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Yoo-Jeong M, Nguyen AL. Combined effects of social isolation and loneliness on patient-reported outcomes in older adults with HIV. AIDS Care 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38691674 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2024.2339046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Social isolation exists when one has limited contact with others and is distinct from loneliness, an affective state on the perception of isolation. Less is known about the combined effects of social isolation and loneliness (SI/L) in older persons with HIV (OPWH). Using cross-sectional data on OPWH (age ≥50; N = 146), we assessed the overlap between SI/L and the separate and combined effects of SI/L on patient-reported outcomes (quality-of-life [QoL], HIV-related stigma, and depressive symptoms). Social isolation and loneliness were assessed using Social Network Index and the PROMIS-Social Isolation Scale, respectively, and based on each score, participants were grouped into four categories: "lonely only", "isolated only", "lonely+isolated", or "neither". Among participants (mean age = 56.53), 26.7% were considered "lonely only", 12.3% were "isolated only", 15.1% were "lonely+isolated", and 45.9% were "neither". Adjusted regression models showed that lonely+isolated group had more depressive symptoms and lower QoL than those considered "neither" or "isolated only" (p < .001) and that. The adjusted proportional odds model showed that the odds of stigma were 1.22 and 6.06 higher than those considered "neither" (p < .001) or "lonely only" (p = .016). Results demonstrate the combined effects of SI/L on patient-reported outcomes among OPWH. Findings highlight the need for approaches targeting OPWH who are lonely and isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moka Yoo-Jeong
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Perri M, Hapsari AP, Craig-Neil A, Ho J, Cattaneo J, Gaspar M, Hunter C, Rueda S, Burchell AN, Pinto AD. An evaluation of an employment assistance program focused on people living with HIV in Toronto, Canada. AIDS Care 2024; 36:500-507. [PMID: 37756653 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2253505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Unemployment is more common among people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to the general population. PLWH who are employed have better physical and mental health outcomes compared to unemployed PLWH. The main objective of this mixed-methods study was to conduct a program evaluation of Employment Action (EACT), a community-based program that assists PLWH in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to maintain meaningful employment. We extracted quantitative data from two HIV services databases used by EACT, and collected qualitative data from 12 individuals who had been placed into paid employment through EACT. From 131 clients included in the analysis, 38.1% (n = 50) maintained their job for at least 6 weeks within the first year of enrollment in the EACT program. Gender, ethnicity, age, and first language did not predict employment maintenance. Our interviews highlighted the barriers and facilitators to effective service delivery. Key recommendations include implementing skills training, embedding PLWH as EACT staff, and following up with clients once they gain employment. Investment in social programs such as EACT are essential for strengthening their data collection capacity, active outreach to service users, and sufficient planning for the evaluation phase prior to program implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Perri
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayu Pinky Hapsari
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amy Craig-Neil
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Ho
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Mark Gaspar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charlotte Hunter
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Rueda
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ann N Burchell
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew D Pinto
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Harris GE, Watson JR, Li ATW, Ibáñez-Carrasco F, Muchenje M, Demetrakopoulos AS, McGee A, Chambers L, Gahagan J, Ceranto A, Cumby C, Liddell M. Meaningful inclusion of people living with HIV as a model for workplace policies: Key findings from the project PEER study. Work 2024; 78:489-503. [PMID: 38427522 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a large number of people live with HIV, it is worthwhile to examine the integration of this group in the workplace. OBJECTIVE To investigate how the operationalization of GIPA/MEPA supports workplace policies and practices for PLHIV. The study aims to explore what is being offered to support PLHIV in community-based agencies and what can be done to enhance the offerings. METHODS For this community-based research, 2 bilingual online surveys were sent to 150 Canadian organizations that work closely with PLHIV or offer support to them. One of the surveys was for Executive Directors of these organizations while the other was sent to peers; i.e. PLHIV whose job is to offer services to PLHIV. Questions in the surveys varied between open-ended, binary, and Likert. RESULTS GIPA/MEPA are implemented in most organizations and Executive Directors affirmed that PLHIV and their impacts on the workplace are valued. There is a consensus among Executive Directors that formal support is provided but most respondents argued that this support is not specific for PLHIV. More than half of respondents were either unaware or uncertain about the existence of informal support. Peer-employees claimed that one of the challenges of disclosing HIV to receive peer support is that they may face stigma. CONCLUSION The application of GIPA/MEPA results in positive outcomes in the workplace. The study emphasizes the need to facilitate access to informal support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Watson
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alan Tai-Wai Li
- CAAT-Community Alliance for Accessible Treatment, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Marvelous Muchenje
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - A McGee
- Memorial University, St. John's, Canada
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Restall G, Ukoli P, Mehta P, Hydesmith E, Payne M. Resisting and disrupting HIV-related stigma: a photovoice study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2062. [PMID: 37864144 PMCID: PMC10590010 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stigma associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant global public health concern. Health care providers and policy makers continue to struggle with understanding and implementing strategies to reduce HIV-related stigma in particular contexts and at the intersections of additional oppressions. Perspectives and direction from people living with HIV are imperative. METHODS In this project we amplified the voices of people living with HIV about their experiences of HIV-related stigma in Manitoba, Canada. We used an arts-based qualitative case study research design using photovoice and narrative interviews. Adults living with HIV participated by taking pictures that represented their stigma experiences. The photos were a catalyst for conversations about HIV and stigma during follow-up individual narrative interviews. Journaling provided opportunities for participants to reflect on their experiences of, and resistance to, stigma. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Photos, journals, and transcribed interviews were analyzed using inductive qualitative methods RESULTS: Through pictures and dialogue, participants (N = 11; 64% women) expressed the emotional and social impacts of stigmas that were created and supported by oppressive structures and interpersonal attitudes and behaviours. These experiences were compounded by intersecting forms of oppression including racism, sexism, and homophobia. Participants also relayed stories of their personal strategies and transitions toward confronting stigma. Strategies were themed as caring for oneself, caring for children and pets, reconstituting social support networks, and resisting and disrupting stigma. Participants made important recommendations for system and policy change. CONCLUSIONS These stories of oppression and resistance can inspire action to reduce HIV-related stigma. People living with HIV can consider the strategies to confront stigma that were shared in these stories. Health care providers and policy makers can take concerted actions to support peoples' transitions to resisting stigmas. They can facilitate supportive and anti-oppressive health and social service systems that address medical care as well as basic needs for food, shelter, income, and positive social and community connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Restall
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada.
| | - Patricia Ukoli
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Punam Mehta
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hydesmith
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mike Payne
- Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Elmileik E, Turnbull I. Impact of HIV/AIDS on African-born Women Living in the United States: a Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:680-707. [PMID: 35132608 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is paucity of surveillance data about African-born women (ABW) living with HIV/AIDS in the USA. Out of the 50 US states, only Washington state and Minnesota report HIV surveillance data about African-born people, and Minnesota is the only state that reports data about ABW, specifically. In Minnesota, ABW have the largest prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS among all women. In Washington state, foreign-born Black people have the highest incidence of HIV behind white people and foreign-born Hispanic people. This study aims to better understand the impact HIV/AIDS on ABW. METHODS This systematic review is based on articles available on three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library). Databases were searched for articles that included quantitative and/or qualitative findings about the impact of HIV/AIDS on ABW in the USA. RESULTS Several themes were identified including disproportionate impact of HIV/AIDS on ABW, barriers to care, low sexual health knowledge, HIV-related stigma, and limited HIV testing. Based on 2013 data, the incidence of HIV among ABW was 12 times higher than the incidence among women in the general US population. In 2008-2014, ABW had the smallest decline in HIV diagnosis rate when compared to US-born men and women, African-born men, and Caribbean-born men and women. Barriers that ABW face when trying to access care include, language barriers, fear of deportation and difficulty navigating the US healthcare system. CONCLUSION ABW living in the USA are uniquely impacted by HIV/AIDS. Lasting negative health consequences can be mitigated by improving HIV surveillance and investing in further studies about this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Elmileik
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Ivy Turnbull
- AIDS Alliance for Women, Infants, Children, Youth & Families, Washington, D.C., WA, USA
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Logie CH, Sokolovic N, Kazemi M, Islam S, Frank P, Gormley R, Kaida A, de Pokomandy A, Loutfy M. Does resource insecurity drive HIV-related stigma? Associations between food and housing insecurity with HIV-related stigma in cohort of women living with HIV in Canada. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25 Suppl 1:e25913. [PMID: 35818863 PMCID: PMC9274209 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women living with HIV across global contexts are disproportionately impacted by food insecurity and housing insecurity. Food and housing insecurity are resource insecurities associated with poorer health outcomes among people living with HIV. Poverty, a deeply stigmatized phenomenon, is a contributing factor towards food and housing insecurity. HIV-related stigma-the devaluation, mistreatment and constrained access to power and opportunities experienced by people living with HIV-intersects with structural inequities. Few studies, however, have examined food and housing insecurity as drivers of HIV-related stigma. This study aimed to estimate the associations between food and housing insecurity with HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV in Canada. METHODS This prospective cohort study of women living with HIV (≥16 years old) in three provinces in Canada involved three waves of surveys collected at 18-month intervals between 2013 and 2018. To understand associations between food and housing security and HIV-related stigma, we conducted linear mixed effects regression models. We adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics associated with HIV-related stigma. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among participants (n = 1422), more than one-third (n = 509; 36%) reported baseline food insecurity and approximately one-tenth (n = 152, 11%) housing insecurity. Mean HIV-related stigma scores were consistent across waves 1 (mean [M] = 57.2, standard deviation [SD] = 20.0, N = 1401) and 2 (M = 57.4, SD = 19.0, N = 1227) but lower at wave 3 (M = 52.8, SD = 18.7, N = 918). On average, across time, food insecure participants reported HIV-related stigma scores that were 8.6 points higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.4, 10.8) compared with food secure individuals. Similarly, participants reporting insecure housing at wave 1 tended to experience greater HIV-related stigma (6.2 points, 95% CI: 2.7, 9.6) over time compared to stably housed participants. There was an interaction between time and housing insecurity, whereby baseline housing insecurity was no longer associated with higher HIV-related stigma at the third wave. CONCLUSIONS Among women living with HIV in Canada, experiencing food and housing insecurity was associated with consistently higher levels of HIV-related stigma. In addition to the urgent need to tackle food and housing insecurity among people living with HIV to optimize wellbeing, getting to the heart of HIV-related stigma requires identifying and dismantling resource insecurity-related stigma drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen H Logie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nina Sokolovic
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mina Kazemi
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaz Islam
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peggy Frank
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Gormley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandra de Pokomandy
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mona Loutfy
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Safreed-Harmon K, Fuster-RuizdeApodaca MJ, Pastor de la Cal M, Lazarus JV. Problems undermining the health-related quality of life of people living with HIV in Spain: a qualitative study to inform the development of a novel clinic screening tool. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:84. [PMID: 35614470 PMCID: PMC9131550 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-01978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In settings with high antiretroviral therapy coverage, numerous health-related issues continue to undermine the health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of people living with HIV (PLHIV). As part of a larger study to develop and validate a new patient-reported outcome measure for use in HIV clinical care in Spain, we sought to identify the most burdensome health-related issues experienced by PLHIV in order to determine which issues should be addressed in the new instrument. Methods We conducted a literature review and a qualitative study based on four focus group discussions (FGDs) with key informants in Spain. Participants were selected via purposive sampling. Two FGDs convened 16 expert HIV service providers, and two convened 15 PLHIV with diverse epidemiological profiles. FGDs followed semi-structured interview scripts and incorporated an exercise to prioritise the most critical health-related issues among those named in the discussions. Content analysis was conducted using MAXQDA 12. Results The analysis of FGD data identified several broad categories of issues that were perceived to negatively affect PLHIV. The most frequently named issues fell within the categories of social problems; physical symptoms; psychological problems; and sexuality-related problems. Regarding social problems, stigma/discrimination was by far the issue raised the most frequently. In the prioritisation exercise, stigma/discrimination was also ranked as the most burdensome issue by both service providers and PLHIV. Within the physical symptoms category, the issues named most frequently were sleep-related problems, fatigue, physical pain and body fat changes. Regarding psychological problems, FGD participants most commonly spoke of emotional distress in general terms, and also called attention to depression and anxiety. In the prioritisation exercise, both service providers and PLHIV ranked psychological well-being as the second-most important issue following stigma. Sexuality-related problems that were reported included sexually transmitted infections, hormonal problems, lack of libido, and general sexual dissatisfaction. Conclusions PLHIV are negatively affected by a wide range of health-related issues. HIV-related stigma and psychological well-being remain major challenges. Identifying and addressing these and other issues in routine clinical care supports healthy aging and may ultimately contribute to better health and HRQoL outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Safreed-Harmon
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria J Fuster-RuizdeApodaca
- Sociedad Española Interdisciplinaria del Sida (SEISIDA), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pastor de la Cal
- Sociedad Española Interdisciplinaria del Sida (SEISIDA), Madrid, Spain.,Bizkaisida, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ofili MA, Idemudia ES, Olawa BD. Recruitment managers’ emotional intelligence and employment discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS: The mediating role of stigma. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2989/16073614.2021.2017175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Ofili
- Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | | | - Babatola D. Olawa
- Lifestyle Disease Entity, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mahikeng South Africa
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Barry M, Ghonem L, Albeeshi N, Alrabiah M, Alsharidi A, Al-Omar HA. Resource Utilization and Caring Cost of People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV) in Saudi Arabia: A Tertiary Care University Hospital Experience. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:118. [PMID: 35052282 PMCID: PMC8776132 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a significant burden of disease, including medical and non-medical costs. Therefore, it is considered to be a priority for all health authorities. The aim of this study is to determine healthcare and treatment costs of caring for PLHIV at one of the tertiary care university hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This was a micro-costing, retrospective, observational study from a tertiary care university hospital and included all confirmed HIV-infected patients who visited infectious disease clinics in the period from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2018. A total of 42 PLHIV were included in this study. The mean age of the study participants was 38.76 ± 11.47 years with a mean disease duration of 5.27 ± 4.81 years. The majority of patients were male (85.7%) and Saudi (88.1%). More than half of included patients (59.5%) had a CD4 count of more than 500. During the study period, 26 patients (61.9%) were initiated on a single-tablet regimen. Overall, the main cost-driver was antiretroviral medications, which cumulatively represented more than 64% of the total cost. Patients who developed opportunistic infections had a statistically significant (p = 0.033) higher financial impact, both as a total and on a patient level, than those presented without opportunistic infections. On a patient level, the mean and median costs were higher and statistically significant for those with co-morbidities than those without co-morbidities (p = 0.002). The majority of the economic burden of PLHIV is attributable to antiretroviral therapy use. The healthcare costs of PLHIV can vary greatly, depending on the presenting illness, clinical stage, developed opportunistic infection, co-morbidity, and pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Leen Ghonem
- Department of Pharmacy, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nourah Albeeshi
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha Alrabiah
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aynaa Alsharidi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Hussain Abdulrahman Al-Omar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Perri M, Craig-Neil A, Gaspar M, Hunter C, Kendall C, Alexander O, Pinto AD. Correction to: A qualitative study of barriers to employment experienced by people living with HIV in Toronto and Ottawa. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:97. [PMID: 33827595 PMCID: PMC8028719 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Perri
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Amy Craig-Neil
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mark Gaspar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Charlotte Hunter
- Casey House, 119 Isabella St, Toronto, Ontario, M4Y 1P2, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Claire Kendall
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent Suite 201, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada.,C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research Institute, 85 Primrose Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 6M1, Canada.,Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, 713 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1K OT2, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 209 Victoria St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Ower Alexander
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Andrew D Pinto
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada. .,Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada. .,University of Toronto Practice-Based Research Network, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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