1
|
Jacho D, Yildirim-Ayan E. Mechanome-Guided Strategies in Regenerative Rehabilitation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2024; 29:100516. [PMID: 38586151 PMCID: PMC10993906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2023.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative Rehabilitation represents a multifaceted approach that merges mechanobiology with therapeutic intervention to harness the body's intrinsic tissue repair and regeneration capacity. This review delves into the intricate interplay between mechanical loading and cellular responses in the context of musculoskeletal tissue healing. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the phases involved in translating mechanical forces into biochemical responses at the cellular level. The review paper also covers the mechanosensitivity of macrophages, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells, which play a crucial role during regenerative rehabilitation since these cells exhibit unique mechanoresponsiveness during different stages of the tissue healing process. Understanding how mechanical loading amplitude and frequency applied during regenerative rehabilitation influences macrophage polarization, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT), and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation is crucial for developing effective therapies for musculoskeletal tissues. In conclusion, this review underscores the significance of mechanome-guided strategies in regenerative rehabilitation. By exploring the mechanosensitivity of different cell types and their responses to mechanical loading, this field offers promising avenues for accelerating tissue healing and functional recovery, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for individuals with musculoskeletal injuries and degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Jacho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clevenger AJ, McFarlin MK, Gorley JPM, Solberg SC, Madyastha AK, Raghavan SA. Advances in cancer mechanobiology: Metastasis, mechanics, and materials. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:011502. [PMID: 38449522 PMCID: PMC10917464 DOI: 10.1063/5.0186042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells are exposed to numerous mechanical forces, both internally and externally, which contribute to the metastatic cascade. From the initial growth of the tumor to traveling through the vasculature and to the eventual colonization of distant organs, tumor cells are continuously interacting with their surroundings through physical contact and mechanical force application. The mechanical forces found in the TME can be simplified into three main categories: (i) shear stress, (ii) tension and strain, and (iii) solid stress and compression. Each force type can independently impact tumor growth and progression. Here, we review recent bioengineering strategies, which have been employed to establish the connection between mechanical forces and tumor progression. While many cancers are explored in this review, we place great emphasis on cancers that are understudied in their response to mechanical forces, such as ovarian and colorectal cancers. We discuss the major steps of metastatic transformation and present novel, recent advances in model systems used to study how mechanical forces impact the study of the metastatic cascade. We end by summarizing systems that incorporate multiple forces to expand the complexity of our understanding of how tumor cells sense and respond to mechanical forces in their environment. Future studies would also benefit from the inclusion of time or the aspect of mechanical memory to further enhance this field. While the knowledge of mechanical forces and tumor metastasis grows, developing novel materials and in vitro systems are essential to providing new insight into predicting, treating, and preventing cancer progression and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maygan K. McFarlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - John Paul M. Gorley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Spencer C. Solberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Anirudh K. Madyastha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ditto M, Jacho D, Eisenmann KM, Yildirim-Ayan E. Extracellular Mechanical Stimuli Alters the Metastatic Progression of Prostate Cancer Cells within 3D Tissue Matrix. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1271. [PMID: 38002395 PMCID: PMC10669840 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand extracellular mechanical stimuli's effect on prostate cancer cells' metastatic progression within a three-dimensional (3D) bone-like microenvironment. In this study, a mechanical loading platform, EQUicycler, has been employed to create physiologically relevant static and cyclic mechanical stimuli to a prostate cancer cell (PC-3)-embedded 3D tissue matrix. Three mechanical stimuli conditions were applied: control (no loading), cyclic (1% strain at 1 Hz), and static mechanical stimuli (1% strain). The changes in prostate cancer cells' cytoskeletal reorganization, polarity (elongation index), proliferation, expression level of N-Cadherin (metastasis-associated gene), and migratory potential within the 3D collagen structures were assessed upon mechanical stimuli. The results have shown that static mechanical stimuli increased the metastasis progression factors, including cell elongation (p < 0.001), cellular F-actin accumulation (p < 0.001), actin polymerization (p < 0.001), N-Cadherin gene expression, and invasion capacity of PC-3 cells within a bone-like microenvironment compared to its cyclic and control loading counterparts. This study established a novel system for studying metastatic cancer cells within bone and enables the creation of biomimetic in vitro models for cancer research and mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Ditto
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Diego Jacho
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farsani MA, Banitalebi E, Faramarzi M, Bakhtiari N, Rahimi M, Duque G. Bone-muscle crosstalk following exercise plus Ursolic acid by myomiR-133a/Cx43-Runx2 axis in aged type 2 diabetes rat models. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 370:110315. [PMID: 36535313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural bioactive compound, Ursolic acid (UA), plus different types of exercise may exert the action on glycemic control, leading to clinical benefits in the prevention and treatment of aging/diabetes-associated complications. So, this study examined the effects of eight weeks combination of 250 mg of UA per day per kilogram of body weight of rat as well as resistance/endurance training on miR-133a expression across serum, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and Connexin 43 (Cx43)-Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling axis in high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced T2D (here, HFD/STZ-induced T2D). The study was conducted on 56 male Wistar rats (427 ± 44 g, 21 months old), having HFD/STZ-induced T2D randomly assigned into 7 groups of 8 including (1) sedentary non-diabetic old rats (C); (2) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model (D); (3) sedentary type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DU); (4) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DE); (5) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model (DR); (6) endurance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DEU); and (7) resistance-trained type 2 diabetes animal model + UA (DRU). Resistance training included a model of eight weeks of ladder resistance training at 60-80% maximal voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC) for five days/week. Treadmill endurance exercise protocol included eight weeks of repetitive bouts of low-/high-intensity training with 30%-40% and 60%-75% maximal running speed for five days/week, respectively. UA Supplementary groups were treated with 500 mg of UA per kg of high-fat diet per day. The results revealed significant supplement and exercise interaction effects for the BM miR-133a (p = 0.001), the bone marrow Runx2 (p = 0.002), but not the serum miR-133a (p = 0.517), the skeletal muscle miR-133a (p = 0.097) and the Cx43 (p = 0.632). In conclusion, only eight weeks of resistance-type exercise could affect miR-133a profile in muscles and osteoblast differentiation biomarker RUNX2 in aged T2D model of rats. 250 mg of UA per kilogram of body weight rat per day was administered orally, less than the sufficient dose for biological and physiological impacts on osteoblast differentiation biomarkers in aged T2D model of rats following eight weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Faramarzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nuredin Bakhtiari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rahimi
- Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Dr. Joseph Kaufmann Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mechanoresponsive regulation of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in three-dimensional tissue analogues: mechanical strain amplitude dependency of fibrosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16832. [PMID: 36207437 PMCID: PMC9547073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal interaction and constant iterative feedback between fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and environmental cues are central for investigating the fibroblast-induced musculoskeletal tissue regeneration and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT). In this study, we created a fibroblast-laden 3D tissue analogue to study (1) how mechanical loading exerted on three-dimensional (3D) tissues affected the residing fibroblast phenotype and (2) to identify the ideal mechanical strain amplitude for promoting tissue regeneration without initiating myofibroblast differentiation. We applied uniaxial tensile strain (0, 4, 8, and 12%) to the cell-laden 3D tissue analogues to understand the interrelation between the degree of applied mechanical loading amplitudes and FMT. Our data demonstrated that 4% mechanical strain created an anabolic effect toward tissue regeneration, but higher strain amplitudes over-stimulated the cells and initiated fibrotic tissue formation. Under increased mechanical strain amplitudes, fibroblasts were activated from a homeostatic state to a proto-myofibroblast state which resulted in increased cellularity accompanied by increased expressions of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, activation stressors (TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1), and profibrotic markers. This further transformed fibroblasts into α-smooth muscle actin expressing myofibroblasts. Understanding the interplay between the applied degree of mechanical loading exerted on 3D tissues and residing fibroblast phenotypic response is important to identify specific mechanomodulatory approaches for tissue regeneration and the informed mechanotherapy-guided tissue healing strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Stem Cells in Autologous Microfragmented Adipose Tissue: Current Perspectives in Osteoarthritis Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910197. [PMID: 34638538 PMCID: PMC8508703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating disorder causing pain and gradual degeneration of weight-bearing joints with detrimental effects on cartilage volume as well as cartilage damage, generating inflammation in the joint structure. The etiology of OA is multifactorial. Currently, therapies are mainly addressing the physical and occupational aspects of osteoarthritis using pharmacologic pain treatment and/or surgery to manage the symptomatology of the disease with no specific regard to disease progression or prevention. Herein, we highlight alternative therapeutics for OA specifically considering innovative and encouraging translational methods with the use of adipose mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Banitalebi E, Ghahfarrokhi MM, Dehghan M. Effect of 12-weeks elastic band resistance training on MyomiRs and osteoporosis markers in elderly women with Osteosarcopenic obesity: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:433. [PMID: 34284726 PMCID: PMC8290586 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interorgan communication networks established during exercise in several different tissues can be mediated by several exercise-induced factors. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of resistance-type training using elastic band-induced changes of myomiRs (i.e., miR-206 and miR-133), vitamin D, CTX-I, ALP, and FRAX® score in elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO). Methods In this randomized controlled trial, 63 women (aged 65–80 years) with Osteosarcopenic Obesity were recruited and assessed, using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry instrument. The resistance-type training via elastic bands was further designed three times per week for 12-weeks. The main outcomes were Fracture Risk Assessment Tool score, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen, expression of miR-206 and miR-133. Results There was no significant difference between the study groups in terms of the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool score (p = 0.067), vitamin D (p = 0.566), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.334), C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (p = 0.067), microR-133 (p = 0.093) and miR-206 (p = 0.723). Conclusion Overall, the results of this study illustrated 12-weeks of elastic band resistance training causes a slight and insignificant improvement in osteoporosis markers in women affected with Osteosarcopenic Obesity. Trial registration Randomized controlled trial (RCT) (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, trial registration number: IRCT20180627040260N1. Date of registration: 27/11/2018. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02374-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mortaza Dehghan
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shanazari Z, Hemati Farsani Z, Faramarzi M, Banitalebi E. MyomiR-OsteomiR crosstalk induced by different modes and intensities of exercise training and its role in controlling osteogenic differentiation in old male Wistar rats. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111305. [PMID: 33713736 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The crosstalk between skeletal muscles and other tissues such as bones is typically established via the secretion of myokines and myomiRs induced by exercise training (ET). The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between changes made by different ET modes and intensities in myomiRs, osteomiRs, and other myogenic and osteogenic biomarkers in old male Wistar rats. To this end, a total number of 50 old (23 months of age) male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, namely, moderate-intensity endurance training (MIET), high-intensity endurance training (HIET), moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT), high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), and control (CON), each one comprised of 10 subjects. The study findings revealed positive correlations between myomiRs (i.e., miR-1) and myomiR-204a (r = 0.725; p = 0.042), myomiR-1, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) osteogenic marker (r = 0.869; p = 0.025) in the HIET group, myomiR-206 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (r = 0.908; p = 0.012) in the MIRT group, myomiR-133a and osteomiR-133a (r = 0.971; p = 0.005) in the MIET group, myomiR-133a and osteomiR-204a in the MIRT group (r = 0.971; p = 0.004), and myomiR-133a and RUNX2 gene expression in the HIET group (r = 0.861; p = 0.027). It was concluded that myomiRs involved in myoblast-osteoblast differentiation might not alone regulate the myogenic and osteogenic targets in response to different modes and intensities of ET treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Shanazari
- Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Faramarzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dallaway A, Hattersley J, Diokno M, Tallis J, Renshaw D, Wilson A, Wayte S, Weedall A, Duncan M. Age-related degeneration of lumbar muscle morphology in healthy younger versus older men. Aging Male 2020; 23:1583-1597. [PMID: 33691587 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2021.1878130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate age-related changes in lumbar paravertebral muscle (LPM) morphology in healthy younger and older adult men. METHODS T2-weighted axial MRI of the lumbar spine were obtained for 12 healthy older (67.3 ± 6.0 years) and younger (24.7 ± 3.1 years) men. Normalised muscle volume (NMV) and muscle fat infiltrate (MFI) were determined bilaterally for the psoas (PS), quadratus lumborum (QL), erector spinae (ES) and multifidus (MF). MANOVA was used to compare NMV and MFI between age groups. Follow-up ANOVA compared NMV and MFI for each muscle between age groups, with physical activity (PA) as a covariate. Stepwise regression was used to explore the association between muscle morphology. RESULTS NMV of the ES and QL were significantly lower in the older group (OG) (p = 0.040 and p < 0.001, respectively). MFI across all muscles was significantly greater in the OG (p < 0.001). PA did not moderate the relationship between aging and muscle degeneration. Non-dominant handgrip strength was associated with NMV (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Age-related atrophy is muscle specific in the lumbar spine; changes in lumbar musculature is independent of PA, handgrip strength may reflect morphological changes in the postural muscles with age. This study supports establishing effective targeted exercise interventions in the lumbar musculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dallaway
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - John Hattersley
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Diokno
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Adrian Wilson
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolism Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- Radiology Physics, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Sarah Wayte
- Radiology Physics, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew Weedall
- Radiology Physics, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lyons JG, Plantz MA, Hsu WK, Hsu EL, Minardi S. Nanostructured Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:922. [PMID: 32974298 PMCID: PMC7471872 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article addresses the various aspects of nano-biomaterials used in or being pursued for the purpose of promoting bone regeneration. In the last decade, significant growth in the fields of polymer sciences, nanotechnology, and biotechnology has resulted in the development of new nano-biomaterials. These are extensively explored as drug delivery carriers and as implantable devices. At the interface of nanomaterials and biological systems, the organic and synthetic worlds have merged over the past two decades, forming a new scientific field incorporating nano-material design for biological applications. For this field to evolve, there is a need to understand the dynamic forces and molecular components that shape these interactions and influence function, while also considering safety. While there is still much to learn about the bio-physicochemical interactions at the interface, we are at a point where pockets of accumulated knowledge can provide a conceptual framework to guide further exploration and inform future product development. This review is intended as a resource for academics, scientists, and physicians working in the field of orthopedics and bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark A. Plantz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wellington K. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Erin L. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silvia Minardi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Labusca L, Herea DD, Danceanu CM, Minuti AE, Stavila C, Grigoras M, Gherca D, Stoian G, Ababei G, Chiriac H, Lupu N. The effect of magnetic field exposure on differentiation of magnetite nanoparticle-loaded adipose-derived stem cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110652. [PMID: 32228923 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are versatile tools for various applications in biotechnology and nanomedicine. MNPs-mediated cell tracking, targeting and imaging are increasingly studied for regenerative medicine applications in cell therapy and tissue engineering. Mechanical stimulation influences mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Here we show that MNPs-mediated magneto-mechanical stimulation of human primary adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) exposed to variable magnetic field (MF) influences their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. ADSCs loaded with biocompatible magnetite nanoparticles of 6.6 nm, and with an average load of 21 picograms iron/cell were exposed to variable low intensity (0.5 mT - LMF) and higher intensity magnetic fields (14.7 and 21.6 mT - HMF). Type, duration, intensity and frequency of MF differently affect differentiation. Short time (2 days) intermittent exposure to LMF increases adipogenesis while longer (7 days) intermittent as well as continuous exposure favors osteogenesis. HMF (21.6 mT) short time intermittent exposure favors osteogenesis. Different exposure protocols can be used to increase differentiation dependently on expected results. Magnetic remotely-actuated MNPs up-taken by ADSCs promotes the shift towards osteoblastic lineage. ADSCs-MNPs under MF exposure could be used for enabling osteoblastic conversion during cell therapy for systemic osteoporosis. Current results enable further in vivo studies investigating the role of remotely-controlled magnetically actuated ADSCs-MNPs for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Labusca
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - Dumitru-Daniel Herea
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Camelia-Mihaela Danceanu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania; University "Al. I. Cuza", 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Emanuela Minuti
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania; University "Al. I. Cuza", 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Stavila
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania; University "Al. I. Cuza", 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Marian Grigoras
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniel Gherca
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - George Stoian
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ababei
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - Horia Chiriac
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Lupu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Mangeron Blvd., 700050, Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adams S, Wuescher LM, Worth R, Yildirim-Ayan E. Mechano-Immunomodulation: Mechanoresponsive Changes in Macrophage Activity and Polarization. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:2213-2231. [PMID: 31218484 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, biomaterial- and scaffold-based immunomodulation strategies were implemented in tissue regeneration efforts for manipulating macrophage polarization (a.k.a. phenotype or lineage commitment, or differentiation). Yet, most of our understanding of macrophage phenotype commitment and phagocytic capacity is limited to how physical cues (extracellular matrix stiffness, roughness, and topography) and soluble chemical cues (cytokines and chemokines released from the scaffold) influence macrophage polarization. In the context of immune response-tissue interaction, the mechanical cues experienced by the residing cells within the tissue also play a critical role in macrophage polarization and inflammatory response. However, there is no compiled study discussing the effect of the dynamic mechanical environment around the tissues on macrophage polarization and the innate immune response. The aim of this comprehensive review paper is 2-fold; (a) to highlight the importance of mechanical cues on macrophage lineage commitment and function and (b) to summarize the important studies dedicated to understand how macrophage polarization changes with different mechanical loading modalities. For the first time, this review paper compiles and compartmentalizes the studies investigating the role of dynamic mechanical loading with various modalities, amplitude, and frequency on macrophage differentiation. A deeper understanding of macrophage phenotype in mechanically dominant tissues (i.e. musculoskeletal tissues, lung tissues, and cardiovascular tissues) provides mechanistic insights into the design of mechano-immunomodulatory tissue scaffold for tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adams
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Leah M Wuescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Randall Worth
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stacked PZT Discs Generate Necessary Power for Bone Healing through Electrical Stimulation in a Composite Spinal Fusion Implant. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040090. [PMID: 30360564 PMCID: PMC6315931 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation devices can be used as adjunct therapy to lumbar spinal fusion to promote bone healing, but their adoption has been hindered by the large battery packs necessary to provide power. Piezoelectric composite materials within a spinal interbody cage to produce power in response to physiological lumbar loads have recently been investigated. A piezoelectric macro-fiber composite spinal interbody generated sufficient power to stimulate bone growth in a pilot ovine study, despite fabrication challenges. The objective of the present study was to electromechanically evaluate three new piezoelectric disc composites, 15-disc insert, seven-disc insert, and seven-disc Compliant Layer Adaptive Composite Stack (CLACS) insert, within a spinal interbody, and validate their use for electrical stimulation and promoting bone growth. All implants were electromechanically assessed under cyclic loads of 1000 N at 2 Hz, representing physiological lumbar loading. All three configurations produced at least as much power as the piezoelectric macro-fiber composites, validating the use of piezoelectric discs for this application. Future work is needed to characterize the electromechanical performance of commercially manufactured piezoelectric stacks under physiological lumbar loads, and mechanically assess the composite implants according to FDA guidelines for lumbar interbody fusion devices.
Collapse
|
14
|
Torii R, Velliou RI, Hodgson D, Mudera V. Modelling multi-scale cell-tissue interaction of tissue-engineered muscle constructs. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731418787141. [PMID: 30128109 PMCID: PMC6090492 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418787141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Expectation on engineered tissue substitute continues to grow, and for an effective development of a functional tissue and to control its quality, cellular mechanoresponse plays a key role. Although the mechanoresponse – in terms of cell–tissue interaction across scales – has been understood better in recent years, there are still technical limitations to quantitatively monitor the processes involved in the development of both native and engineered tissues. Computational (in silico) studies have been utilised to complement the experimental limitations and successfully applied to the prediction of tissue growth. We here review recent activities in the area of combined experimental and computational analyses of tissue growth, especially in the tissue engineering context, and highlight the advantages of such an approach for the future of the tissue engineering, using our own case study of predicting musculoskeletal tissue engineering construct development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Torii
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - David Hodgson
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (COMPLEX), University College London, London, UK.,Clinical Operational Research Unit, Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vivek Mudera
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Datta P, Barui A, Wu Y, Ozbolat V, Moncal KK, Ozbolat IT. Essential steps in bioprinting: From pre- to post-bioprinting. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1481-1504. [PMID: 29909085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing demand for directed assembly of biomaterials has inspired the development of bioprinting, which facilitates the assembling of both cellular and acellular inks into well-arranged three-dimensional (3D) structures for tissue fabrication. Although great advances have been achieved in the recent decade, there still exist issues to be addressed. Herein, a review has been systematically performed to discuss the considerations in the entire procedure of bioprinting. Though bioprinting is advancing at a rapid pace, it is seen that the whole process of obtaining tissue constructs from this technique involves multiple-stages, cutting across various technology domains. These stages can be divided into three broad categories: pre-bioprinting, bioprinting and post-bioprinting. Each stage can influence others and has a bearing on the performance of fabricated constructs. For example, in pre-bioprinting, tissue biopsy and cell expansion techniques are essential to ensure a large number of cells are available for mass organ production. Similarly, medical imaging is needed to provide high resolution designs, which can be faithfully bioprinted. In the bioprinting stage, compatibility of biomaterials is needed to be matched with solidification kinetics to ensure constructs with high cell viability and fidelity are obtained. On the other hand, there is a need to develop bioprinters, which have high degrees of freedom of movement, perform without failure concerns for several hours and are compact, and affordable. Finally, maturation of bioprinted cells are governed by conditions provided during the post-bioprinting process. This review, for the first time, puts all the bioprinting stages in perspective of the whole process of bioprinting, and analyzes their current state-of-the art. It is concluded that bioprinting community will recognize the relative importance and optimize the parameter of each stage to obtain the desired outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Datta
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Yang Wu
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Veli Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana 01950, Turkey
| | - Kazim K Moncal
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Piezoelectric materials as stimulatory biomedical materials and scaffolds for bone repair. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:1-20. [PMID: 29673838 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The process of bone repair and regeneration requires multiple physiological cues including biochemical, electrical and mechanical - that act together to ensure functional recovery. Myriad materials have been explored as bioactive scaffolds to deliver these cues locally to the damage site, amongst these piezoelectric materials have demonstrated significant potential for tissue engineering and regeneration, especially for bone repair. Piezoelectric materials have been widely explored for power generation and harvesting, structural health monitoring, and use in biomedical devices. They have the ability to deform with physiological movements and consequently deliver electrical stimulation to cells or damaged tissue without the need of an external power source. Bone itself is piezoelectric and the charges/potentials it generates in response to mechanical activity are capable of enhancing bone growth. Piezoelectric materials are capable of stimulating the physiological electrical microenvironment, and can play a vital role to stimulate regeneration and repair. This review gives an overview of the association of piezoelectric effect with bone repair, and focuses on state-of-the-art piezoelectric materials (polymers, ceramics and their composites), the fabrication routes to produce piezoelectric scaffolds, and their application in bone repair. Important characteristics of these materials from the perspective of bone tissue engineering are highlighted. Promising upcoming strategies and new piezoelectric materials for this application are presented. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Electrical stimulation/electrical microenvironment are known effect the process of bone regeneration by altering the cellular response and are crucial in maintaining tissue functionality. Piezoelectric materials, owing to their capability of generating charges/potentials in response to mechanical deformations, have displayed great potential for fabricating smart stimulatory scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The growing interest of the scientific community and compelling results of the published research articles has been the motivation of this review article. This article summarizes the significant progress in the field with a focus on the fabrication aspects of piezoelectric materials. The review of both material and cellular aspects on this topic ensures that this paper appeals to both material scientists and tissue engineers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang T, Thien C, Wang C, Ni M, Gao J, Wang A, Jiang Q, Tuan RS, Zheng Q, Zheng MH. 3D uniaxial mechanical stimulation induces tenogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells through a PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. FASEB J 2018; 32:4804-4814. [PMID: 29596022 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701384r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The tendon is a mechanosensitive tissue, but little is known about how mechanical stimulation selectively signals tenogenic differentiation and neo-tendon formation. In this study, we compared the impact of uniaxial and biaxial mechanical loading on tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs). Our data show that there are variations in cell signaling and cell differentiation of mouse TDSCs in response to uniaxial and biaxial loading in monolayer culture. Whereas uniaxial loading induced TDSCs toward tenogenic and osteogenic differentiation, biaxial loading induced osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation of TDSCs. Furthermore, by applying uniaxial loading on 3-dimensional (3D) TDSC constructs, tenogenic-specific differentiation and neo-tendon formation were observed, results that were replicated in human TDSCs. We also showed that uniaxial loading induced PKB (AKT) phosphorylation (pAKT), whereas biaxial loading induced pERK. Most importantly, we found that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could attenuate tenogenic differentiation and tendon formation in 3D TDSC constructs subjected to uniaxial loading. Taken together, our study highlights the importance of appropriate mechanobiological stimulation in 3D cell niches on tendon-like tissue formation and demonstrates that uniaxial mechanical loading plays an essential role in tenogenic differentiation and tendon formation by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.-Wang, T., Thien, C., Wang, C., Ni, M., Gao, J., Wang, A., Jiang, Q., Tuan, R. S., Zheng, Q., Zheng, M. H. 3D uniaxial mechanical stimulation induces tenogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells through a PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine Thien
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carolyn Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allan Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstruction, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang T, Chen P, Zheng M, Wang A, Lloyd D, Leys T, Zheng Q, Zheng MH. In vitro loading models for tendon mechanobiology. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:566-575. [PMID: 28960468 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are the connective tissue responsible for transferring force from muscles to bones. A key factor in tendon development, maturation, repair, and degradation is its biomechanical environment. Understanding tendon mechanobiology is essential for the development of injury prevention strategies, rehabilitation protocols and potentially novel treatments in tendon injury and degeneration. Despite the simple overall loading on tendon tissue, cells within the tissue in vivo experience a much more complex mechanical environment including tension, compression and shear forces. This creates a substantial challenge in the establishment of in vitro loading models of the tendon. This article reviews multiple loading models used for the study of tendon mechanobiology and summarizes the main findings. Although impressive progress has been achieved in the functionality and mimicry of in vitro loading models, an ideal platform is yet to be developed. Multidisciplinary approaches and collaborations will be the key to unveiling the tendon mechanobiology. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:566-575, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Peilin Chen
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | | | - Allan Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - David Lloyd
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Toby Leys
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effect of Uniaxial Tensile Cyclic Loading Regimes on Matrix Organization and Tenogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Encapsulated within 3D Collagen Scaffolds. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6072406. [PMID: 29375625 PMCID: PMC5742457 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6072406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells have become a popular cell choice for tendon repair strategies due to their relative abundance, ease of isolation, and ability to differentiate into tenocytes. In this study, we investigated the solo effect of different uniaxial tensile strains and loading frequencies on the matrix directionality and tenogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells encapsulated within three-dimensional collagen scaffolds. Samples loaded at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% strains and 0.1 Hz and 1 Hz frequencies for 2 hours/day over a 7-day period using a custom-built uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor were characterized in terms of matrix organization, cell viability, and musculoskeletal gene expression profiles. The results displayed that the collagen fibers of the loaded samples exhibited increased matrix directionality with an increase in strain values. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that ASC-encapsulated collagen scaffolds loaded at 2% strain and 0.1 Hz frequency showed significant increases in extracellular matrix genes and tenogenic differentiation markers. Importantly, no cross-differentiation potential to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic lineages was observed at 2% strain and 0.1 Hz frequency loading condition. Thus, 2% strain and 0.1 Hz frequency were identified as the appropriate mechanical loading regime to induce tenogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells cultured in a three-dimensional environment.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via syndecan-1. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 148:32-38. [PMID: 29180036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis. We previously demonstrated that S1P induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells via an MMP-7/Syndecan-1/TGF-β autocrine loop. In the present study, we investigated the regulative role of S1P in cell survival and progression of HCC cells, and tested whether syndecan-1 is required in the S1P action. After transfected with syndecan-1 shRNA, HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells were treated with S1P for 72 h, and then cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 assay, and cell cycle progression and cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis markers including cleaved-Caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP in SMMC7721 cells were examined by western blotting. Results showed that S1P significantly enhanced cell proliferation in HCC cells, which was significantly inhibited by syndecan-1 shRNA. S1P induced the cell proportion in S phase in HCC cells, whereas S1P decreased the proportion of cells in both early and late apoptosis. Syndecan-1 shRNA induced the G2/M arrest in the presence of S1P. In the syndecan-1 shRNA transfected HCC cells, the proportions of late and early apoptotic cells, and levels of cleaved-Caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP were significantly increased in cells with or without S1P treatment. Thus, S1P augments the proportion of cells in S phase of the cell cycle that might translate to enhance HCC cell proliferation and inhibit the cell apoptosis via syndecan-1.
Collapse
|
21
|
Elsaadany M, Winters K, Adams S, Stasuk A, Ayan H, Yildirim-Ayan E. Equiaxial Strain Modulates Adipose-derived Stem Cell Differentiation within 3D Biphasic Scaffolds towards Annulus Fibrosus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12868. [PMID: 28993681 PMCID: PMC5634474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation is the most important factor leading to chronic low back pain and subsequent disability after discectomy. Efficacious annulus fibrosus (AF) repair strategy that delivers cells and biologics to IVD injury site is needed to limit the progression of disc degeneration and promote disc self-regeneration capacities after discectomy procedures. In this study, a biphasic mechanically-conditioned scaffold encapsulated with human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is studied as a potential treatment strategy for AF defects. Equiaxial strains and frequencies were applied to ASCs-encapsulated scaffolds to identify the optimal loading modality to induce AF differentiation. Equiaxial loading resulted in 2–4 folds increase in secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and the reorganization of the matrix fibers and elongations of the cells along the load direction. Further, the equiaxial load induced region-specific differentiation of ASCs within the inner and outer regions of the biphasic scaffolds. Gene expression of AF markers was upregulated with 5–30 folds within the equiaxially loaded biphasic scaffolds compared to unstrained samples. The results suggest that there is a specific value of equiaxial strain favorable to differentiate ASCs towards AF lineage and that ASCs-embedded biphasic scaffold can potentially be utilized to repair the AF defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla Winters
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Adams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Alexander Stasuk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Halim Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeng Y, Wu J, He X, Li L, Liu X, Liu X. Mechanical microenvironment regulation of age-related diseases involving degeneration of human skeletal and cardiovascular systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 148:54-59. [PMID: 28958683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases involving degeneration of human skeletal and cardiovascular systems are now critical problems worldwide. The current review focuses on a common pathophysiological association between primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification, and reviews the mechanical response of bone cells and vascular cells to mechanical stress, as well as the coordination mechanism for intercellular signaling. With aging, calcium is lost from bones but deposited in the cardiovascular system. Bone metabolism-related molecules, such as alkaline phosphatase, matrix Gla protein, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and collagen type I; inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, -6, and tumor necrosis factor; and lipid metabolism related molecules, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein; mediate signaling in primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification. The mechanical microenvironment is a common pathophysiological basis for primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Mobilization of calcium from bone to vessel determines the regression rate, which could be controlled using a mechanical microenvironment. We highlight several issues: (1) linked features between primary osteoporosis and vascular calcification, and detailed changes of the mechanical microenvironment in degenerative bone or blood vessels, (2) signaling coordination mechanism between bone and vascular wall cells, and (3) calcium translocation mechanism. The degree to which these issues can be solved will help develop prevention and treatment strategies for age-related regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueling He
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ballester-Beltrán J, Trujillo S, Alakpa EV, Compañ V, Gavara R, Meek D, West CC, Péault B, Dalby MJ, Salmerón-Sánchez M. Confined Sandwichlike Microenvironments Tune Myogenic Differentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1710-1718. [PMID: 28824958 PMCID: PMC5558191 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sandwichlike (SW) cultures are engineered as a multilayer technology to simultaneously stimulate dorsal and ventral cell receptors, seeking to mimic cell adhesion in three-dimensional (3D) environments in a reductionist manner. The effect of this environment on cell differentiation was investigated for several cell types cultured in standard growth media, which promotes proliferation on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces and avoids any preferential differentiation. First, murine C2C12 myoblasts showed specific myogenic differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) of adipose and bone marrow origin, which can differentiate toward a wider variety of lineages, showed again myodifferentiation. Overall, this study shows myogenic differentiation in normal growth media for several cell types under SW conditions, avoiding the use of growth factors and cytokines, i.e., solely by culturing cells within the SW environment. Mechanistically, it provides further insights into the balance between integrin adhesion to the dorsal substrate and the confinement imposed by the SW system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Ballester-Beltrán
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow. Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Trujillo
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow. Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Enateri V. Alakpa
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow. Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Escuela
Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de
Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Rafael Gavara
- Instituto
de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Investigación: Conservación y Calidad
de Alimentos,Calle Agustín
Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Dominic Meek
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow. Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C. West
- Centre for
Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh. 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Bruno Péault
- Centre for
Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh. 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow. Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow. Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang W, Deng D, Wang B, Zhou G, Zhang W, Cao Y, Zhang P, Liu W. Comparison of Autologous, Allogeneic, and Cell-Free Scaffold Approaches for Engineered Tendon Repair in a Rabbit Model-A Pilot Study. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:750-761. [PMID: 28358280 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - WenJie Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Subramanian G, Elsaadany M, Bialorucki C, Yildirim-Ayan E. Creating homogenous strain distribution within 3D cell-encapsulated constructs using a simple and cost-effective uniaxial tensile bioreactor: Design and validation study. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1878-1887. [PMID: 28425561 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading bioreactors capable of applying uniaxial tensile strains are emerging to be a valuable tool to investigate physiologically relevant cellular signaling pathways and biochemical expression. In this study, we have introduced a simple and cost-effective uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor for the application of precise and homogenous uniaxial strains to 3D cell-encapsulated collagen constructs at physiological loading strains (0-12%) and frequencies (0.01-1 Hz). The bioreactor employs silicone-based loading chambers specifically designed to stretch constructs without direct gripping to minimize stress concentration at the ends of the construct and preserve its integrity. The loading chambers are driven by a versatile stepper motor ball-screw actuation system to produce stretching of the constructs. Mechanical characterization of the bioreactor performed through Finite Element Analysis demonstrated that the constructs experienced predominantly uniaxial tensile strain in the longitudinal direction. The strains produced were found to be homogenous over a 15 × 4 × 2 mm region of the construct equivalent to around 60% of the effective region of characterization. The strain values were also shown to be consistent and reproducible during cyclic loading regimes. Biological characterization confirmed the ability of the bioreactor to promote cell viability, proliferation, and matrix organization of cell-encapsulated collagen constructs. This easy-to-use uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor can be employed for studying morphological, structural, and functional responses of cell-embedded matrix systems in response to physiological loading of musculoskeletal tissues. It also holds promise for tissue-engineered strategies that involve delivery of mechanically stimulated cells at the site of injury through a biological carrier to develop a clinically useful therapy for tissue healing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1878-1887. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Elsaadany
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Callan Bialorucki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gold nanoparticle-filled biodegradable photopolymer scaffolds induced muscle remodeling: in vitro and in vivo findings. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 72:625-630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
27
|
Design and Validation of Equiaxial Mechanical Strain Platform, EQUicycler, for 3D Tissue Engineered Constructs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3609703. [PMID: 28168197 PMCID: PMC5266828 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3609703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to replicate the micromechanical milieu of native tissues to achieve efficacious tissue engineering and regenerative therapy. In this study, we introduced an innovative loading platform, EQUicycler, that utilizes a simple, yet effective, and well-controlled mechanism to apply physiologically relevant homogenous mechanical equiaxial strain on three-dimensional cell-embedded tissue scaffolds. The design of EQUicycler ensured elimination of gripping effects through the use of biologically compatible silicone posts for direct transfer of the mechanical load to the scaffolds. Finite Element Modeling (FEM) was created to understand and to quantify how much applied global strain was transferred from the loading mechanism to the tissue constructs. In vitro studies were conducted on various cell lines associated with tissues exposed to equiaxial mechanical loading in their native environment. In vitro results demonstrated that EQUicycler was effective in maintaining and promoting the viability of different musculoskeletal cell lines and upregulating early differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. By utilizing EQUicycler, collagen fibers of the constructs were actively remodeled. Residing cells within the collagen construct elongated and aligned with strain direction upon mechanical loading. EQUicycler can provide an efficient and cost-effective tool to conduct mechanistic studies for tissue engineered constructs designed for tissue systems under mechanical loading in vivo.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fellows CR, Matta C, Zakany R, Khan IM, Mobasheri A. Adipose, Bone Marrow and Synovial Joint-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair. Front Genet 2016; 7:213. [PMID: 28066501 PMCID: PMC5167763 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current cell-based repair strategies have proven unsuccessful for treating cartilage defects and osteoarthritic lesions, consequently advances in innovative therapeutics are required and mesenchymal stem cell-based (MSC) therapies are an expanding area of investigation. MSCs are capable of differentiating into multiple cell lineages and exerting paracrine effects. Due to their easy isolation, expansion, and low immunogenicity, MSCs are an attractive option for regenerative medicine for joint repair. Recent studies have identified several MSC tissue reservoirs including in adipose tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, periosteum, and muscle. MSCs isolated from these discrete tissue niches exhibit distinct biological activities, and have enhanced regenerative potentials for different tissue types. Each MSC type has advantages and disadvantages for cartilage repair and their use in a clinical setting is a balance between expediency and effectiveness. In this review we explore the challenges associated with cartilage repair and regeneration using MSC-based cell therapies and provide an overview of phenotype, biological activities, and functional properties for each MSC population. This paper also specifically explores the therapeutic potential of each type of MSC, particularly focusing on which cells are capable of producing stratified hyaline-like articular cartilage regeneration. Finally we highlight areas for future investigation. Given that patients present with a variety of problems it is unlikely that cartilage regeneration will be a simple "one size fits all," but more likely an array of solutions that need to be applied systematically to achieve regeneration of a biomechanically competent repair tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Csaba Matta
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of DebrecenDebrecen, Hungary
| | - Roza Zakany
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of DebrecenDebrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilyas M. Khan
- Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical SchoolSwansea, UK
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Queen's Medical CentreNottingham, UK
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Sheik Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King AbdulAziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Eslahi N, Abdorahim M, Simchi A. Smart Polymeric Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: A Review on the Chemistry and Biological Functions. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3441-3463. [PMID: 27775329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli responsive hydrogels (SRHs) are attractive bioscaffolds for tissue engineering. The structural similarity of SRHs to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of many tissues offers great advantages for a minimally invasive tissue repair. Among various potential applications of SRHs, cartilage regeneration has attracted significant attention. The repair of cartilage damage is challenging in orthopedics owing to its low repair capacity. Recent advances include development of injectable hydrogels to minimize invasive surgery with nanostructured features and rapid stimuli-responsive characteristics. Nanostructured SRHs with more structural similarity to natural ECM up-regulate cell-material interactions for faster tissue repair and more controlled stimuli-response to environmental changes. This review highlights most recent advances in the development of nanostructured or smart hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Different types of stimuli-responsive hydrogels are introduced and their fabrication processes through physicochemical procedures are reported. The applications and characteristics of natural and synthetic polymers used in SRHs are also reviewed with an outline on clinical considerations and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Eslahi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , P.O. Box 14515/775, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|