricultural irrigation scheme has been implemented, to that in nearby communities where there is no agricultural irrigation. Cross-sectional surveys conducted showed that anemia prevalence defined by WHO criteria (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL) was less in communities in the irrigated areas than in the non-irrigated areas during the wet season (38.9% and 51.5%, χ2 = 4.29, P = 0.001) and the dry season (25.2% and 34.1%, χ2 = 7.33, P = 0.007). In contrast, Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence was greater during the wet season in irrigated areas than in non-irrigated areas (15.3% versus 7.8%, χ2 = 8.7, P = 0.003). There was, however, no difference during the dry season (infection prevalence, < 1.8%). Indicators of nutritional status pertinent to anemia pathogenesis such as weekly consumption of non-heme- and heme-containing foods and household income were greater in communities located within the irrigation scheme versus those outside the irrigation scheme (P < 0.0001). These data indicate that current agricultural irrigation schemes in malaria-endemic communities in this area have reduced the risk of anemia. Future studies should include diagnostic tests of iron deficiency, parasitic worm infections, and genetic hemoglobin disorders to inform public health interventions aimed at reducing community anemia burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collince J. Omondi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
- Sub-Saharan International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Kevin O. Ochwedo
- Sub-Saharan International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Henry Athiany
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - Shirley A. Onyango
- Sub-Saharan International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - David Odongo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antony Otieno
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pauline Orondo
- Sub-Saharan International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Benyl M. Ondeto
- Sub-Saharan International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Sub-Saharan International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - James W. Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew K. Githeko
- Sub-Saharan International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research, Tom Mboya University College, Homa Bay, Kenya
- Climate and Human Health Research Unit, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California
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8
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Mitchell CL, Ngasala B, Janko MM, Chacky F, Edwards JK, Pence BW, Mohamed A, Mhamilawa LE, Makene T, Kyaw T, Molteni F, Mkali H, Nyinondi S, Kabula B, Serbantez N, Eckert EL, Kitojo C, Reaves E, Emch M, Juliano JJ. Evaluating malaria prevalence and land cover across varying transmission intensity in Tanzania using a cross-sectional survey of school-aged children. Malar J 2022; 21:80. [PMID: 35264152 PMCID: PMC8905829 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa has become increasingly stratified following decades of malaria control interventions. The extent to which environmental and land cover risk factors for malaria may differ across distinct strata of transmission intensity is not well known and could provide actionable targets to maximize the success of malaria control efforts. METHODS This study used cross-sectional malaria survey data from a nationally representative cohort of school-aged children in Tanzania, and satellite-derived measures for environmental features and land cover. Hierarchical logistic regression models were applied to evaluate associations between land cover and malaria prevalence within three distinct strata of transmission intensity: low and unstable, moderate and seasonal, and high and perennial. RESULTS In areas with low malaria transmission, each 10-percentage point increase in cropland cover was associated with an increase in malaria prevalence odds of 2.44 (95% UI: 1.27, 5.11). However, at moderate and higher levels of transmission intensity, no association between cropland cover and malaria prevalence was detected. Small associations were observed between greater grassland cover and greater malaria prevalence in high intensity settings (prevalence odds ratio (POR): 1.10, 95% UI: 1.00, 1.21), and between greater forest cover and reduced malaria prevalence in low transmission areas (POR: 0.74, 95% UI: 0.51, 1.03), however the uncertainty intervals of both estimates included the null. CONCLUSIONS The intensity of malaria transmission appears to modify relationships between land cover and malaria prevalence among school-aged children in Tanzania. In particular, greater cropland cover was positively associated with increased malaria prevalence in areas with low transmission intensity and presents an actionable target for environmental vector control interventions to complement current malaria control activities. As areas are nearing malaria elimination, it is important to re-evaluate environmental risk factors and employ appropriate interventions to effectively address low-level malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedar L. Mitchell
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Billy Ngasala
- grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salam, Tanzania
| | - Mark M. Janko
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Frank Chacky
- grid.490706.cGender, Elderly and Children, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Dodoma, Tanzania ,grid.415734.00000 0001 2185 2147National Malaria Control Programme, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Jessie K. Edwards
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Brian W. Pence
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Ally Mohamed
- grid.490706.cGender, Elderly and Children, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Dodoma, Tanzania ,grid.415734.00000 0001 2185 2147National Malaria Control Programme, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Lwidiko E. Mhamilawa
- grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salam, Tanzania
| | - Twilumba Makene
- grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salam, Tanzania
| | - Thwai Kyaw
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Fabrizio Molteni
- grid.490706.cGender, Elderly and Children, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Dodoma, Tanzania ,Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Naomi Serbantez
- US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), United States Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Erin L. Eckert
- grid.62562.350000000100301493RTI International, Washington, DC USA
| | - Chonge Kitojo
- US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), United States Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Erik Reaves
- President’s Malaria Initiative, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Michael Emch
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA ,grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jonathan J. Juliano
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Chan K, Tusting LS, Bottomley C, Saito K, Djouaka R, Lines J. Malaria transmission and prevalence in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing villages in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e257-e269. [PMID: 35278391 PMCID: PMC8926871 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice fields in Africa are major breeding sites for malaria vectors. However, when reviewed in the 1990s, in settings where transmission was relatively intense, there was no tendency for malaria indices to be higher in villages with irrigated rice fields than in those without. Subsequently, intervention coverage in sub-Saharan Africa has been massively scaled up and malaria infection prevalence has halved. We re-examined this rice-malaria relationship to assess whether, with lower malaria transmission, malaria risk is greater in rice-growing than in non-rice-growing areas. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched EMBASE, Global Health, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify observational studies published between Jan 1, 1900, and Sept 18, 2020. Studies were considered eligible if they were observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort) comparing epidemiological or entomological outcomes of interest between people living in rice-growing and non-rice-growing rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies with pregnant women, displaced people, and military personnel as participants were excluded because they were considered not representative of a typical community. Data were extracted with use of a standardised data extraction form. The primary outcomes were parasite prevalence (P falciparum parasite rate age-standardised to 2-10-year-olds, calculated from total numbers of participants and number of infections [confirmed by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test] in each group) and clinical malaria incidence (number of diagnoses [fever with Plasmodium parasitaemia confirmed by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test] per 1000 person-days in each group). We did random-effects meta-analyses to estimate the pooled risk ratio (RR) for malaria parasite prevalence and incidence rate ratio (IRR) for clinical malaria in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing villages. RRs were compared in studies conducted before and after 2003 (chosen to mark the start of the mass scale-up of antimalaria interventions). This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020204936). FINDINGS Of the 2913 unique studies identified and screened, 53 studies (including 113 160 participants across 14 African countries) were eligible for inclusion. In studies done before 2003, malaria parasite prevalence was not significantly different in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing villages (pooled RR 0·82 [95% CI 0·63-1·06]; 16 studies, 99 574 participants); however, in post-2003 studies, prevalence was significantly higher in rice-growing versus non-rice growing villages (1·73 [1·01-2·96]; seven studies, 14 002 participants). Clinical malaria incidence was not associated with residence in rice-growing versus non-rice-growing areas (IRR 0·75 [95% CI 0·47-1·18], four studies, 77 890). Potential limitations of this study include its basis on observational studies (with evidence quality rated as very low according to the GRADE approach), as well as its omission for the effects of seasonality and type of rice being cultivated. Risk of bias and inconsistencies was relatively serious, with I2 greater than 90% indicating considerable heterogeneity. INTERPRETATION Irrigated rice-growing communities in sub-Saharan Africa are exposed to greater malaria risk, as well as more mosquitoes. As increasing rice production and eliminating malaria are two major development goals in Africa, there is an urgent need to improve methods for growing rice without producing mosquitoes. FUNDING Wellcome Trust Our Planet Our Health programme, CGIAR Agriculture for Nutrition and Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallista Chan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Lucy S Tusting
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jo Lines
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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When Local Trade-Offs between SDGs Turn Out to Be Wealth-Dependent: Interaction between Expanding Rice Cultivation and Eradicating Malaria in Rwanda. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between SDGs are increasingly mapped and mediating factors that determine whether existing synergies or trade-offs can be identified. However, if and how the wealth status of the concerned population shapes whether SDG interaction constitutes a vicious or virtuous circle is largely overlooked. This article focuses on interaction between SDG2 (nutrition) and SDG3 (health), in particular, the relationship between rice production intensification and the fight against malaria, and thus the role of wealth in explaining the trade-off. This study employed a large-scale survey of rural households (n = 3968) in eastern Rwanda, conducted at a time when a rapid expansion of rice fields co-existed with a strong resurgence of malaria. Logistic regression shows that rice-cultivating households faced significant higher malaria risk, as proxied by fever incidence, confirming the negative externality of agricultural intensification on public health through offering a habitat for vector-borne diseases. Even though rice-cultivating households tend to be higher up the local wealth distribution than those outside the rice sector, its distributional effects are generally biased against the poor. Poorer households outside the rice sector hardly share in the benefits from increased rice production but suffer the consequences in terms of increased malaria risk. The case thus draws attention to the importance of using a distributional lens when analyzing interaction between SDGs locally.
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Awosolu OB, Yahaya ZS, Farah Haziqah MT. Prevalence, Parasite Density and Determinants of Falciparum Malaria Among Febrile Children in Some Peri-Urban Communities in Southwestern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3219-3232. [PMID: 34434052 PMCID: PMC8380643 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s312519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, including Nigeria. This study investigates the prevalence, parasite density and determinants of malaria among symptomatic children in some peri-urban communities in southwestern Nigeria. Methods This was a randomized cross-sectional and hospital-based study. The standard method of microscopy was employed. Thick and thin films were prepared and viewed under a light microscope to identify and quantify malaria parasites. A well-structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain the subject’s information on the demographic, socio-economic and environmental variables. Results A total of 380 (71.7%) participants were infected with Plasmodium falciparum with a mean parasite density of 1857.11 parasite/µL of blood. Malaria prevalence and mean parasite density were significantly higher among male compared to their female counterparts [80.3% vs 61.4% and 2026.46 vs 1619.63 parasite/µL of blood]. Similarly, age group ≤5 years had the highest malaria prevalence (92.2%) and mean parasite density (2031.66 parasite/µL of blood) than other age groups (AOR 2.281, 95% CI: 1.187–4.384, P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis showed that malaria disease is significantly associated with having mother with no formal education (AOR 12.235, 95% CI: 3.253–46.021, P < 0.05), having well and river as a major source of household water supply (AOR 13.810, 95% CI: 3.012–63.314, P < 0.05 vs AOR 5.639, 95% CI: 1.455–21.853, P < 0.05) and presence of stagnant water around home (AOR 5.22, 95% CI: 2.921–9.332, P < 0.05). Furthermore, protective factors observed include ownership of mosquito bed net (AOR 0.474, 95% CI: 0.223–1.008, P < 0.05) and distance of home to hospital (AOR 0.279, 95% CI: 0.158–0.493, P < 0.05). Conclusion Malaria remains a serious public health problem in the study area. Adopting integrated malaria control measures including educating parents on malaria prevention and control strategies, distributing mosquito bed nets, and establishing larvae source management program is highly imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Bunmi Awosolu
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM, Malaysia.,Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Zary Shariman Yahaya
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM, Malaysia
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12
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Oguoma VM, Anyasodor AE, Adeleye AO, Eneanya OA, Mbanefo EC. Multilevel modelling of the risk of malaria among children aged under five years in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:482-494. [PMID: 32945885 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children aged <5 y (U5s). This study assessed individual, household and community risk factors for malaria in Nigerian U5s. METHODS Data from the Nigerian Malaria Health Indicator Survey 2015 were pooled for analyses. This comprised a national survey of 329 clusters. Children aged 6-59 mo who were tested for malaria using microscopy were retained. Multilevel logit model accounting for sampling design was used to assess individual, household and community factors associated with malaria parasitaemia. RESULTS A total of 5742 children were assessed for malaria parasitaemia with an overall prevalence of 27% (95% CI 26 to 28%). Plasmodium falciparum constituted 98% of the Plasmodium species. There was no significant difference in parasitaemia between older children and those aged ≤12 mo. In adjusted analyses, rural living, northwest region, a household size of >7, dependence on river and rainwater as primary water source were associated with higher odds of parasitaemia, while higher wealth index, all U5s who slept under a bed net and dependence on packaged water were associated with lower odds of parasitaemia. CONCLUSION Despite sustained investment in malaria control and prevention, a quarter of the overall study population of U5s have malaria. Across the six geopolitical zones, the highest burden was in children living in the poorest rural households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Oguoma
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | | | - Adeniyi O Adeleye
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, QLD, Australia
| | - Obiora A Eneanya
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, St. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Guni FS, Mbaga SH, Katule AM, Goromela EH. Performance evaluation of Kuroiler and Sasso chicken breeds reared under farmer management conditions in highland and lowland areas of Mvomero district, Eastern Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:245. [PMID: 33817757 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One thousand one hundred and fifty-two dual-purpose improved chickens (576 Kuroiler and 576 Sasso) of mixed sexes were reared in two diverse agro-ecological zones, i.e., highland and lowland in Mvomero district, Eastern Tanzania, to determine the effects of agro-ecological zones on growth performance, egg production, and survivability under farmer management conditions. Two villages per zone were purposively selected, and from each village, 16 farmers were included in the study; a particular farmer received 18 birds of mixed sexes of the same breed. Data on body weight, egg production trait, and mortality were taken at different ages from week 6 up to 52. General Linear Models fitting breed, agro-ecological zone, and interactions between breed and zone were used to analyze the data. Results show that breed had no significant effects on body weight and body weight gain. However, the effects of the agro-ecological zone and interaction between breed and zone on body weight and body weight gain were significant at the 16th and 20th week of age. The highland zone had heavier chickens than the lowland. While Sasso performed better than Kuroiler chickens in the highland zone, the opposite was observed in the lowland. Significant breed × agro-ecology interactions were observed only for age at first egg whereby Sasso matured earlier than Kuroiler in the highland zone but much later than Kuroiler in the lowland. Birds raised in the highland zone survived better than those chickens in the lowland during both growing and laying periods. Thus, knowledge of breed performance in relation to agro-ecological differences is critical when distributing improved chicken breeds to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Guni
- Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Uyole, P.O. Box 6191, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - S H Mbaga
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - A M Katule
- Department of Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - E H Goromela
- Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, Naliendele, P. O. Box 1425, Mtwara, Tanzania
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14
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Shayo FK, Nakamura K, Al-Sobaihi S, Seino K. Is the source of domestic water associated with the risk of malaria infection? Spatial variability and a mixed-effects multilevel analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 104:224-231. [PMID: 33359948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of information on the relationship between domestic water source and malaria infection in malaria-endemic regions such as Tanzania. This study examined the geospatial variability and association between domestic water source and malaria prevalence in Tanzania. METHODS We analyzed data from a sample of 6707 children, aged 6-59 months, from the 2017 Tanzania Malaria Indicator Survey. The outcome variable was the result of malaria testing (positive or negative) and the main explanatory variable was domestic water source (piped or non-piped). Random effect variables were administrative region and geographical zone. ArcGIS 10.7 was used to create geospatial distribution maps. A STATA MP 14.0 was used to fit a mixed-effects multilevel logistic regression to examine the factors associated with malaria prevalence. RESULTS The prevalence of malaria and non-piped domestic water source was respectively 7.3% and 59.6%. The regions and zones with a higher prevalence of malaria also had a higher percentage of non-piped water. There was a statistically significant variation in the risk of malaria across the regions (variance = 1.27; 95% CI, 0.40-4.07) and zones (variance = 4.75; 95% CI, 1.46-15.46). The final fixed-effects model showed that non-piped domestic water was significantly associated with malaria prevalence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.64-2.89; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A non-piped source of domestic water was independently associated with positive testing for malaria. Moreover, regions with a high percentage of non-piped domestic water had a correspondingly high prevalence of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festo Kasmir Shayo
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Keiko Nakamura
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Saber Al-Sobaihi
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Seino
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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15
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Aikambe JN, Mnyone LL. Retrospective Analysis of Malaria Cases in a Potentially High Endemic Area of Morogoro Rural District, Eastern Tanzania. Res Rep Trop Med 2020; 11:37-44. [PMID: 32607048 PMCID: PMC7297450 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s254577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is increasingly characterized by appreciable fine-scale variability in ecology and topography, and it is likely that we are missing some salient foci with unprecedented malaria transmission intensity in different parts of Tanzania. Therefore, efforts aimed at identifying area-specific malaria situation and intervening are needed to preserve the realized health gains and achieve elimination. Mkuyuni and Kiroka, adjacent wards within Morogoro Rural District, are purported to form one of such foci. Patients and Methods A retrospective study was conducted to determine six-year (2014-2019) malaria prevalence rates based on outpatients and laboratory registers obtained from two health facilities, one per ward, carrying out diagnosis of malaria either through microscopy or malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT). These data were checked for completeness before carrying out statistical analysis. Results Overall, 35,386 (46.19%) out of 76,604 patients were positive for malaria. The average proportion of malaria cases was significantly higher in Mkuyuni (51.23%; n=19,438) than Kiroka (41.21%; n = 15,938) (P <0.001). Females were more affected than males (P <0.001);, and irrespective of the sex, most malaria cases were recorded in children <5 years of age (P <0.001) except at Mkuyuni. Malaria was recorded virtually all year round; however, the highest proportion of cases was recorded in April and July (P <0.001). Conclusion This study revealed high malaria endemicity in Mkuyuni and Kiroka, with prevalence rate as high as 60.98%, which is far higher than the overall national average prevalence of 9%. More studies are needed in these and other putatively high endemic foci in Tanzania in order to inform the future course of action in disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Aikambe
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ladslaus L Mnyone
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Cissoko M, Sagara I, Sankaré MH, Dieng S, Guindo A, Doumbia Z, Allasseini B, Traore D, Fomba S, Bendiane MK, Landier J, Dessay N, Gaudart J. Geo-Epidemiology of Malaria at the Health Area Level, Dire Health District, Mali, 2013-2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3982. [PMID: 32512740 PMCID: PMC7312793 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: According to the World Health Organization, there were more than 228 million cases of malaria globally in 2018, with 93% of cases occurring in Africa; in Mali, a 13% increase in the number of cases was observed between 2015 and 2018; this study aimed to evaluate the impact of meteorological and environmental factors on the geo-epidemiology of malaria in the health district of Dire, Mali. Methods: Meteorological and environmental variables were synthesized using principal component analysis and multiple correspondence analysis, the relationship between malaria incidence and synthetic indicators was determined using a multivariate general additive model; hotspots were detected by SaTScan. Results: Malaria incidence showed high inter and intra-annual variability; the period of high transmission lasted from September to February; health areas characterized by proximity to the river, propensity for flooding and high agricultural yield were the most at risk, with an incidence rate ratio of 2.21 with confidence intervals (95% CI: 1.85-2.58); malaria incidence in Dire declined from 120 to 20 cases per 10,000 person-weeks between 2013 and 2017. Conclusion: The identification of areas and periods of high transmission can help improve malaria control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mady Cissoko
- Malaria Research and Training Center—Ogobara K. Doumbo (MRTC-OKD), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (I.S.); (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 13005 Marseille, France; (S.D.); (M.K.B.); (J.L.)
- Direction Régionale de la Santé de Tombouctou, Tombouctou 59, Mali; (M.H.S.); (Z.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center—Ogobara K. Doumbo (MRTC-OKD), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (I.S.); (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 13005 Marseille, France; (S.D.); (M.K.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Moussa H. Sankaré
- Direction Régionale de la Santé de Tombouctou, Tombouctou 59, Mali; (M.H.S.); (Z.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Sokhna Dieng
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 13005 Marseille, France; (S.D.); (M.K.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Abdoulaye Guindo
- Malaria Research and Training Center—Ogobara K. Doumbo (MRTC-OKD), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (I.S.); (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Mère et Enfant face aux Infections Tropicales (MERIT), IRD, Université Paris 5, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Zoumana Doumbia
- Direction Régionale de la Santé de Tombouctou, Tombouctou 59, Mali; (M.H.S.); (Z.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Balam Allasseini
- Direction Régionale de la Santé de Tombouctou, Tombouctou 59, Mali; (M.H.S.); (Z.D.); (B.A.)
| | - Diahara Traore
- Programme National de la Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP Mali), Bamako 233, Mali; (D.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Seydou Fomba
- Programme National de la Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP Mali), Bamako 233, Mali; (D.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Marc Karim Bendiane
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 13005 Marseille, France; (S.D.); (M.K.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Jordi Landier
- Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 13005 Marseille, France; (S.D.); (M.K.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Nadine Dessay
- ESPACE-DEV, UMR228 IRD/UM/UR/UG/UA, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34093 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jean Gaudart
- Malaria Research and Training Center—Ogobara K. Doumbo (MRTC-OKD), FMOS-FAPH, Mali-NIAID-ICER, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali; (I.S.); (A.G.); (J.G.)
- Aix Marseille Université, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hop Timone, BioSTIC, Biostatistic & ICT, 13005 Marseille, France
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