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Hama Faraj GS, Hussen BM, Abdullah SR, Fatih Rasul M, Hajiesmaeili Y, Baniahmad A, Taheri M. Advanced approaches of the use of circRNAs as a replacement for cancer therapy. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:811-830. [PMID: 38590433 PMCID: PMC10999493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a broad name for a group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow out of control and are characterized by their complexity and recurrence. Although there has been progress in cancer therapy with the entry of precision medicine and immunotherapy, cancer incidence rates have increased globally. Non-coding RNAs in the form of circular RNAs (circRNAs) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and therapy of different diseases, including cancer. According to recent studies, circRNAs appear to serve as accurate indicators and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, circRNAs are promising candidates for cutting-edge cancer therapy because of their distinctive circular structure, stability, and wide range of capabilities; many challenges persist that decrease the applications of circRNA-based cancer therapeutics. Here, we explore the roles of circRNAs as a replacement for cancer therapy, highlight the main challenges facing circRNA-based cancer therapies, and discuss the key strategies to overcome these challenges to improve advanced innovative therapies based on circRNAs with long-term health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Sedeeq Hama Faraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Zhand S, Liao J, Castorina A, Yuen ML, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Cheng YY. Small Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Circular RNA hsa_circ_0007386 as a Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Pleural Mesothelioma. Cells 2024; 13:1037. [PMID: 38920665 PMCID: PMC11201843 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a highly aggressive tumor that is caused by asbestos exposure and lacks effective therapeutic regimens. Current procedures for PM diagnosis are invasive and can take a long time to reach a definitive result. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been identified as important communicators between tumor cells and their microenvironment via their cargo including circular RNAs (circRNAs). CircRNAs are thermodynamically stable, highly conserved, and have been found to be dysregulated in cancer. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for PM diagnosis by investigating the expression of specific circRNA gene pattern (hsa_circ_0007386) in cells and sEVs using digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). For this reason, 5 PM, 14 non-PM, and one normal mesothelial cell line were cultured. The sEV was isolated from the cells using the gold standard ultracentrifuge method. The RNA was extracted from both cells and sEVs, cDNA was synthesized, and dPCR was run. Results showed that hsa_circ_0007386 was significantly overexpressed in PM cell lines and sEVs compared to non-PM and normal mesothelial cell lines (p < 0.0001). The upregulation of hsa_circ_0007386 in PM highlights its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. This study underscores the importance and potential of circRNAs and sEVs as cancer diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Zhand
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jiayan Liao
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Man-Lee Yuen
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuen-Yee Cheng
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Wang R, Wang S, Jiang H, Lan Y, Yu S. Prospects for the clinical application of exosomal circular RNA in squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1430684. [PMID: 38933443 PMCID: PMC11200112 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1430684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a prevalent malignancy affecting multiple organs in the human body, including the oral cavity, esophagus, cervix, and skin. Given its significant incidence and mortality rates, researchers are actively seeking effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In recent years, exosomes and their molecular cargo, particularly circular RNA (circRNA), have emerged as promising areas of investigation in SCC research. Exosomes are small vesicles released into the extracellular environment by cells that contain biomolecules that reflect the physiological state of the cell of origin. CircRNAs, known for their unique covalently closed loop structure and stability, have garnered special attention in oncology and are closely associated with tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Interestingly, exosomal circRNAs have been identified as ideal biomarkers for noninvasive cancer diagnosis and prognosis assessment. This article reviews the progress in research on exosomal circRNAs, focusing on their expression patterns, functions, and potential applications as biomarkers in SCC, aiming to provide new insights and strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingmei Lan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaobin Yu
- Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yang C, Zhang Y, Yan M, Wang J, Wang J, Wang M, Xuan Y, Cheng H, Ma J, Chai C, Li M, Yu Z. Exosomes derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts promote tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance of colorectal cancer by upregulating circ_0067557 to target Lin28. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:64. [PMID: 38216964 PMCID: PMC10785442 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can remodel tumor microenvironment by secreting exosomes. This study aimed to investigate the role of exosomes derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. METHODS Circular RNA (circRNA) array was used to identify differentially expressed circRNAs in exosomes from normal fibroblasts (NFs) and CAFs, and confirmed one differentially expressed circRNA circ_0067557 by real-time PCR. The effect of circ_0067557 on proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance and apoptosis was verified by wound heal, tranwell, CCK8, sphere-forming and flow cytometry assay. RESULTS Circ_0067557 expression in exosomes from CAFs was higher than those from NFs. CAF-derived exosomes promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance of CRC cells while suppressed apoptosis. Silencing of circ_0067557 inhibited malignant phenotypes of CRC cells by targeting Lin28A and Lin28B. Moreover, CAF-derived exosomes enhanced the growth of CRC xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION Circ_0067557/Lin28A and Lin28B signal axis may be a potential therapy target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Mingze Yan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Muhong Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhong Xuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Haiyue Cheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaao Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China
| | - Cuicui Chai
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhiwei Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150086, Harbin, China.
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China.
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Wen Y, Xu F, Zhang H. Circ_0049271 targets the miR-1197/PTRF axis to attenuate the malignancy of osteosarcoma. Cancer Biomark 2024; 40:141-153. [PMID: 38578882 PMCID: PMC11321495 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) perform key regulatory functions in osteosarcoma (OS) tumorigenesis. In this study, we aimed to explore the detailed action mechanisms of circ_0049271 in OS progression. METHODS Cell colony formation, cell counting kit-8, and transwell assays were performed to assess the proliferation and invasion of OS cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of polymerase 1 and transcript release factor (PTRF), microRNA (miR)-1197, and circ_0049271 in OS cells. Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase assays were conducted to explore the targeted relationships among PTRF, miR-1197, and circ_0049271. Finally, a tumor formation assay was conducted to determine the effects of circ_0049271 on in vivo tumor growth in mice. RESULTS High expression levels of miR-1197 and low levels of circ_0049271 and PTRF were observed in OS cells. circ _0049271 targeted miR-1197 to mediate PTRF expression. Moreover, the proliferation and invasion of OS cells were repressed by circ_0049271 or PTRF overexpression and increased by miR-1197 upregulation. Enforced circ_0049271 also impeded tumor growth in vivo. Upregulation of miR-1197 reversed the antitumor effects of circ_0049271 on OS progression in vitro; however, PTRF overexpression attenuated the cancer-promoting effects of miR-1197 on OS in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that circ_0049271 targeted the miR-1197/PTRF axis to attenuate the malignancy of OS, suggesting a potential target for its clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wen
- Orthopaedics Department, Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Orthopaedics Department, Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Orthopaedics Department, Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Orthopaedics Department, Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zeng Q, Liu CH, Ampuero J, Wu D, Jiang W, Zhou L, Li H, Bai L, Romero-Gómez M, Tang H. Circular RNAs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Functions and clinical significance. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-15. [PMID: 38113132 PMCID: PMC10761141 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2290769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which affects approximately 25% of the global population, is an urgent health issue leading to various metabolic comorbidities. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), covalently closed RNA molecules, are characterized by ubiquity, diversity, stability, and conservatism. Indeed, they participate in various biological processes via distinct mechanisms that could modify the natural history of NAFLD. In this review, we briefly introduce the biogenesis, characteristics, and biological functions of circRNAs. Furthermore, we summarize circRNAs expression profiles in NAFLD by intersecting seven sequencing data sets and describe the cellular roles of circRNAs and their potential advantages as biomarkers of NAFLD. In addition, we emphatically discuss the exosomal non-coding RNA sorting mechanisms and possible functions in recipient cells. Finally, we extensively discuss the potential application of targeting disease-related circRNAs and competing endogenous RNA networks through gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in targeted therapy of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Zeng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Hai Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Javier Ampuero
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. SeLiver group at Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS: HUVRocío/CSIC/US). University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Dongbo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Digestive Diseases Unit, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. SeLiver group at Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS: HUVRocío/CSIC/US). University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Khalilian S, Tabari MAK, Omrani MA, Ghafouri-Fard S. Emerging functions and significance of circCDYL in human disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:7. [PMID: 38085365 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a group of non-coding transcripts in which a loop structure is shaped via a back splicing procedure. They have central roles in the regulation of gene expression. hsa_circ_0008285, alternatively named as circCDYL, is a circular RNA originated from the exon 4 of CDYL gene. It is produced by a back-splice incident and is mainly located in the cytoplasm. It has no internal ribosome entry site, open reading frame and intronic sequences. CircCDYL dysregulation has been reported in the malignant conditions including multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, Wilms tumor, bladder cancer, colon cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It also has an emerging role in the pathophysiology of non-malignant conditions including myocardial infarction, gestational diabetes mellitus, membranous nephropathy, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. In the current study, we summarize the emerging roles of circCDYL in malignant and non-malignant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Khalilian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yu Q, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Peng A, Cui X, Ding B, Yang L, Liu Y, Ju Y, Gao C. Exosomal Circ_FMN2 Derived from the Serum of Colorectal Cancer Patients Promotes Cancer Progression by miR-338-3p/MSI1 Axis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7322-7337. [PMID: 36995659 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract with high incidence and mortality. Exosomal circular RNA (circRNA) has been shown to be associated with the malignant progression of cancers, including CRC. Circ_0005100 (named as circ_FMN2) has been shown to promote CRC cell proliferation and migration. However, whether exosomal circ_FMN2 participated in CRC progression remains unclear. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from the serum of CRC patients and then identified using transmission electron microscope. Western blot assay was used to test the protein levels of exosome markers, proliferation-related marker, metastasis-related markers and musashi-1 (MSI1). The expression levels of circ_FMN2, microRNA (miR)-338-3p and MSI1 were detected by qPCR. Flow cytometry, colony formation assay, MTT assay, and transwell assay were employed to measure cell cycle, apoptosis, colony formation ability, viability, migration and invasion. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to assess the interaction between miR-338-3p and circ_FMN2 or MSI1. BALB/c nude mice was used to conduct animal experiments. RESULTS Circ_FMN2 was overexpressed in the exosomes of CRC patient's serums and CRC cells. Overexpressed exosomal circ_FMN2 could promote CRC cell proliferation, metastasis, and suppress apoptosis. Circ_FMN2 acted as miR-338-3p sponge. MiR-338-3p overexpression reversed the promotion effect of circ_FMN2 on CRC progression. MSI1 was found to be a target of miR-338-3p, and its overexpression revoked the inhibitory effect of miR-338-3p on CRC progression. Furthermore, exosomal circ_FMN2 overexpression also could facilitate CRC tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Exosomal circ_FMN2 accelerated CRC progression through miR-338-3p/MSI1 axis, revealing that exosomal circ_FMN2 might be a target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Yu
- Department of Research, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanming Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ale Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jian Kang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiujing Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jian Kang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Boyue Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jian Kang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jian Kang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yabin Liu
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingchao Ju
- Department of experimental animal center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jian Kang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China.
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Han M, Zhang M, Qi M, Zhou Y, Li F, Fang S. Regulatory mechanism and promising clinical application of exosomal circular RNA in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1236679. [PMID: 38094607 PMCID: PMC10718620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1236679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by a variety of cells and play an important role in cellular communication and epigenetics by transporting bioactive substances in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with a specific structure, which is widely enriched in exosomes and is involved in various pathophysiological processes mediated by exosomes. Exosomal circRNAs play a critical role in the development of GC by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis of GC. Given the biological characteristics of exosomal circRNAs, they have more significant diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the clinic and may become biomarkers for GC diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we briefly describe the biogenesis of exosomes and circRNAs and their biological functions, comprehensively summarize the mechanisms of exosomal circRNAs in the development of GC and chemotherapy resistance, and finally, we discuss the potential clinical application value and challenges of exosomal circRNAs in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shengquan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Boussios S, Devo P, Goodall ICA, Sirlantzis K, Ghose A, Shinde SD, Papadopoulos V, Sanchez E, Rassy E, Ovsepian SV. Exosomes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Cell Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14356. [PMID: 37762660 PMCID: PMC10531522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent type of kidney cancer originating from renal tubular epithelial cells, with clear cell RCC comprising approximately 80% of cases. The primary treatment modalities for RCC are surgery and targeted therapy, albeit with suboptimal efficacies. Despite progress in RCC research, significant challenges persist, including advanced distant metastasis, delayed diagnosis, and drug resistance. Growing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in multiple aspects of RCC, including tumorigenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug response. These membrane-bound vesicles are released into the extracellular environment by nearly all cell types and are capable of transferring various bioactive molecules, including RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids, aiding intercellular communication. The molecular cargo carried by EVs renders them an attractive resource for biomarker identification, while their multifarious role in the RCC offers opportunities for diagnosis and targeted interventions, including EV-based therapies. As the most versatile type of EVs, exosomes have attracted much attention as nanocarriers of biologicals, with multi-range signaling effects. Despite the growing interest in exosomes, there is currently no widely accepted consensus on their subtypes and properties. The emerging heterogeneity of exosomes presents both methodological challenges and exciting opportunities for diagnostic and clinical interventions. This article reviews the characteristics and functions of exosomes, with a particular reference to the recent advances in their application to the diagnosis and treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (A.G.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Kent Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7LX, UK
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki–Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Perry Devo
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (P.D.); (I.C.A.G.); (S.V.O.)
| | - Iain C. A. Goodall
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (P.D.); (I.C.A.G.); (S.V.O.)
| | - Konstantinos Sirlantzis
- School of Engineering, Technology and Design, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, UK;
| | - Aruni Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (A.G.); (E.S.)
- Barts Cancer Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, UK
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Northwood HA6 2RN, UK
- Immuno-Oncology Clinical Network, London, UK
| | - Sayali D. Shinde
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | | | - Elisabet Sanchez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham ME7 5NY, UK; (A.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Elie Rassy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institut, 94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Saak V. Ovsepian
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (P.D.); (I.C.A.G.); (S.V.O.)
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Cheng C, Xue Q, Chang J, Wang X, Duan Q, Miao C. Dysregulation of circRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on circRNAs secreted by exosomes and the crosstalk between circRNAs and RNA methylations. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110549. [PMID: 37421778 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease caused by a variety of unknown factors. It mainly occurs in the small joints of hands and feet, leading to cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Various pathologic mechanisms such as exosomes and RNA methylations are involved in the pathogenesis of RA. METHODS This work searches PubMed, Web of Science (SCIE) and Science Direct Online (SDOL) databases, it role of abnormally expressed circulating RNAs (circRNAs) in the pathogenesis of RA was summarized. And the relationship between circRNAs and exosomes and methylations. RESULTS Both the abnormal expression of circRNAs and the sponge effect of circRNAs on microRNAs (miRNAs) affect the pathogenesis of RA by regulating target genes. CircRNAs affect the proliferation, migration and inflammatory reaction of RA-fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLSs), circRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and macrophages also participate in the pathological mechanism of RA (Fig. 1). CircRNAs in exosomes are closely related to the pathogenesis of RA. In addition, exosomal circRNAs and the relationship between circRNAs and RNA methylations are closely related to the pathogenesis of RA. CONCLUSION CircRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and have the potential to be a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of RA. However, the development of mature circRNAs for clinical application is not a small challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenglong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Qiangjun Duan
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
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12
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Xing J, Zhang M, Zhao S, Lu M, Lin L, Chen L, Gao W, Li W, Shang J, Zhou J, Zhu X. EIF4A3-Induced Exosomal circLRRC8A Alleviates Granulosa Cells Senescence Via the miR-125a-3p/NFE2L1 axis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10564-8. [PMID: 37243831 PMCID: PMC10390409 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is an important cause of female infertility and seriously impacts the physical and psychological health of patients. Mesenchymal stromal cells-derived exosomes (MSCs-Exos) have an essential role in the treatment of reproductive disorders, particularly POF. However, the biological function and therapeutic mechanism of MSCs exosomal circRNAs in POF remain to be determined. Here, with bioinformatics analysis and functional assays, circLRRC8A was found to be downregulated in senescent granulosa cells (GCs) and acted as a crucial factor in MSCs-Exos for oxidative damage protection and anti-senescence of GCs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that circLRRC8A served as an endogenous miR-125a-3p sponge to downregulate NFE2L1 expression. Moreover, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3), acting as a pre-mRNA splicing factor, promoted circLRRC8A cyclization and expression by directly binding to the LRRC8A mRNA transcript. Notably, EIF4A3 silencing reduced circLRRC8A expression and attenuated the therapeutic effect of MSCs-Exos on oxidatively damaged GCs. This study demonstrates a new therapeutic pathway for cellular senescence protection against oxidative damage by delivering circLRRC8A-enriched exosomes through the circLRRC8A/miR-125a-3p/NFE2L1 axis and paves the way for the establishment of a cell-free therapeutic approach for POF. CircLRRC8A may be a promising circulating biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis and an exceptional candidate for further therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mingjun Lu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wujiang Gao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junyu Shang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiamin Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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13
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Wei J, Li M, Xue C, Chen S, Zheng L, Deng H, Tang F, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Zhou M. Understanding the roles and regulation patterns of circRNA on its host gene in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:86. [PMID: 37060016 PMCID: PMC10105446 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of endogenous non-coding RNAs, which are covalently closed loop structures formed by precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) through back-splicing. CircRNAs are abnormally expressed in many tumors, and play critical roles in a variety of tumors as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes by sponging miRNAs, regulating alternative splicing and transcription, cis-regulating host genes, interacting with RNA binding proteins (RBPs) or encoding polypeptides. Among them, the regulation of circRNAs on their corresponding host genes is a critical way for circRNAs to exit their functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that circRNAs are able to regulate the expression of host genes at the transcriptional level, post-transcriptional level, translational level, post-translational level, or by encoding polypeptides. Therefore, this paper mainly summarized the roles and association of circRNAs and their corresponding host genes in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, generalized the circRNAs that function synergistically or antagonistically with their host genes, and elaborated the mechanisms of mutual regulation between circRNAs and their host genes. More importantly, this review provides specific references for revealing the potential application of circRNAs combined with their host genes in tumor diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Mengna Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Changning Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Shipeng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Lemei Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Faqing Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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14
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Zhang T, Sun Q, Shen C, Qian Y. Circular RNA circ_0003028 regulates cell development through modulating miR-498/ornithine decarboxylase 1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:507-518. [PMID: 36730287 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA has been revealed to participate in multiple biological functions and contribute to various diseases' progression. This study aims to clarify the role of circ_0003028 and its potential molecular mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The levels of circ_0003028, miR-498, and ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1) mRNA were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. The cell proliferation ability was detected via 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, colony formation, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays. The apoptotic rate was evaluated through flow cytometry. The migration and invasion capacity was tested by using wound healing assay and transwell assay. The protein levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin were measured by western blot assay. The ceRNA regulatory mechanism of circ_0003028 was observed via dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. The mice xenograft models were constructed to confirm the oncogenicity of circ_0003028 in HCC in vivo . Circ_0003028 and ODC1 were upregulated, whereas miR-498 was downregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Circ_0003028 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis, and promoted apoptosis. MiR-498 was a direct target of circ_0003028, and inhibition of miR-498 reversed the inhibitory effect of circ_0003028 silencing on HCC progression. Moreover, ODC1 was a direct target of miR-498 and ODC1 overexpression abated the anticancer roles of miR-498 in HCC. Additionally, circ_0003028 regulated ODC1 expression by sponging miR-498. Finally, we found that circ_0003028 could induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCC cells by exosome pathway. In brief, the results demonstrated that circ_0003028 exerted tumourigenicity roles via miR-498/ODC1 signaling axis, providing a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei
| | - Qikai Sun
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei
| | - Chao Shen
- CT Room, Hunan Zhongya Imaging Clinic, Changsha, China
| | - Yeben Qian
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei
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15
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Circular RNAs and Untranslated Regions in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043215. [PMID: 36834627 PMCID: PMC9967498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the advent of next-generation sequencing, research on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mostly centered on protein-coding genes. In recent years, breakthroughs in RNA sequencing technologies and whole transcriptome analysis have led to the discovery that approximately 97.5% of the human genome is transcribed into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This paradigm shift has led to an explosion of research interest in different classes of non-coding RNAs, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs) as well as non-coding untranslated regions (UTRs) of protein-coding messenger RNAs. The critical roles of circRNAs and UTRs in AML pathogenesis have become increasingly apparent. In this review, we discuss the cellular mechanisms of circRNAs and summarize recent studies that reveal their biological roles in AML. Furthermore, we also review the contribution of 3'UTRs to disease progression. Finally, we discuss the potential of circRNAs and 3'UTRs as new biomarkers for disease stratification and/or the prediction of treatment response and targets for the development of RNA-directed therapeutic applications.
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16
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Yang R, Ma L, Wan J, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhao Z, Ming L. Ferroptosis-associated circular RNAs: Opportunities and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1160381. [PMID: 37152286 PMCID: PMC10157116 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1160381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an emerging form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death which is different from cell death mechanisms such as autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis. It is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a newly studied evolutionarily conserved type of non-coding RNA with a covalent closed-loop structure. It exhibits universality, conservatism, stability and particularity. At present, the functions that have been studied and found include microRNA sponge, protein scaffold, transcription regulation, translation and production of peptides, etc. CircRNA can be used as a biomarker of tumors and is a hotspot in RNA biology research. Studies have shown that ferroptosis can participate in tumor regulation through the circRNA molecular pathway and then affect cancer progression, which may become a direction of cancer diagnosis and treatment in the future. This paper reviews the molecular biological mechanism of ferroptosis and the role of circular RNA in tumors and summarizes the circRNA related to ferroptosis in tumors, which may inspire research prospects for the precise prevention and treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwei Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junhu Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuofang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengwu Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuochen Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Ming,
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17
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Hussen BM, Abdullah SR, Hama Faraj GS, Rasul MF, Salihi A, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Mokhtari M. Exosomal circular RNA: a signature for lung cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:378. [PMID: 36457039 PMCID: PMC9714134 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles having a diameter of 30-150 nm are known as exosomes. Several cancer types secrete exosomes, which may contain proteins, circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs, or DNA. CircRNAs are endogenous RNAs that do not code for proteins and can create continuous and covalently closed loops. In cancer pathogenesis, especially metastasis, exosomal circRNAs (exo-circRNAs) have a crucial role mainly due to the frequently aberrant expression levels within tumors. However, neither the activities nor the regulatory mechanisms of exo-circRNAs in advancing lung cancer (LC) are obvious. A better understanding of the regulation and network connections of exo-circRNAs will lead to better treatment for LCs. The main objective of the current review is to highlight the functions and mechanisms of exo-circRNAs in LC and assess the relationships between exo-circRNA dysregulation and LC progression. In addition, underline the possible therapeutic targets based on exo-circRNA modulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Goran Sedeeq Hama Faraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, 44001, Iraq
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Tracheal Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Zhang XP, Pei JP, Zhang CD, Yusupu M, Han MH, Dai DQ. Exosomal circRNAs: A key factor of tumor angiogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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19
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Identification of exosomal circRNA CD226 as a potent driver of nonsmall cell lung cancer through miR-1224-3p/high mobility group AT-hook 2 axis. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:1126-1138. [PMID: 35946568 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are crucial for the pathogenesis of nonsmall lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we set out to unravel the precise function of circRNA CD226 (circCD226) in NSCLC pathogenesis. The exosomes from serum specimens were observed by transmission electron microscopy. CircCD226, miR-1224-3p and high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) were quantified by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Actinomycin D and Ribonuclease (RNase) R treatments and subcellular localization assay were used for circCD226 characterization. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion and sphere formation abilities were gauged by CCK-8, EDU, wound-healing, transwell and sphere formation assays, respectively. Directed relationships among circCD226, miR-1224-3p and HMGA2 were examined by RNA pull-down, dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The abundance of circCD226 was elevated in serum exosomes, tissues and cells of NSCLC. NSCLC serum exosomes enhanced NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness. Loss of circCD226 impeded cell proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circCD226 sponged miR-1224-3p, and miR-1224-3p targeted HMGA2. CircCD226 involved the posttranscriptional regulation of HMGA2 through miR-1224-3p. Moreover, the miR-1224-3p/HMGA2 axis was identified as a functionally downstream effector of circCD226 in regulating NSCLC cell behaviors. Our study identifies circCD226 as a potential driver in NSCLC development depending on the regulation of miR-1224-3p/HMGA2 axis.
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20
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Bioprobes-regulated precision biosensing of exosomes: From the nanovesicle surface to the inside. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Zheng P, Gao H, Xie X, Lu P. Plasma Exosomal hsa_circ_0015286 as a Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Gastric Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610446. [PMID: 35755416 PMCID: PMC9218071 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is stable and abundant in exosomes as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumor. In this study, cancer specific exosomal circRNAs were identified through circRNA microarray, and 58 circRNAs were significantly upregulated in cancer cells derived exosomes. Then 60 patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer (GC), 30 chronic gastritis patients and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled for further clinical validation. We detected that hsa_circ_0015286 was remarkably highly expressed in GC tissue, plasma and cancer cells compared with normal controls. Results of ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) of hsa_circ_0015286, CEA and CA 19-9 was 0.778, 0.673, and 0.665, respectively. The combined detection of three indicators had the highest AUC (0.843). Exosomal hsa_circ_0015286 expression was closely associated with tumor size, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. The expression level of exosomal hsa_circ_0015286 in GC patients decreased significantly after surgery. Overall survival of patients with low hsa_circ_0015286 expression was longer than those with high expression. Our data demonstrated that exosomal hsa_circ_0015286 might be a promising noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiming Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijie Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuanhu Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peipei Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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22
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Osca-Verdegal R, Beltrán-García J, Górriz JL, Martínez Jabaloyas JM, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Use of Circular RNAs in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutics of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:879814. [PMID: 35813211 PMCID: PMC9257016 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.879814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer, representing 90% of kidney cancer diagnoses, and the deadliest urological cancer. While the incidence and mortality rates by renal cell carcinoma are higher in men compared to women, in both sexes the clinical characteristics are the same, and usually unspecific, thereby hindering and delaying the diagnostic process and increasing the metastatic potential. Regarding treatment, surgical resection remains the main therapeutic strategy. However, even after radical nephrectomy, metastasis may still occur in some patients, with most metastatic renal cell carcinomas being resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, the identification of new biomarkers to help clinicians in the early detection, and treatment of renal cell carcinoma is essential. In this review, we describe circRNAs related to renal cell carcinoma processes reported to date and propose the use of some in therapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Beltrán-García
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Górriz
- Department of Nephrology, University Clinic Hospital, INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- EpiDisease S.L. (Spin-Off CIBER-ISCIII), Parc Científic de la Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Luis García-Giménez,
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23
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Li T, Li J, Wang H, Zhao J, Yan M, He H, Yu S. Exosomes: Potential Biomarkers and Functions in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:881794. [PMID: 35775082 PMCID: PMC9237451 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.881794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), originating from the mucosal epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, is a lethal malignancy of the head and neck. Patients with advanced and recurrent HNSCC have poor outcomes due to limited therapeutic options. Exosomes have active roles in the pathophysiology of tumors and are suggested as a potential therapeutic target of HNSCC. Exosomes in HNSCC have been intensively studied for disease activity, tumor staging, immunosuppression, and therapeutic monitoring. In this review, the biological mechanisms and the recent clinical application of exosomes are highlighted to reveal the potential of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Mingze Yan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjiang He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongjiang He, ; Shan Yu,
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongjiang He, ; Shan Yu,
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24
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Xue C, Li G, Zheng Q, Gu X, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. The functional roles of the circRNA/Wnt axis in cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:108. [PMID: 35513849 PMCID: PMC9074313 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CircRNAs, covalently closed noncoding RNAs, are widely expressed in a wide range of species ranging from viruses to plants to mammals. CircRNAs were enriched in the Wnt pathway. Aberrant Wnt pathway activation is involved in the development of various types of cancers. Accumulating evidence indicates that the circRNA/Wnt axis modulates the expression of cancer-associated genes and then regulates cancer progression. Wnt pathway-related circRNA expression is obviously associated with many clinical characteristics. CircRNAs could regulate cell biological functions by interacting with the Wnt pathway. Moreover, Wnt pathway-related circRNAs are promising potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and treatment. In our review, we summarized the recent research progress on the role and clinical application of Wnt pathway-related circRNAs in tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ganglei Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxian Zheng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Lu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, 310003 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, 310003 Hangzhou, China
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25
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The emerging landscape of exosomal CircRNAs in solid cancers and hematological malignancies. Biomark Res 2022; 10:28. [PMID: 35505392 PMCID: PMC9066734 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of recently discovered noncoding RNA. They exert their biological functions by competitively binding to microRNAs (miRNAs) as miRNA sponges, promoting gene transcription and participating in the regulation of selective splicing, interacting with proteins and being translated into proteins. Exosomes are derived from intracavitary vesicles (ILVs), which are formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and exosome release plays a pivotal role in intercellular communication. Accumulating evidence indicates that circRNAs in exosomes are associated with solid tumor invasion and metastasis. Additionally, emerging studies in the last 1 ~ 2 years have revealed that exosomal circRNA also have effect on hematological malignancies. In this review, we outline the properties and biological functions of circRNAs and exosomes. In particular, we summarize in detail the mechanism and roles of exosomal circRNAs and highlight their application as novel biomarkers in malignant tumors.
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26
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Han Z, Chen H, Guo Z, Shen J, Luo W, Xie F, Wan Y, Wang S, Li J, He J. Circular RNAs and Their Role in Exosomes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848341. [PMID: 35574355 PMCID: PMC9096127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel class of endogenous non-coding RNAs discovered in recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly conserved and stable covalently closed ring structures with no 5'-end cap or 3'-end poly(A) tail. CircRNAs are formed by reverse splicing, mainly by means of a noose structure or intron complementary pairing. Exosomes are tiny discoid vesicles with a diameter of 40-100 nm that are secreted by cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes play an important role in cell-cell communication by carrying DNA, microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and circRNAs. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of circRNAs and exosomes, and further reveal the potential roles of exosomal circRNAs in different diseases, providing a scientific basis for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Han
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huafang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Leizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Leizhou, China
| | - Zhonghui Guo
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Luo
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangmei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengbo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua He
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Silencing of circ-CDK14 suppresses osteosarcoma progression through the miR-198/E2F2 axis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113082. [PMID: 35218724 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been implicated in OS pathogenesis. In the current study, we explored the precise role of circRNA cyclin dependent kinase 14 (circ-CDK14, hsa_circ_0001721) in OS progression. METHODS The levels of circ-CDK14, miR-198 and E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined using the Cell Counting-8 Kit (CCK-8), flow cytometry and transwell assays, respectively. Glucose consumption, lactate production and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level were gauged using the commercial assay kits. The direct relationship between miR-198 and circ-CDK14 or E2F2 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Animal studies were used to analyze the role of circ-CDK14 in vivo. RESULTS Our data revealed that circ-CDK14 was up-regulated and miR-198 was down-regulated in OS tissues and cell lines. Circ-CDK14 silencing suppressed OS cell viability, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro, as well as diminished tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circ-CDK14 directly targeted miR-198. Moreover, miR-198 was a functional mediator of circ-CDK14 in regulating OS cell progression in vitro. E2F2 was a direct target of miR-198, and miR-198 overexpression regulated OS cell progression in vitro by down-regulating E2F2. Furthermore, circ-CDK14 regulated E2F2 expression by functioning as a sponge of miR-198 in OS cells. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effect of circ-CDK14 silencing on OS progression by targeting the miR-198/E2F2 axis, establishing a strong rationale for decreasing circ-CDK14 as a novel therapeutic strategy for OS.
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28
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Tumor-associated macrophages promote cholangiocarcinoma progression via exosomal Circ_0020256. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:94. [PMID: 35091535 PMCID: PMC8799724 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the exosomal circular RNAs (CircRNAs) produced by tumor-associated macrophages and delivered into the microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma cells in order to use them as molecular targets for clinical therapy. Tumor-associated M2 macrophages (TAMs) were induced from THP-1 cells and identified by flow cytometry. The TAM-secreted exosomes were isolated from conditioned medium and a CircRNA microarray assay was performed to identify CircRNAs that were uniquely expressed in the isolated exosomes. Circ_0020256 was especially identified based on having the highest differential expression level among all of the CircRNA candidates. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the effects of TAMs, exosomes, and Circ_0020256 on the growth and migration of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. The induced TAMs promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CCA cells and those effects were mediated by exosomes secreted by the TAMs. In CCA cells (RBE and HCCC-9810), Circ_0020256 significantly promoted cellular activity by interacting with its intra-cellular microRNA target, miR-432-5p. In contrast, overexpression of transcription factor E2F3 in CCA cells restored the CCA cellular activities that were inhibited by miR-432-5p. On the other hand, treatment with small interference RNA (siRNA) for Circ_0020256 inhibited CCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Circ_0020256 in TAM-secreted exosomes promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CCA cells, and that promotional activity was regulated via a Circ_0020256/miR-432-5p/E2F3 axis.
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29
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Li J, Zhang G, Liu CG, Xiang X, Le MT, Sethi G, Wang L, Goh BC, Ma Z. The potential role of exosomal circRNAs in the tumor microenvironment: insights into cancer diagnosis and therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:87-104. [PMID: 34987636 PMCID: PMC8690929 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are multifunctional regulators of intercellular communication by carrying various messages under both physiological and pathological status of cancer patients. Accumulating studies have identified the presence of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in exosomes with crucial regulatory roles in diverse pathophysiological processes. Exosomal circRNAs derived from donor cells can modulate crosstalk with recipient cells locally or remotely to enhance cancer development and propagation, and play crucial roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME), leading to significant enhancement of tumor immunity, metabolism, angiogenesis, drug resistance, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis. In this review, we describe the advances of exosomal circRNAs and their roles in modulating cancer hallmarks, especially those in the TME. Moreover, clinical application potential of exosomal circRNAs in cancer diagnosis and therapy are highlighted, bridging the gap between basic knowledge and clinical practice.
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30
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Zhou H, He X, He Y, Ou C, Cao P. Exosomal circRNAs: Emerging Players in Tumor Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:786224. [PMID: 34957113 PMCID: PMC8692866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an important feature of malignant tumors, and is the primary cause of poor prognosis and treatment failure, in addition to representing a potentially fatal challenge for cancer patients. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles 30–150 nm in diameter that transmit cargo, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, as a means of intercellular communication. Exosomes play crucial roles in a range of human diseases, especially malignant tumors. A growing number of studies have verified that circRNAs can be enveloped in exosomes and transferred from secretory cells to recipient cells, thereby regulating tumor progression, especially tumor metastasis. Exosomal circRNAs regulate tumor cell metastasis not only by regulating the signaling pathways, but also by affecting the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, exosomal circRNAs have the potential to serve as valuable diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the mechanism by which exosomal circRNAs modulate metastatic phenomena in various types of tumors, and put forward the prospects of clinical applications of exosomal circRNAs in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxiang He
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Pengfei Cao, ; Chunlin Ou,
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Pengfei Cao, ; Chunlin Ou,
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31
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Lin H, Yu J, Gu X, Ge S, Fan X. Novel insights into exosomal circular RNAs: Redefining intercellular communication in cancer biology. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e636. [PMID: 34898043 PMCID: PMC8666583 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a special type of membrane-bound extracellular vesicle regarded as an ideal carrier for intercellular messages, play an essential role in intercellular communication both locally and systematically. Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs), members of the noncoding RNA family, are abundant and stable in exosomes. As an essential mediator of intercellular communication within cancer cells or between cancer cells and noncancerous cells, exosomal circRNAs participate in multiple aspects of cancer. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis, properties and functions of exosomal circRNAs. In particular, we describe their intercellular transfer in the tumour microenvironment and associate their biological functions with different phenotypes of cancer. Finally, we discuss potential clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Lin
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghai20025P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai20025P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghai20025P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai20025P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghai20025P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai20025P. R. China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghai20025P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai20025P. R. China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of OphthalmologyNinth People's HospitalShanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghai20025P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular OncologyShanghai20025P. R. China
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32
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Kuo MC, Liu SCH, Hsu YF, Wu RM. The role of noncoding RNAs in Parkinson's disease: biomarkers and associations with pathogenic pathways. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:78. [PMID: 34794432 PMCID: PMC8603508 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their biological implications is a growing area in cell biology. Increasing evidence has revealed canonical and noncanonical functions of long and small ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, and tRNA-derived fragments. These ncRNAs have the ability to regulate gene expression and modify metabolic pathways. Thus, they may have important roles as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, especially Parkinson's disease. Recently, through diverse sequencing technologies and a wide variety of bioinformatic analytical tools, such as reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR, microarrays, next-generation sequencing and long-read sequencing, numerous ncRNAs have been shown to be associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. In this review article, we will first introduce the biogenesis of different ncRNAs, including microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, circular RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and tRNA-derived fragments. The pros and cons of the detection platforms of ncRNAs and the reproducibility of bioinformatic analytical tools will be discussed in the second part. Finally, the recent discovery of numerous PD-associated ncRNAs and their association with the diagnosis and pathophysiology of PD are reviewed, and microRNAs and long ncRNAs that are transported by exosomes in biofluids are particularly emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Che Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Neurology, Cancer Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sam Chi-Hao Liu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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33
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Gu WJ, Shen YW, Zhang LJ, Zhang H, Nagle DG, Luan X, Liu SH. The multifaceted involvement of exosomes in tumor progression: Induction and inhibition. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:297-314. [PMID: 34766148 PMCID: PMC8554660 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As key performers in intercellular communication, exosomes released by tumor cells play an important role in cancer development, including angiogenesis, cancer‐associated fibroblasts activation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT), immune escape, and pre‐metastatic niche formation. Meanwhile, other cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) can secrete exosomes and facilitate tumor progression. Elucidating mechanisms regarding these processes may offer perspectives for exosome‐based antitumor strategies. In this review, we mainly introduce the versatile roles of tumor or stromal cell derived exosomes in cancer development, with a particular focus on the biological capabilities and functionalities of their diverse contents, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. The potential clinical application of exosomes as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis is also discussed. Finally, the current antitumor strategies based on exosomes in immunotherapy and targeted delivery for chemotherapeutic or biological agents are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Gu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yi-Wen Shen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Dale G Nagle
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
| | - Xin Luan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - San-Hong Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
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34
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Babin L, Andraos E, Fuchs S, Pyronnet S, Brunet E, Meggetto F. From circRNAs to fusion circRNAs in hematological malignancies. JCI Insight 2021; 6:151513. [PMID: 34747369 PMCID: PMC8663548 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a type of endogenous noncoding RNA generated by back-splicing events. Unlike the majority of RNAs, circRNAs are covalently closed, without a 5' end or a 3' poly(A) tail. A few circRNAs can be associated with polysomes, suggesting a protein-coding potential. CircRNAs are not degraded by RNA exonucleases or ribonuclease R and are enriched in exosomes. Recent developments in experimental methods coupled with evolving bioinformatic approaches have accelerated functional investigation of circRNAs, which exhibit a stable structure, a long half-life, and tumor specificity and can be extracted from body fluids and used as potential biological markers for tumors. Moreover, circRNAs may regulate the occurrence and development of cancers and contribute to drug resistance through a variety of molecular mechanisms. Despite the identification of a growing number of circRNAs, their effects in hematological cancers remain largely unknown. Recent studies indicate that circRNAs could also originate from fusion genes (fusion circRNAs, f-circRNAs) next to chromosomal translocations, which are considered the primary cause of various cancers, notably hematological malignancies. This Review will focus on circRNAs and f-circRNAs in hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loelia Babin
- CRCT INSERM, UMR1037, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 INSERM, UMR5071 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,The Toulouse Cancer Laboratory of Excellence (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Elissa Andraos
- CRCT INSERM, UMR1037, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 INSERM, UMR5071 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,The Toulouse Cancer Laboratory of Excellence (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Steffen Fuchs
- CRCT INSERM, UMR1037, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 INSERM, UMR5071 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,The Toulouse Cancer Laboratory of Excellence (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stéphane Pyronnet
- CRCT INSERM, UMR1037, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 INSERM, UMR5071 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,The Toulouse Cancer Laboratory of Excellence (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Erika Brunet
- Imagine Institute INSERM Joint Research Unit 1163, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune System, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes-Sorbonne University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- CRCT INSERM, UMR1037, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 INSERM, UMR5071 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,The Toulouse Cancer Laboratory of Excellence (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
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35
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Shi Z, Wang K, Xing Y, Yang X. CircNRIP1 Encapsulated by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Aggravates Osteosarcoma by Modulating the miR-532-3p/AKT3/PI3K/AKT Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:658139. [PMID: 34660257 PMCID: PMC8511523 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.658139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated circRNAs have the potential diagnostic and prognostic values for malignancies. However, the role of circNRIP1 in osteosarcoma remains unclear. We herein investigated the therapeutic potential of circNRIP1 delivered by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell–derived EVs (BMSC-EVs) in osteosarcoma. The expression of circNRIP1 was examined in the clinical tissue samples of osteosarcoma patients, after which the downstream genes of circNRIP1 were bioinformatically predicted. Gain- and loss-of function assays were then performed in osteosarcoma cells with manipulation of circNRIP1 and miR-532-3p expression. EVs isolated from BMSCs were characterized and co-cultured with osteosarcoma cells to examine their effects on cell phenotypes, as reflected by CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Further, a mouse model of tumor xenografts was established for in vivo substantiation. circNRIP1 was upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. Overexpression of circNRIP1 promoted the proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of osteosarcoma cells. Co-culture data showed that BMSC-EVs could transfer circNRIP1 into osteosarcoma cells where it competitively bound to miR-532-3p and weakened miR-532-3p’s binding ability to AKT3. By this mechanism, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was activated and the malignant characteristics of osteosarcoma cells were stimulated. In vivo experimental results unveiled that circNRIP1-overexpressing BMSC-EVs in nude mice resulted in enhanced tumor growth. In conclusion, the BMSC-EV-enclosed circNRIP1 revealed a new molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, which might provide a novel therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaifu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufei Xing
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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36
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Bi J, Pu Y, Yu X. Exosomal circ_0004136 enhances the progression of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia depending on the regulation of miR-570-3p/TSPAN3 axis. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:802-811. [PMID: 33853086 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been implicated in the progression of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although circ_0004136 has been found to play a crucial role in AML, our understanding of its molecular mechanism remains very limited. The levels of circ_0004136, miR-570-3p and tetraspanin 3 (TSPAN3) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR or western blot. Cell viability, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8, transwell and flow cytometry assays. Targeted relationships among circ_0004136, miR-570-3p and TSPAN3 were validated by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Our data showed that circ_0004136 could be transmitted by exosomes, and exosomal circ_0004136 was highly expressed in AML serum and cells. Circ_0004136 was unusually stable and mainly localized in the cytoplasm. Circ_0004136 knockdown mediated by exosomes hampered AML cell viability, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, circ_0004136 worked as a sponge of miR-570-3p and TSPAN3 was a functional target of miR-370-3p in AML cells. The suppression of circ_0004136 knockdown mediated by exosomes on AML cell malignant progression was reversed by miR-570-3p downregulation, and the increased miR-570-3p expression hindered the progression of aggressive AML by downregulating TSPAN3. Furthermore, circ_0004136 worked as a miR-570-3p sponge to modulate TSPAN3 expression. Our findings identified a novel regulatory mechanism in which exosome-mediated circ_0004136 knockdown restrained AML cell malignant progression at least partly through targeting the miR-570-3p/TSPAN3 axis, highlighting a novel therapeutic strategy for AML management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei, China
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37
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Jiang Z, Hou Z, Li L, Liu W, Yu Z, Chen S. Exosomal circEPB41L2 serves as a sponge for miR-21-5p and miR-942-5p to suppress colorectal cancer progression by regulating the PTEN/AKT signalling pathway. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13581. [PMID: 34022068 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes contain many functional RNAs, including circular RNA (circRNA), which are critical for cancer progression. However, the role of exosomal circEPB41L2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from plasma and cells. The characteristics of the exosomes were identified using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The protein levels of exosome markers and PTEN/AKT-related markers were measured using Western blot analysis. The expression of circEPB41L2, microRNA (miR)-21-5p and miR-942-5p was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of cells were determined using cell counting kit eight assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay and transwell assay. Biotin-labelled RNA pull-down assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were conducted to evaluate the interaction between circEPB41L2 and miR-21-5p or miR-942-5p. The effects of exosomal circEPB41L2 on colorectal cancer tumour growth were confirmed using animal experiments. RESULTS CircEPB41L2 was downregulated in the exosomes from colorectal cancer patients and cells. Overexpressed circEPB41L2 inhibited colorectal cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and promoted apoptosis, as well as suppressed the activity of PTEN/AKT signalling pathway. CircEPB41L2 could sponge miR-21-5p or miR-942-5p. MiR-21-5p or miR-942-5p could reverse the inhibition effect of circEPB41L2 on colorectal cancer progression and PTEN/AKT signalling pathway. In addition, we discovered that circEPB41L2 was mainly located at exosomes. Exosomal circEPB41L2 also could restrain colorectal cancer progression and the activity of PTEN/AKT signalling pathway. Animal experiments suggested that exosomal-mediated circEPB41L2 inhibited colorectal cancer tumour growth. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that exosomal circEPB41L2 sponged miR-21-5p and miR-942-5p to repress colorectal cancer progression by regulating the PTEN/AKT signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehui Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuomin Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Supported by National Key Clinical Discipline, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Wang X, Wang H, Jiang H, Qiao L, Guo C. Circular RNAcirc_0076305 Promotes Cisplatin (DDP) Resistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Regulating ABCC1 Through miR-186-5p. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2021. [PMID: 34339285 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is a social problem of increasing concern, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%-85% incidence of lung cancer. Cisplatin (DDP) is reported as a first-line chemotherapy drug for NSCLC, but the resistance has became a main obstacle for NSCLC treatment. The high level of circular RNA circ_0076305 was related to the DDP resistance in NSCLC. However, the mechanism of circ_0076305 remains unclear in DDP resistance of NSCLC. Materials and Methods: Exosomes were detected by a transmission electron microscope and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The protein levels of CD63, CD81, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Lung resistance-related protein, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) were examined by Western blot assay. Circ_0076305, microRNA-186-5p (miR-186-5p), and ABCC1 levels were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. DDP resistance was examined by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The binding relationship between miR-186-5p and circ_0076305 or ABCC1 was predicted by circRNA interactome or starBase, and then verified by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. The effect of circ_0076305 on DDP resistance in NSCLC was examined by xenograft tumor model in vivo. Results: Circ_0076305 was increased in NSCLC cell-derived exosomes, DDP-resistant NSCLC tissues and cells. Circ_0076305 knockdown elevated DDP sensitivity in vitro. Mechanically, circ_0076305 enhanced ABCC1 expression through sponging miR-186-5p, thus regulating DDP resistance of NSCLC. Furthermore, circ_0076305 silencing improved DDP sensitivity of NSCLC in vivo. Conclusion: The results from this study disclosed that circ_0076305 knockdown improved DDP sensitivity by the miR-186-5p/ABCC1 axis in NSCLC, hinting a potential circRNA-targeted therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Housen Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Urology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Chunhong Guo
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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39
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Xiao Q, Yin R, Wang Y, Yang S, Ma A, Pan X, Zhu X. Comprehensive Analysis of Peripheral Exosomal circRNAs in Large Artery Atherosclerotic Stroke. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685741. [PMID: 34239876 PMCID: PMC8257506 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are crucial vehicles in intercellular communication. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), novel endogenous noncoding RNAs, play diverse roles in ischemic stroke. Recently, the abundance and stability of circRNAs in exosomes have been identified. However, a comprehensive analysis of exosomal circRNAs in large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke has not yet been reported. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to comprehensively identify differentially expressed (DE) exosomal circRNAs in five paired LAA and normal controls. Further, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the RNA-Seq results in a cohort of stroke patients (32 versus 32). RNA-Seq identified a total of 462 circRNAs in peripheral exosomes; there were 25 DE circRNAs among them. Additionally, circRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and translatable analysis revealed the potential functions of the exosomal circRNAs in LAA progression. Two ceRNA pathways involving 5 circRNAs, 2 miRNAs, and 3 mRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. In the validation cohort, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified two circRNAs as possible novel biomarkers, and a logistic model combining two and four circRNAs increased the area under the curve compared with the individual circRNAs. Here, we show for the first time the comprehensive expression of exosomal circRNAs, which displayed the potential diagnostic and biological function in LAA stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruihua Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaonan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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40
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Zhang Z, Guo H, Yang W, Li J. Exosomal Circular RNA RNA-seq Profiling and the Carcinogenic Role of Exosomal circ-CYP24A1 in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675842. [PMID: 34109199 PMCID: PMC8180850 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aberrantly expressed exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported in various human cancers. Nevertheless, it remains elusive in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Herein, based on RNA-seq, we systematically uncovered the expression and implication of exosomal circRNAs in cSCC. Methods: Plasma exosomes derived from cSCC and healthy subjects were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and western blot. Differentially expressed exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) were screened by RNA-seq analysis, which were validated by RT-qPCR. Among them, the biological structure of circ-CYP24A1 was validated by Sanger sequencing and RNase R digestion. Si-circ-CYP24A1 was transfected into exosomes, followed by incubation with A431 and SCL-1 cells. Then, viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were evaluated by CCK-8, TUNEL staining and migration assays. Results: This study identified 25 up- and 76 down-regulated exosomal circRNAs in cSCC than healthy subjects. Among them, circulating circ-CYP24A1 was confirmed to be up-regulated in cSCC. Circ-CYP24A1 had a covalently closed circular structure and was not sensitive to RNase R digestion. After incubation with si-circ-CYP24A1-transfected exosomes, proliferation, migration, and invasion were lowered while apoptosis was enhanced in A431 and SCL-1 cells. Meanwhile, si-circ-CYP24A1-transfected exosomes significantly decreased the expression of downstream targets CDS2, MAVS, and SOGA in cSCC cells. Conclusion: Collectively, our study identified that targeting exosomal circ-CYP24A1 could suppress cSCC progression by weakening tumor malignant behaviors, which might provide a promising therapeutic target and non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjia Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiuhong Li
- Department of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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41
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Yang Q, Li F, He AT, Yang BB. Circular RNAs: Expression, localization, and therapeutic potentials. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1683-1702. [PMID: 33484969 PMCID: PMC8116570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are RNAs with a unique circular structure that is generated from back-splicing processes. These circular molecules were discovered more than 40 years ago but failed to raise scientific interest until lately. Increasing studies have found that these circular RNAs might not just be byproducts of the splicing process but possess important regulatory functions through different cellular events. Most circular RNAs are currently being studied in the field of cancer, and many of them have been confirmed to be involved in the process of tumorigenesis. However, many circular RNAs are implicated in the developmental stages of diseases other than cancer. In this review, we focus on discussing the role of circular RNAs in non-cancer diseases, especially in cardiovascular diseases. Following the summary of the life cycle of circRNAs, we provide input on studying circRNA-protein interactions based on our experience, which modulate protein translocation. Furthermore, we outline the potential of circRNAs to be potent biomarkers, effective therapeutic targets, and potential treatments in cardiovascular diseases as well as other non-cancer fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Medical Research Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Feiya Li
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Alina T He
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
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42
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Chen G, Tang W, Wang S, Long C, He X, Yang D, Peng S. Promising diagnostic and therapeutic circRNAs for skeletal and chondral disorders. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1428-1439. [PMID: 33867856 PMCID: PMC8040475 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a highly conserved subtype of non-coding RNAs, produced by the back-splicing of specific regions of pre-mRNA. CircRNAs have wide-ranging effects on eukaryotic physiology and pathology by acting as transcription regulators, miRNA sponges, protein sponges, and templates for translation. Skeletal and chondral disorders are the leading causes of pain and disability, especially for elders, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Plenty of evidence have shown that circRNAs are dysregulated and play vital roles in the occurrence and progression of skeletal and chondral disorders. Herein, we systematically summarize the emerging roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of hub circRNAs in the pathogenesis of several representative skeletal and chondral disorders. Our findings may provide further insight into the mechanistic details of the role of circRNA in bone or cartilage metabolism, and highlight the promising application of circRNAs in serving as potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of skeletal and chondral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reconstruction of Sports System, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wanze Tang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reconstruction of Sports System, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reconstruction of Sports System, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Canling Long
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reconstruction of Sports System, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reconstruction of Sports System, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reconstruction of Sports System, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Institute for Orthopaedic Research, the 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reconstruction of Sports System, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Tao X, Shao Y, Yan J, Yang L, Ye Q, Wang Q, Lu R, Guo J. Biological roles and potential clinical values of circular RNAs in gastrointestinal malignancies. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0348. [PMID: 33710802 PMCID: PMC8185857 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of endogenous RNA molecules, are produced by alternative splicing of precursor RNA and are covalently linked at the 5' and 3' ends. Recent studies have revealed that dysregulated circRNAs are closely related to the occurrence and progression of gastrointestinal malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that circRNAs, including circPVT1, circLARP4, circ-SFMBT2, cir-ITCH, circRNA_100782, circ_100395, circ-DONSON, hsa_circ_0001368, circNRIP1, circFAT1(e2), circCCDC66, circSMARCA5, circ-ZNF652, and circ_0030235 play important roles in the proliferation, differentiation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells through a variety of mechanisms, such as acting as microRNA sponges, interacting with RNA-binding proteins, regulating gene transcription and alternative splicing, and being translated into proteins. With the characteristics of high abundance, high stability, extensive functions, and certain tissue-, time- and disease-specific expressions, circRNAs are expected to provide novel perspectives for the diagnoses and treatments of gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yongfu Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Jianing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Liyang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Qihua Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Rongdan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Junming Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
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Jiang S, Fu R, Shi J, Wu H, Mai J, Hua X, Chen H, Liu J, Lu M, Li N. CircRNA-Mediated Regulation of Angiogenesis: A New Chapter in Cancer Biology. Front Oncol 2021; 11:553706. [PMID: 33777729 PMCID: PMC7988083 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.553706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is necessary for carcinoma progression and is regulated by a variety of pro- and anti-angiogenesis factors. CircRNAs are RNA molecules that do not have a 5'-cap or a 3'-polyA tail and are involved in a variety of biological functions. While circRNA-mediated regulation of tumor angiogenesis has received much attention, the detailed biological regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we investigated circRNAs in tumor angiogenesis from multiple perspectives, including its upstream and downstream factors. We believe that circRNAs have natural advantages and great potential for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, which deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotao Jiang
- Department of HBP SURGERY II, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongdang Fu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Jiewei Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Jialuo Mai
- Department of HBP SURGERY II, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Hua
- Department of HBP SURGERY II, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of HBP SURGERY II, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of HBP SURGERY II, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minqiang Lu
- Department of HBP SURGERY II, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of HBP SURGERY II, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Lyu L, Yang W, Yao J, Wang H, Zhu J, Jin A, Liu T, Wang B, Zhou J, Fan J, Yang X, Guo W. The diagnostic value of plasma exosomal hsa_circ_0070396 for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomark Med 2021; 15:359-371. [PMID: 33666515 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to identify novel exosomal circular RNAs for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis. Materials & methods: Exosomes were extracted and characterized. The expression level of exosomal circRNAs were verified via quantitative real-time PCR. The diagnostic value of candidate circRNAs was evaluated according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: The exosomal circ_0070396 significantly elevated in HCC patients than other control groups and it performed better in distinguishing HCC patients from healthy donors than that of α-fetoprotein. Combination of two above markers exerted greater diagnostic performance. Exosomal circ_0070396 could discriminate HCC individuals from patients with chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis. Intriguingly, exosomal circ_0070396 was positively correlated with HCC progression. Conclusion: Exosomal circ_0070396 may be a potential biomarker for HCC detection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anli Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Li L, Jiang Z, Zou X, Hao T. Exosomal circ_IFT80 Enhances Tumorigenesis and Suppresses Radiosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer by Regulating miR-296-5p/MSI1 Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1929-1941. [PMID: 33658855 PMCID: PMC7917334 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s297123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomal circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act as biomarkers and play crucial roles in colorectal cancer (CRC) and radiosensitivity. The aim of this study was to explore the functions and regulatory mechanism of exosomal circRNA intraflagellar transport 80 (circ_IFT80) in tumorigenesis and radiosensitivity of CRC. Methods Exosomes were detected using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Protein levels were determined by Western blot assay. The expression of circ_IFT80, microRNA-296-5p (miR-296-5p) and musashi1 (MSI1) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, and cell proliferation were detected by flow cytometry and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, respectively. Colony formation assay was used to determine the radiosensitivity of cells. The interaction between miR-296-5p and circ_IFT80 or MSI1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. A xenograft tumor model was established to explore the role of exosomal circ_IFT80 in vivo. Results Circ_IFT80 was upregulated in exosomes derived from CRC patient serum and CRC cells. Exosomal circ_IFT80 or circ_IFT80 overexpression facilitated tumorigenesis by increasing cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis, and inhibited radiosensitivity via promoting colony formation and inhibiting apoptosis. Additionally, circ_IFT80 acted as a sponge of miR-296-5p, and miR-296-5p reversed the effects of circ_IFT80 on tumorigenesis and radiosensitivity. Moreover, MSI1 was a direct target of miR-296-5p. Furthermore, miR-296-5p overexpression inhibited tumorigenesis and promoted radiosensitivity by downregulating MSI1. Exosomal circ_IFT80 also accelerated tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Exosomal circ_IFT80 promoted tumorigenesis and reduced radiosensitivity by regulating miR-296-5p/MSI1 axis, which might provide a novel avenue for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangcai Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Hao
- Department of Digestive Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Dong Y, Gong A, Kong H, Gao J, Hao X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Fan Y, Liu C, Xu W. Exosomal circRNAs as novel cancer biomarkers: Challenges and opportunities. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:562-573. [PMID: 33613113 PMCID: PMC7893596 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.48782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying high specificity and sensitivity biomarkers has always been the focus of research in the field of non-invasive cancer diagnosis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane that can be released by all types of cells, which contain a variety of proteins, lipids, and a variety of non-coding RNAs. Increasing research has shown that the lipid bilayer can effectively protect the nucleic acid in exosomes. In cancers, tumor cell-derived exosomal circRNAs can act on target cells or organs through the transport of exosomes, and then participate in the regulation of tumor development and metastasis. Since exosomes exist in various body fluids and circRNAs in exosomes exhibit high stability, exosomal circRNAs have the potential as biomarkers for early and minimally invasive cancer diagnosis and prognosis judgment. In this review, we summarized circRNAs and their biological roles in cancers, with the emerging value biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, disease judgment, and prognosis observation. In addition, we briefly compared the advantages of exosomal circRNAs as biomarkers and the current obstacles in the exosome isolation technology, shed light to the future development of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Inspection, The medical faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanhan Dong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Anjing Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huimin Kong
- School Hospital, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaodan Hao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Inspection, The medical faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zibo Wang
- Department of Inspection, The medical faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuqiao Fan
- Department of Inspection, The medical faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Department of Inspection, The medical faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Department of Inspection, The medical faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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Zhu Y, Wang S, Xi X, Zhang M, Liu X, Tang W, Cai P, Xing S, Bao P, Jin Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhao H, Jia X, Lu S, Lu Y, Chen L, Yin J, Lu ZJ. Integrative analysis of long extracellular RNAs reveals a detection panel of noncoding RNAs for liver cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:181-193. [PMID: 33391469 PMCID: PMC7681086 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Long extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) in plasma can be profiled by new sequencing technologies, even with low abundance. However, cancer-related exRNAs and their variations remain understudied. Methods: We investigated different variations (i.e. differential expression, alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation, and differential editing) in diverse long exRNA species (e.g. long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs) using 79 plasma exosomal RNA-seq (exoRNA-seq) datasets of multiple cancer types. We then integrated 53 exoRNA-seq datasets and 65 self-profiled cell-free RNA-seq (cfRNA-seq) datasets to identify recurrent variations in liver cancer patients. We further combined TCGA tissue RNA-seq datasets and validated biomarker candidates by RT-qPCR in an individual cohort of more than 100 plasma samples. Finally, we used machine learning models to identify a signature of 3 noncoding RNAs for the detection of liver cancer. Results: We found that different types of RNA variations identified from exoRNA-seq data were enriched in pathways related to tumorigenesis and metastasis, immune, and metabolism, suggesting that cancer signals can be detected from long exRNAs. Subsequently, we identified more than 100 recurrent variations in plasma from liver cancer patients by integrating exoRNA-seq and cfRNA-seq datasets. From these datasets, 5 significantly up-regulated long exRNAs were confirmed by TCGA data and validated by RT-qPCR in an independent cohort. When using machine learning models to combine two of these validated circular and structured RNAs (SNORD3B-1, circ-0080695) with a miRNA (miR-122) as a panel to classify liver cancer patients from healthy donors, the average AUROC of the cross-validation was 89.4%. The selected 3-RNA panel successfully detected 79.2% AFP-negative samples and 77.1% early-stage liver cancer samples in the testing and validation sets. Conclusions: Our study revealed that different types of RNA variations related to cancer can be detected in plasma and identified a 3-RNA detection panel for liver cancer, especially for AFP-negative and early-stage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaochen Xi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Minfeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weina Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaozhen Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengfei Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfan Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weihao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huanan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yinying Lu
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi John Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Karstensen KT, Schein A, Petri A, Bøgsted M, Dybkær K, Uchida S, Kauppinen S. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Noncoding RNA 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 33379241 PMCID: PMC7838888 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy in adults. Although significant progress has been made in recent years to treat DLBCL patients, 30%-40% of the patients eventually relapse or are refractory to first line treatment, calling for better therapeutic strategies for DLBCL. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a highly diverse group of non-protein coding transcripts with intriguing molecular functions in human disease, including cancer. Here, we review the current understanding of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and progression of DLBCL to provide an overview of the field. As the current knowledge of lncRNAs in DLBCL is still in its infancy, we provide molecular signatures of lncRNAs in DLBCL cell lines to assist further lncRNA research in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Thystrup Karstensen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleks Schein
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Petri
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.B.); (K.D.)
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Karen Dybkær
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.B.); (K.D.)
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
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50
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Ma YS, Yang XL, Xin R, Liu JB, Fu D. Power and promise of exosomes as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic vectors for liquid biopsy and cancer control. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188497. [PMID: 33370570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, microvesicles derived from the nuclear endosome and plasma membrane, can be released into the extracellular environment to act as mediators between the cell membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, lipids, or RNA. Exosomes are considered effective carriers of intercellular signals in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, because of their ability to efficiently transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cellular compartments. Since the 2007 discovery that exosomes carry bioactive substances, exosomes have been intensively researched. In various physiological and pathological processes, exosomes play important biological roles by specifically combining with receptor cells and transmitting information. Their stable biological characteristics, diversity of contents, non-invasiveness path for introducing signaling molecules, and ability for rapid detection make exosomes a promising clinical diagnostic marker for potentially many pathological conditions, including cancers. Exosomes are not only considered biomarkers and prognostic disease factors, but also have potential as gene carriers and drug delivery vectors, and have important clinical significance and application potential in the fields of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shui Ma
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Rui Xin
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Da Fu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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