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Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Zanette RA. Treating Pythiosis with Antibacterial Drugs Targeting Protein Synthesis: An Overview. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:234. [PMID: 38667905 PMCID: PMC11051233 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article explores the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in treating pythiosis, a difficult-to-treat infection caused by Pythium insidiosum. The article highlights the susceptibility of P. insidiosum to antibacterial drugs, such as macrolides, oxazolidinones, and tetracyclines. We examine various studies, including in vitro tests, experimental infection models, and clinical case reports. Based on our synthesis of these findings, we highlight the potential of these drugs in managing pythiosis, primarily when combined with surgical interventions. The review emphasizes the need for personalized treatment strategies and further research to establish standardized testing protocols and optimize therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico S. Loreto
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, 520 Appel Street, Santa Maria 97015-030, RS, Brazil;
| | - Juliana S. M. Tondolo
- Sobresp Faculty of Health Sciences, 520 Appel Street, Santa Maria 97015-030, RS, Brazil;
| | - Régis A. Zanette
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
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2
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Yolanda H, Lohnoo T, Rujirawat T, Yingyong W, Kumsang Y, Sae-Chew P, Payattikul P, Krajaejun T. Selection of an Appropriate In Vitro Susceptibility Test for Assessing Anti- Pythium insidiosum Activity of Potassium Iodide, Triamcinolone Acetonide, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Ethanol. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1116. [PMID: 36354883 PMCID: PMC9692648 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The orphan but highly virulent pathogen Pythium insidiosum causes pythiosis in humans and animals. Surgery is a primary treatment aiming to cure but trading off losing affected organs. Antimicrobial drugs show limited efficacy in treating pythiosis. Alternative drugs effective against the pathogen are needed. In-house drug susceptibility tests (i.e., broth dilution, disc diffusion, and radial growth assays) have been established, some of which adapted the standard protocols (i.e., CLSI M38-A2 and CLSI M51) designed for fungi. Hyphal plug, hyphal suspension, and zoospore are inocula commonly used in the drug susceptibility assessment for P. insidiosum. A side-by-side comparison demonstrated that each method had advantages and limitations. Minimum inhibitory and cidal concentrations of a drug varied depending on the selected method. Material availability, user experience, and organism and drug quantities determined which susceptibility assay should be used. We employed the hyphal plug and a combination of broth dilution and radial growth methods to screen and validate the anti-P. insidiosum activities of several previously reported chemicals, including potassium iodide, triamcinolone acetonide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethanol, in which data on their anti-P. insidiosum efficacy are limited. We tested each chemical against 29 genetically diverse isolates of P. insidiosum. These chemicals possessed direct antimicrobial effects on the growth of the pathogen in a dose- and time-dependent manner, suggesting their potential application in pythiosis treatment. Future attempts should focus on standardizing these drug susceptibility methods, such as determining susceptibility/resistant breakpoints, so healthcare workers can confidently interpret a result and select an effective drug against P. insidiosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Yolanda
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia
| | - Tassanee Lohnoo
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Rujirawat
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanta Yingyong
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yothin Kumsang
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattarana Sae-Chew
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Penpan Payattikul
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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de Souza Silveira J, Brasil CL, Braga CQ, da Silva Moreira Â, Franz HC, Zamboni R, Sallis ES, Albano AP, Zambrano CG, Araujo LC, de Bona da Silva C, Pötter L, de Avila Botton S, Pereira DIB. Melaleuca alternifolia formulations in the treatment of experimental pythiosis. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1011-1017. [PMID: 35239152 PMCID: PMC9151964 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EO) are aromatic compounds from the plant secondary metabolism. Melaleuca alternifolia EO is well known for its medicinal properties and promising use as an antimicrobial agent. Pythiosis is a difficult-to-treat and emerging disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. This study evaluated a nanoemulsion formulation of M. alternifolia (NEMA) in topical and intralesional application to treat experimental pythiosis. Dermal toxicity tests were performed on M. alternifolia EO in Wistar rats. Pythiosis was reproduced in rabbits (n = 9) that were divided into groups: group 1 (control), cutaneous lesions with daily topical application of a non-ionizable gel-based formulation and intralesional application of sterile distilled water every 48 h; group 2 (topical formulation), lesions treated daily with topical application of a non-ionizable gel-based formulation containing 5 mg/ml of NEMA; and group 3 (intralesional formulation), lesions treated with NEMA at 5 mg/ml in aqueous solution applied intralesionally/48 h. The animals were treated for 45 days, and the subcutaneous lesion areas were measured every 5 days. M. alternifolia EO showed no dermal toxicity. The lesion areas treated with intralesional NEMA reduced at the end of treatment, differing from groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). In the topically treated group, the lesion areas did not differ from the control group, although the number of hyphae significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Under the experimental conditions of this study, the NEMA formulations presented a favorable safety profile. However, further studies are required to evaluate if this safety applies to higher concentrations of NEMA and to validate its use in clinical pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia de Souza Silveira
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n◦, Pelotas, RS CEP: 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Carolina Litchina Brasil
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n◦, Pelotas, RS CEP: 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Caroline Quintana Braga
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n◦, Pelotas, RS CEP: 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Ândrios da Silva Moreira
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n◦, Pelotas, RS CEP: 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Helen Cabaldi Franz
- grid.411239.c0000 0001 2284 6531Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Rosimeri Zamboni
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Eliza Simone Sallis
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Albano
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Cristina Gomes Zambrano
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n◦, Pelotas, RS CEP: 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Lara Colles Araujo
- grid.411239.c0000 0001 2284 6531Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Bona da Silva
- grid.411239.c0000 0001 2284 6531Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Luciana Pötter
- grid.411239.c0000 0001 2284 6531Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- grid.411239.c0000 0001 2284 6531Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n◦, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96160-000, Brazil.
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Abstract
Tannic Acid (TA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant polyphenol that has gained popularity over the past decade in the field of biomedical research for its unique biochemical properties. Tannic acid, typically extracted from oak tree galls, has been used in many important historical applications. TA is a key component in vegetable tanning of leather, iron gall ink, red wines, and as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of maladies. The basis of TA utility is derived from its many hydroxyl groups and its affinity for forming hydrogen bonds with proteins and other biomolecules. Today, the study of TA has led to the development of many new pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. TA has been shown to reduce inflammation as an antioxidant, act as an antibiotic in common pathogenic bacterium, and induce apoptosis in several cancer types. TA has also displayed antiviral and antifungal activity. At certain concentrations, TA can be used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as hemorrhoids and diarrhea, severe burns, and protect against neurodegenerative diseases. TA has also been utilized in biomaterials research as a natural crosslinking agent to improve mechanical properties of natural and synthetic hydrogels and polymers, while also imparting anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer activity to the materials. TA has also been used to develop thin film coatings and nanoparticles for drug delivery. In all, TA is fascinating molecule with a wide variety of potential uses in pharmaceuticals, biomaterials applications, and drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baldwin
- RinggoldID:170373Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC USA
| | - Brian W Booth
- RinggoldID:170373Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC USA
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History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101080. [PMID: 34696188 PMCID: PMC8539095 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus-like microorganism Pythium insidiosum causes pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease increasingly reported worldwide. Antimicrobial drugs are ineffective. Radical surgery is an essential treatment. Pythiosis can resume post-surgically. Immunotherapy using P. insidiosum antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment. This review aims at providing up-to-date information of the immunotherapeutic PIA, with the focus on its history, preparation, clinical application, outcome, mechanism, and recent advances, in order to promote the proper use and future development of this treatment modality. P. insidiosum crude extract is the primary source of immunotherapeutic antigens. Based on 967 documented human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy reduced disease morbidity and mortality. Concerning clinical outcomes, 19.4% of PIA-immunized human patients succumbed to vascular pythiosis instead of 41.0% in unimmunized cases. PIA immunotherapy may not provide an advantage in a local P. insidiosum infection of the eye. Both PIA-immunized and unimmunized horses with pythiosis showed a similar survival rate of ~70%; however, demands for surgical intervention were much lesser in the immunized cases (22.8% vs. 75.2%). The proposed PIA action involves switching the non-protective T-helper-2 to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity. By exploring the available P. insidiosum genome data, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids are potential sources of the immunotherapeutic antigens worth investigating. The PIA therapeutic property needs improvement for a better prognosis of pythiosis patients.
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Dantas-Medeiros R, Zanatta AC, de Souza LBFC, Fernandes JM, Amorim-Carmo B, Torres-Rêgo M, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF, Vilegas W, Araújo TADS, Michel S, Grougnet R, Chaves GM, Zucolotto SM. Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of B-Type Oligomeric Procyanidins From Commiphora leptophloeos Used Alone or in Combination With Fluconazole Against Candida spp. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:613155. [PMID: 33692765 PMCID: PMC7937886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.613155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commiphora leptophloeos (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant native to Brazil which is popularly used for treating oral and vaginal infections. There has been no scientific evidence pointing to its efficacy in the treatment of these infections. Thus, this study sought to investigate the cytotoxic, antifungal, and antibiofilm activity of C. leptophloeos against Candida spp. and to isolate, identify, and quantify the content of B-type oligomeric procyanidins (BDP) in the extract of C. leptophloeos stem bark. The extract and the n-butanol fraction were obtained by maceration and liquid-liquid partition, respectively. Phytochemical analysis performed by HPLC-PDA/ELSD and FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS allowed the identification and quantification of BDP in the samples. The application of centrifugal partition chromatography helped isolate BDP, which was identified by 1H NMR and MS analyses. Candida spp. reference strains and clinical isolates (including fluconazole-resistant strains) derived from the blood cultures of candidemic patients and the vaginal secretion of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis were used for evaluating the antifungal and antibiofilm effects. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by the microdilution technique, and biofilm inhibition was evaluated through crystal violet and XTT assays. The combined action of BDP with fluconazole was determined by the checkerboard method. The extract, the n-butanol fraction, and the BDP exhibited antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5 to 2500 μg/mL and were found to significantly reduce the biofilm formed in all the Candida strains investigated. BDP showed a fungicidal potential against strains of Candida spp. (especially against fluconazole-resistant strains), with MIC and MFC values ranging from 156.2 to 2500 μg/mL. In addition, the combined application of BDP and fluconazole produced synergistic antifungal effects against resistant Candida spp. (FICI = 0.31-1.5). The cytotoxic properties of the samples evaluated in human erythrocytes through hemolytic test did not show hemolytic activity under active concentrations. The findings of the study show that C. leptophloeos has antifungal and antibiofilm potential but does not cause toxicity in human erythrocytes. Finally, BDP, which was isolated for the first time in C. leptophloeos, was found to exhibit antifungal effect against Candida spp. either when applied alone or in combination with fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Dantas-Medeiros
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Laboratory of Bioprospecting of Natural Products, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Morais Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bruno Amorim-Carmo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvie Michel
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Grougnet
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Guilherme Maranhão Chaves
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Mycology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. Review of methods and antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing against Pythium insidiosum. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03737. [PMID: 32322727 PMCID: PMC7160450 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the oomycete microorganism Pythium insidiosum. The disease has been increasingly diagnosed worldwide. P. insidiosum inhabits freshwater and presents in two forms: mycelium and zoospore. Clinical manifestations of pythiosis include an infection of the artery, eye, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. The management of pythiosis is problematic due to the lack of effective treatment. Many patients die from an uncontrolled infection. The drug susceptibility testing provides clinically-useful information that could lead to proper drug selection against P. insidiosum. Currently, no standard CLSI protocol for the drug susceptibility of P. insidiosum is available. This review aims at describing methods and antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing against P. insidiosum. Several in-house in vitro susceptibility methods (i.e., broth microdilution method, radial growth method, and agar diffusion method) have been established for P. insidiosum. Either mycelium or zoospore can be an inoculum. Rabbit is the commonly-used model of pythiosis for in vivo drug susceptibility testing. Based on the susceptibility results (i.e., minimal inhibitory concentration and inhibition zone), several antibacterial and antifungal drugs, alone or combination, exhibited an in vitro or in vivo effect against P. insidiosum. Some distinct compounds, antiseptic agents, essential oils, and plant extracts, also show anti-P. insidiosum activities. Successfully medical treatment, guided by the drug susceptibility data, has been reported in some pythiosis patients. Future studies should emphasize finding a novel and effective anti-P. insidiosum drug, standardizing in vitro susceptibility method and correlating drug susceptibility data and clinical outcome of pythiosis patients for a better interpretation of the susceptibility results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Yolanda
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wittayapipath K, Yenjai C, Prariyachatigul C, Hamal P. Evaluation of antifungal effect and toxicity of xanthyletin and two bacterial metabolites against Thai isolates of Pythium insidiosum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4495. [PMID: 32161276 PMCID: PMC7066183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is a harmful disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, an aquatic oomycete. Therapeutic protocols based on antifungal drugs are often ineffective because the cytoplasmic membrane of P. insidiosum does not contain ergosterol. Therefore, the treatment of pythiosis is still challenging, particularly making use of natural products and secondary metabolites from bacteria. In this study, xanthyletin and substances obtained from Pseudomonas stutzeri ST1302 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST2501 exhibited anti-P. insidiosum activity and, moreover, xanthyletin was non-toxic against human cell lines. The hyphae of P. insidiosum treated with these three substances exhibited lysis holes on a rough surface and release of anamorphic material. Therefore, xanthyletin could be considered a promising alternative agent for treating cutaneous pythiosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Wittayapipath
- Medical Science Program, Graduate School, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chavi Yenjai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chularut Prariyachatigul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Petr Hamal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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The host generalist phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum differentially expresses multiple metabolic enzymes on two different plant hosts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19966. [PMID: 31882688 PMCID: PMC6934579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that infects upwards of 400 plant species, including several economically important crops. The molecular processes that underpin broad host range necrotrophy are not fully understood. This study used RNA sequencing to assess whether S. sclerotiorum genes are differentially expressed in response to infection of the two different host crops canola (Brassica napus) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). A total of 10,864 of the 11,130 genes in the S. sclerotiorum genome were expressed. Of these, 628 were upregulated in planta relative to in vitro on at least one host, suggesting involvement in the broader infection process. Among these genes were predicted carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZYmes) and secondary metabolites. A considerably smaller group of 53 genes were differentially expressed between the two plant hosts. Of these host-specific genes, only six were either CAZymes, secondary metabolites or putative effectors. The remaining genes represented a diverse range of functional categories, including several associated with the metabolism and efflux of xenobiotic compounds, such as cytochrome P450s, metal-beta-lactamases, tannases and major facilitator superfamily transporters. These results suggest that S. sclerotiorum may regulate the expression of detoxification-related genes in response to phytotoxins produced by the different host species. To date, this is the first comparative whole transcriptome analysis of S. sclerotiorum during infection of different hosts.
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10
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Wittayapipath K, Laolit S, Yenjai C, Chio-Srichan S, Pakarasang M, Tavichakorntrakool R, Prariyachatigul C. Analysis of xanthyletin and secondary metabolites from Pseudomonas stutzeri ST1302 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST2501 against Pythium insidiosum. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:78. [PMID: 30991991 PMCID: PMC6469147 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pythium insidiosum is a member of the oomycetes class of aquatic fungus-like microorganisms. It can infect humans and animals through skin wounds and the eyes, causing pythiosis, an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Antifungal agents are ineffective as pythiosis treatments because ergosterol, the target site of most antifungal agents, is not found in the P. insidiosum cytoplasmic membrane. The best choice for treatment is surgical removal of the infected organ. While natural plant products or secretory substances from bacterial flora have exhibited in vitro anti-P. insidiosum activity, their mechanism of action remains unknown. Therefore, this study hypothesized that the mechanism of action could be related to changes in P. insidiosum biochemical composition (such as lipid, carbohydrate, protein or nucleic acid) following exposure to the inhibitory substances. The biochemical composition of P. insidiosum was investigated by Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Results Fraction No.6 from the crude extract of P. stutzeri ST1302, fraction No.1 from the crude extract of K. pneumoniae ST2501 and xanthyletin were used as anti-P. insidiosum substances, with MFCs at 3.125, 1.57–1.91, 0.003 mg/ml, respectively. The synchrotron FTIR results show that the deconvoluted peak distributions in the amide I, amide II, and mixed regions were significantly different between the treatment and control groups. Conclusions Xanthyletin and the secondary metabolites from P. stutzeri ST1302 and K. pneumoniae ST2501 exerted anti-P. insidiosum activity that clearly changed the proteins in P. insidiosum. Further study, including proteomics analysis and in vivo susceptibility testing, should be undertaken to develop a better understanding of the mechanism of anti-P. insidiosum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Wittayapipath
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Saline Laolit
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chavi Yenjai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Chio-Srichan
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Maitree Pakarasang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Ratree Tavichakorntrakool
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chularut Prariyachatigul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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de Freitas ALD, Kaplum V, Rossi DCP, da Silva LBR, Melhem MDSC, Taborda CP, de Mello JCP, Nakamura CV, Ishida K. Proanthocyanidin polymeric tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens are effective against Candida spp. isolates and for vaginal candidiasis treatment. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:184-190. [PMID: 29325916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The stem bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville is popularly used as anti-inflammatory, astringent and in the treatment of wounds and vaginal infections. Several pharmacological activities have been scientifically proven by in vitro and in vivo experimental assays for antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoan, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated whether proanthocyanidin polymeric tannins from the Stryphnodendron adstringens stem bark with antifungal activity against Candida albicans in vitro are also active against planktonic and biofilm cells of Candida non-albicans (CNA, including fluconazole-resistant isolates) and are capable of controlling Candida vaginitis in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 46 clinical isolates and 5 reference Candida spp. strains were used in this study. The antifungal effects in vitro of tannins (F2 and sub-fraction F2.4) from S. adstringens stem bark were evaluated using a broth microdilution assay (for planktonic yeasts and biofilm dispersion cells) or by XTT assay (for biofilm sessile cells). For in vivo antifungal activity analysis, mice with vaginal infection by C. albicans or C. glabrata were treated with a topical gel containing F2 (alone or combined with oral fluconazole), and the vaginal histopathology and fungal burden (by CFU counts from vaginal homogenates) were analyzed. RESULTS F2 and F2.4 inhibited the proliferation of planktonic cells of Candida spp., especially that of fluconazole- and/or amphotericin B-resistant isolates. F2 and F2.4 also inhibited the proliferation of Candida biofilm dispersion cells. Moreover, a gel containing F2 efficiently controlled vaginal infection by C. albicans and C. glabrata in mice, with no noticeable toxicity to vaginal tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that proanthocyanidin polymeric tannins obtained from S. adstringens have antifungal activity in vitro against C. albicans and CNA (including fluconazole-resistant isolates) and presented efficacy in the control of candidiasis in murine model. Therefore, these tannins have potential use in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, representing interesting alternatives to current antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Kaplum
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute USP-LIM53, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Souza-Moreira TM, Queiroz-Fernandes GM, Pietro RCLR. Stryphnodendron Species Known as "Barbatimão": A Comprehensive Report. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040910. [PMID: 29662029 PMCID: PMC6017227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stryphnodendron spp., popularly known as "barbatimão", is the native Brazilian tree most often employed to treat wounds and infections. The aim of the present study was to highlight the importance of S. adstringens, as well as other Stryphnodendron species recognized as "barbatimão", to human health, depicting the relevance of ethnopharmacological knowledge to scientific evidence for uses, related chemical compounds, development of pharmaceutical formulations, and the establishment of toxicity parameters. For this purpose, the literature databases PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, CAPES Thesis and Google Scholar were searched until 2017. It was observed that stem bark was the primary part of the plant used, mainly as a decoction, for wound healing and treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Confirmed biological activities, including wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, were related to the presence of compounds from tannin class, mostly proanthocyanidins. Toxicity parameters for stem bark were inconclusive, but toxicity was observed to a significant extent when seeds were ingested by cattle or other animals. Due to these important and confirmed biological activities, government policy encourages the phytotherapic use of S. adstringens, and some formulations with stem bark extracts were developed and patented. Furthermore, antiprotozoal, hypoglycemic and antiviral activities were identified as promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Souza-Moreira
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Rosemeire C L R Pietro
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Sabino APL, Eustáquio LMS, Miranda ACF, Biojone C, Mariosa TN, Gouvêa CMCP. Stryphnodendron adstringens ("Barbatimão") Leaf Fraction: Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity Towards Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1375-1389. [PMID: 29043662 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antitumor potential of a fraction that was isolated from Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) leaf aqueous extract. Fraction is composed by gallic acid, procyanidin dimer B1, and (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate and it exhibits antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Fraction was cytotoxic against two human breast cancer cell lines, ER (+) and MCF-7 and the triple-negative, MDA-MB-435. The sulforhodamine B assay showed that, as compared to normal control cells, the fraction significantly (P < 0.05) decreased cancer cell viability. The morphological alterations noted in the treated cancer cells were cell rounding-up, shrinkage, and nuclear condensation reduction of cell diameter and length. Treatment with fraction increased cancer cell expression of Bax, caspase-9, active caspase-3, caspase-8, LC-3, and beclin-1 and decreased Bcl-2, caspase-3, and pro-caspase-8 expression. Altogether, fraction is cytotoxic to both breast cancer cell lines, induces cell death, and its mechanism of action seems to include the induction of apoptosis. Our data support a positive role of the fraction as a chemopreventive agent for antineoplastic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P L Sabino
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - L M S Eustáquio
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - A C F Miranda
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - C Biojone
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - T N Mariosa
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Cibele Marli Cação Paiva Gouvêa
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil.
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