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Ashine T, Eyasu A, Asmamaw Y, Simma E, Zemene E, Epstein A, Brown R, Negash N, Kochora A, Reynolds AM, Bulto MG, Tafesse T, Dagne A, Lukus B, Esayas E, Behaksra SW, Woldekidan K, Kassa FA, Deressa JD, Assefa M, Dillu D, Assefa G, Solomon H, Zeynudin A, Massebo F, Sedda L, Donnelly MJ, Wilson AL, Weetman D, Gadisa E, Yewhalaw D. Spatiotemporal distribution and bionomics of Anopheles stephensi in different eco-epidemiological settings in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:166. [PMID: 38556881 PMCID: PMC10983662 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major public health concern in Ethiopia, and its incidence could worsen with the spread of the invasive mosquito species Anopheles stephensi in the country. This study aimed to provide updates on the distribution of An. stephensi and likely household exposure in Ethiopia. METHODS Entomological surveillance was performed in 26 urban settings in Ethiopia from 2021 to 2023. A kilometer-by-kilometer quadrant was established per town, and approximately 20 structures per quadrant were surveyed every 3 months. Additional extensive sampling was conducted in 50 randomly selected structures in four urban centers in 2022 and 2023 to assess households' exposure to An. stephensi. Prokopack aspirators and CDC light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes, and standard dippers were used to collect immature stages. The collected mosquitoes were identified to species level by morphological keys and molecular methods. PCR assays were used to assess Plasmodium infection and mosquito blood meal source. RESULTS Catches of adult An. stephensi were generally low (mean: 0.15 per trap), with eight positive sites among the 26 surveyed. This mosquito species was reported for the first time in Assosa, western Ethiopia. Anopheles stephensi was the predominant species in four of the eight positive sites, accounting for 75-100% relative abundance of the adult Anopheles catches. Household-level exposure, defined as the percentage of households with a peridomestic presence of An. stephensi, ranged from 18% in Metehara to 30% in Danan. Anopheles arabiensis was the predominant species in 20 of the 26 sites, accounting for 42.9-100% of the Anopheles catches. Bovine blood index, ovine blood index and human blood index values were 69.2%, 32.3% and 24.6%, respectively, for An. stephensi, and 65.4%, 46.7% and 35.8%, respectively, for An. arabiensis. None of the 197 An. stephensi mosquitoes assayed tested positive for Plasmodium sporozoite, while of the 1434 An. arabiensis mosquitoes assayed, 62 were positive for Plasmodium (10 for P. falciparum and 52 for P. vivax). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the geographical range of An. stephensi has expanded to western Ethiopia. Strongly zoophagic behavior coupled with low adult catches might explain the absence of Plasmodium infection. The level of household exposure to An. stephensi in this study varied across positive sites. Further research is needed to better understand the bionomics and contribution of An. stephensi to malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Ashine
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Adane Eyasu
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yehenew Asmamaw
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eba Simma
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Endalew Zemene
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Adrienne Epstein
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nigatu Negash
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abena Kochora
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alison M Reynolds
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Temesgen Tafesse
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Dagne
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Biniyam Lukus
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Endashaw Esayas
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kidist Woldekidan
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Jimma Dinsa Deressa
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Assefa
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Dillu
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gudissa Assefa
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Solomon
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Zeynudin
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Martin James Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Anne L Wilson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Tesfaye S, Yesuf A. Trend analysis of malaria surveillance data in West Wallaga, West Oromia, Ethiopia: a framework for planning and elimination. Malar J 2024; 23:52. [PMID: 38383365 PMCID: PMC10880235 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Ethiopia has made a remarkable progress towards malaria prevention and control, malaria remains one of the most devastating parasitic diseases affecting humans. However, the distribution and transmission of malaria varies across the country. The study aimed to describe 5 years of malaria distribution and magnitude within the West Wallaga Zone and its respective woredas. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 10, 2019 to May 2019. Surveillance data collected weekly for a 5-year (2014-2018) from health facilities and private clinics that were archived in zonal PHEM database were reviewed. The checklist contained variety of variables was developed to collect data. Descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the proportion of Plasmodium species, positivity rate, mortality and fatality rate, time trend, and admission status; and presented by text, tables and figures. RESULTS Of the total of 588,119 suspected malaria cases, 78,658 (43/1000 populations) were positive with average positivity rate of 13.4%. Among confirmed cases, 59,794 (75%) of cases were attributed to Plasmodium falciparum, 16,518 (20%) were Plasmodium vivax, and 2,360 (5%) were mixed infections. The maximum (145,091) and minimum (74,420) transmissions were reported in 2014 and 2018, respectively. There was seasonal variation in transmission; spring (from May to July) and also autumn seasons (from October to November) were found as malaria transmission peaks. Although incidence rate declined throughout the study period, the average annual incidence rate was 14.38 per 1000 populations. The average case fatality rate of 5 consecutive years was 12/78,658 (15/100,000) population. CONCLUSION Although the malaria prevalence was decreased, the mortality due to malaria was increased in the 5-year study period, and malaria is still among the major public health problems. The dominant species of malaria parasites were P. falciparum and P. vivax. Attention is needed in scaling-up vector control tools in high malaria transmission periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahilu Tesfaye
- Department of Public Health, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Aman Yesuf
- Department of Public Health, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Dabaro D, Birhanu Z, Adissu W, Yilma D, Yewhalaw D. Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic malaria infection in Boricha District, Sidama Region, Ethiopia: implications for elimination strategies. Malar J 2023; 22:284. [PMID: 37752572 PMCID: PMC10521520 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health threat in Ethiopia despite the tremendous progress made towards the 2030 elimination targets. The silent transmission of asymptomatic infection is one of the factors that enhance the persistence of the disease as a public health issue and impedes efforts to eliminate malaria. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria infection in Boricha district, Sidama region of Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in eight selected kebeles (smallest administrative unit) in Boricha district. Representative households were chosen using a multi-stage sampling technique. A total of 573 participants were included in the study. Malaria diagnosis was performed using rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic information. Epi data 3.1 was employed for data entry, and SPSS version 25 was used for analysis. RESULTS Of the 573 asymptomatic participants tested, 6.1% were found to be positive by RDT and 4.0% by microscopy. Participants aged under 5 years (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI 0.46-5.39) and 5-14 years old (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.08-5.40), Insecticide-treated net utilization (AOR = 8.41; 95% CI 1.09-65.08), travel history (AOR = 6.85, 95% CI 2.32-20.26) and living in a house with windows (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.02-4.36) were significantly associated with the asymptomatic malaria infection. CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed that prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was higher in the study area. As a result, rigorous implementation of existing interventions, such as vector control and anti-malaria drugs, is strongly recommended. In addition, devising new ones that are suited to the contextual situations is highly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Dabaro
- Yirgalem Hospital Medical College, Yirgalem, Ethiopia.
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Adissu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Clinical Trial Unit, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Yilma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Clinical Trial Unit, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Daba C, Atamo A, Debela SA, Kebede E, Woretaw L, Gebretsadik D, Teshome D, Tefera Y, Gebrehiwot M. A Retrospective Study on the Burden of Malaria in Northeastern Ethiopia from 2015 to 2020: Implications for Pandemic Preparedness. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:821-828. [PMID: 36818806 PMCID: PMC9930572 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s399834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regardless of various prevention and control strategies, malaria continues to be a significant public health problem in Ethiopia. As there are few studies on malaria trend analysis in Northeastern Ethiopia, it hinders the evaluation of ongoing and prioritization of new malaria intervention strategies, particularly during the period of pandemics. Therefore, the present study investigated the trend of malaria prevalence in Northeastern Ethiopia from 2015 to 2020. Methods An institution-based retrospective study was employed to assess the trend of malaria prevalence over a 6-year period (2015-2020) in three districts (Jile tumuga, Aruma fursi, and Dawachefa) of Northeastern Ethiopia. Data were extracted from clinical records of malaria cases by trained medical laboratory technologists. The associations between the prevalence of malaria and independent variables (age group, malaria transmission season, and districts) were assessed using chi-square test. P-values with a cut-off point of 0.05 were used to determine statistically significant associations. Results In our study area, a total of 212,952 malaria suspected patients were diagnosed over the 6 years. Of these, 33,005 (15.5%) were confirmed malaria cases. The identified Plasmodium species were Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, accounting for 66.4% and 33.6%, respectively. These with the age of >15 years old were the most affected (41.9%). The highest numbers of malaria cases (34.6%) were recorded during spring season (September to November). The prevalence of Plasmodium species showed a significant association with age (X2=9.7; p=0.002), districts (X2=13.5; p<0.001), and malaria transmission season (X2=16.5; p<0.001). Conclusion In our study area, P. falciparum is the dominant species. We noted that malaria remains a public health concern and fluctuates throughout the years. Therefore, national, regional, zonal, and district health bureaus should strengthen the ongoing and devise appropriate prevention and control strategies even during the period of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chala Daba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Chala Daba, Email
| | - Amanuel Atamo
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Abebe Debela
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
| | - Edosa Kebede
- Departement of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Lebasie Woretaw
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gebretsadik
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Teshome
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Yonatal Tefera
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mesfin Gebrehiwot
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Chala B, Tilaye T. Assessment of malaria prevalence in Boset District, East Shawa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: a retrospective study. J Int Med Res 2022. [PMCID: PMC9478720 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, we aimed to assess the epidemiological profile and associated
risk factors of malaria in Boset District using clinical records from the
Boset District Health Office Central Surveillance Unit, East Shawa Zone,
Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods This health facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study included
clinical malaria data for 5 years (2016–2020) recorded at all public and
private health facilities in the district. Results The present study revealed an overall malaria slide positivity rate of 12.4%
(21,059/169,986), ranging from 23.3% to 5.3% during 2016–2020 in Boset
District. Malaria cases were recorded in all age groups, but individuals
aged 15 years and above accounted for a higher (56.2%) average proportion of
malaria cases. Concerning the relative proportion of malaria parasite
species, Plasmodium falciparum was slightly predominant
(58%) over P. vivax (42%). Conclusion The present study revealed a declining trend in malaria cases over the 5-year
study period in Boset District. Scaling up the available malaria prevention
strategies and control measures is recommended to achieve malaria
pre-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayissa Chala
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Tilaye
- Olanchiti Hospital, Oromia Health Bureau, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
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