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Arellano L, Martínez R, Pardo A, Diez I, Velasco B, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Bermejo-Barrera P, Barbosa S, Taboada P. Assessing the Effect of Surface Coating on the Stability, Degradation, Toxicity and Cell Endocytosis/Exocytosis of Upconverting Nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 668:575-586. [PMID: 38691966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have emerged as promising biomedical tools in recent years. Most research efforts were devoted to the synthesis of inorganic cores with the optimal physicochemical properties. However, the careful design of UCNPs with the adequate surface coating to optimize their biological performance still remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose the functionalization of UCNPs with four distinct types of surface coatings, which were compared in terms of the provided colloidal stability and resistance to degradation in different biological-relevant media, including commonly avoided analysis in acidic lysosomal-mimicking fluids. Moreover, the influence of the type of particle surface coating on cell cytotoxicity and endocytosis/exocytosis was also evaluated. The obtained results demonstrated that the functionalization of UCNPs with poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) grafted with dodecylamine (PMA-g-dodecyl) constitutes an outstanding strategy for their subsequent biomedical application, whereas poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coating, although suitable for colloidal stability purposes, hinders extensive cell internalization. Conversely, surface coating with small ligand were found not to be suitable, leading to large degradation degrees of UCNPs. The analysis of particle' behavior in different biological media and in vitro conditions here performed pretends to help researchers to improve the design and implementation of UCNPs as theranostic nanotools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Arellano
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Materials Institute (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Martínez
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Materials Institute (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Alberto Pardo
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Materials Institute (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Iago Diez
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Materials Institute (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Brenda Velasco
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Materials Institute (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Institute (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Institute (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Materials Institute (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Materials Institute (iMATUS), and Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mušković M, Pokrajac R, Malatesti N. Combination of Two Photosensitisers in Anticancer, Antimicrobial and Upconversion Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:613. [PMID: 37111370 PMCID: PMC10143496 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a special form of phototherapy in which oxygen is needed, in addition to light and a drug called a photosensitiser (PS), to create cytotoxic species that can destroy cancer cells and various pathogens. PDT is often used in combination with other antitumor and antimicrobial therapies to sensitise cells to other agents, minimise the risk of resistance and improve overall outcomes. Furthermore, the aim of combining two photosensitising agents in PDT is to overcome the shortcomings of the monotherapeutic approach and the limitations of individual agents, as well as to achieve synergistic or additive effects, which allows the administration of PSs in lower concentrations, consequently reducing dark toxicity and preventing skin photosensitivity. The most common strategies in anticancer PDT use two PSs to combine the targeting of different organelles and cell-death mechanisms and, in addition to cancer cells, simultaneously target tumour vasculature and induce immune responses. The use of PDT with upconversion nanoparticles is a promising approach to the treatment of deep tissues and the goal of using two PSs is to improve drug loading and singlet oxygen production. In antimicrobial PDT, two PSs are often combined to generate various reactive oxygen species through both Type I and Type II processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (R.P.)
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Matulionyte M, Skripka A, Ramos-Guerra A, Benayas A, Vetrone F. The Coming of Age of Neodymium: Redefining Its Role in Rare Earth Doped Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2023; 123:515-554. [PMID: 36516409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among luminescent nanostructures actively investigated in the last couple of decades, rare earth (RE3+) doped nanoparticles (RENPs) are some of the most reported family of materials. The development of RENPs in the biomedical framework is quickly making its transition to the ∼800 nm excitation pathway, beneficial for both in vitro and in vivo applications to eliminate heating and facilitate higher penetration in tissues. Therefore, reports and investigations on RENPs containing the neodymium ion (Nd3+) greatly increased in number as the focus on ∼800 nm radiation absorbing Nd3+ ion gained traction. In this review, we cover the basics behind the RE3+ luminescence, the most successful Nd3+-RENP architectures, and highlight application areas. Nd3+-RENPs, particularly Nd3+-sensitized RENPs, have been scrutinized by considering the division between their upconversion and downshifting emissions. Aside from their distinctive optical properties, significant attention is paid to the diverse applications of Nd3+-RENPs, notwithstanding the pitfalls that are still to be addressed. Overall, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview on Nd3+-RENPs, discussing their developmental and applicative successes as well as challenges. We also assess future research pathways and foreseeable obstacles ahead, in a field, which we believe will continue witnessing an effervescent progress in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Matulionyte
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Artiom Skripka
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Alma Ramos-Guerra
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Antonio Benayas
- Department of Physics and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford Department of Radiology Stanford University 1201 Welch Road, Lucas Center (exp.), Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
| | - Fiorenzo Vetrone
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
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Jia Z, Gao Y, Ni J, Wu X, Mao Z, Sheng G, Zhu Y. A hybrid metal-organic framework nanomedicine-mediated photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated cancer chemotherapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:379-390. [PMID: 36162395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic tumor microenvironment and photodynamic therapy (PDT)-aggravated hypoxia compromise the anticancer efficacy of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and PDT. Thus, sophisticated nanomedicines that can activate their anticancer capability in situ in response to specific stimuli need to be developed. This study aimed to construct a hybrid nanomedicine that activated chemotherapy by inducing hypoxia, which synergized with PDT to promote antitumor outcomes, contrary to the strategies focusing on reversing tumor hypoxia. The hybridization of a porphyrin metal-organic framework (MOF) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) enhanced the stability of the hybrid nanomedicine against the phosphate in blood, thereby preventing the premature drug release during blood circulation. The surface modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) markedly increased the tumor accumulation of the hybrid MOF nanomedicine, which encapsulated a hypoxia-activated prodrug (tirapazamine, TPZ), by enhancing its colloidal stability and pharmacokinetics. The loaded TPZ was rapidly released from the nanomedicine in response to the concentrated intracellular phosphate after cellular uptake, and was then converted into a potent anticancer drug in a hypoxic microenvironment exacerbated by continuous O2 consumption during PDT. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the synergistic PDT and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy exhibited enhanced antitumor therapeutic efficiency and superior antimetastatic effect, and effectively ablated the tumor without recurrence. Therefore, the sophisticated nanomedicine reported here, which eliminated cancer cells by inducing a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, showed translational potential in future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiali Ni
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaochang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University Huzhou Hospital, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoping Sheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuefeng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, N1 Shangcheng Road, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China.
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López-Peña G, Simón-Fuente S, Ortgies DH, Moliné MÁ, Martín Rodríguez E, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Ribagorda M. Eosin Y-Functionalized Upconverting Nanoparticles: Nanophotosensitizers and Deep Tissue Bioimaging Agents for Simultaneous Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010102. [PMID: 36612098 PMCID: PMC9817929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are promising theragnostic nanomaterials for simultaneous therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. We present two types of non-toxic eosin Y (EY) nanoconjugates derived from UCNPs as novel nanophotosensitizers (nano-PS) and deep-tissue bioimaging agents employing light at 800 nm. This excitation wavelength ensures minimum cell damage, since the absorption of water is negligible, and increases tissue penetration, enhancing the specificity of the photodynamic treatment (PDT). These UCNPs are uniquely qualified to fulfil three important roles: as nanocarriers, as energy-transfer materials, and as contrast agents. First, the UCNPs enable the transport of EY across the cell membrane of living HeLa cells that would not be possible otherwise. This cellular internalization facilitates the use of such EY-functionalized UCNPs as nano-PS and allows the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under 800 nm light inside the cell. This becomes possible due to the upconversion and energy transfer processes within the UCNPs, circumventing the excitation of EY by green light, which is incompatible with deep tissue applications. Moreover, the functionalized UCNPs present deep tissue NIR-II fluorescence under 808 nm excitation, thus demonstrating their potential as bioimaging agents in the NIR-II biological window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel López-Peña
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Simón-Fuente
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk H. Ortgies
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moliné
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Martín Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.M.R.); (F.S.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-497-68-89 (E.M.R.); +34-91-497-82-43 (F.S.-R.)
| | - Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.M.R.); (F.S.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-497-68-89 (E.M.R.); +34-91-497-82-43 (F.S.-R.)
| | - María Ribagorda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Rezende TKL, Barbosa HP, dos Santos LF, de O. Lima K, Alves de Matos P, Tsubone TM, Gonçalves RR, Ferrari JL. Upconversion rare Earths nanomaterials applied to photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. Front Chem 2022; 10:1035449. [PMID: 36465861 PMCID: PMC9713237 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1035449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Light-based therapies and diagnoses including photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been used in many fields of medicine, including the treatment of non-oncological diseases and many types of cancer. PDT require a light source and a light-sensitive compound, called photosensitizer (PS), to detect and destroy cancer cells. After absorption of the photon, PS molecule gets excited from its singlet ground state to a higher electronically excited state which, among several photophysical processes, can emit light (fluorescence) and/or generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the biological responses are activated only in specific areas of the tissue that have been submitted to exposure to light. The success of the PDT depends on many parameters, such as deep light penetration on tissue, higher PS uptake by undesired cells as well as its photophysical and photochemical characteristics. One of the challenges of PDT is the depth of penetration of light into biological tissues. Because photon absorption and scattering occur simultaneously, these processes depend directly on the light wavelength. Using PS that absorbs photons on "optical transparency windows" of biological tissues promises deeper penetration and less attenuation during the irradiation process. The traditional PS normally is excited by a higher energy photon (UV-Vis light) which has become the Achilles' heel in photodiagnosis and phototreatment of deep-seated tumors below the skin. Thus, the need to have an effective upconverter sensitizer agent is the property in which it absorbs light in the near-infrared (NIR) region and emits in the visible and NIR spectral regions. The red emission can contribute to the therapy and the green and NIR emission to obtain the image, for example. The absorption of NIR light by the material is very interesting because it allows greater penetration depth for in vivo bioimaging and can efficiently suppress autofluorescence and light scattering. Consequently, the penetration of NIR radiation is greater, activating the biophotoluminescent material within the cell. Thus, materials containing Rare Earth (RE) elements have a great advantage for these applications due to their attractive optical and physicochemical properties, such as several possibilities of excitation wavelengths - from UV to NIR, strong photoluminescence emissions, relatively long luminescence decay lifetimes (µs to ms), and high sensitivity and easy preparation. In resume, the relentless search for new systems continues. The contribution and understanding of the mechanisms of the various physicochemical properties presented by this system is critical to finding a suitable system for cancer treatment via PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís K. L. Rezende
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Inorgânicos com Terras Raras−DeMITeR, Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Helliomar P. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Inorgânicos com Terras Raras−DeMITeR, Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luiz F. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Materiais Luminescentes Micro e Nanoestruturados−Mater Lumen, Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo−(USP), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Karmel de O. Lima
- Laboratório de Materiais Luminescentes Micro e Nanoestruturados−Mater Lumen, Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo−(USP), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Matos
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Fotobiologia e Biomoléculas (LIFeBio), Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tayana M. Tsubone
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Fotobiologia e Biomoléculas (LIFeBio), Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rogéria R. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Materiais Luminescentes Micro e Nanoestruturados−Mater Lumen, Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo−(USP), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Jefferson L. Ferrari
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Materiais Inorgânicos com Terras Raras−DeMITeR, Instituto de Química−(IQ), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia−(UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
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7
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Rodrigues EM, Calvert ND, Crawford JC, Liu N, Shuhendler AJ, Hemmer E. Phytoglycogen Encapsulation of Lanthanide-Based Nanoparticles as an Optical Imaging Platform with Therapeutic Potential. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107130. [PMID: 35560500 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are largely sought-after for biomedical applications ranging from bioimaging to therapy. A straightforward strategy is proposed here using the naturally sourced polymer phytoglycogen to coencapsulate UCNPs with hydrophobic photosensitizers as an optical imaging platform and light-induced therapeutic agents. The resulting multifunctional sub-micrometer-sized luminescent beads are shown to be cytocompatible as carrier materials, which encourages the assessment of their potential in biomedical applications. The loading of UCNPs of various elemental compositions enables multicolor hyperspectral imaging of the UCNP-loaded beads, endowing these materials with the potential to serve as luminescent tags for multiplexed imaging or simultaneous detection of different moieties under near-infrared (NIR) excitation. Coencapsulation of UCNPs and Rose Bengal opens the door for potential application of these microcarriers for collagen crosslinking. Alternatively, coloading UCNPs with Chlorin e6 enables NIR-light triggered generation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, the developed encapsulation methodology offers a straightforward and noncytotoxic strategy yielding water-dispersible UCNPs while preserving their bright and color-tunable upconversion emission that would allow them to fulfill their potential as multifunctional platforms for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emille M Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicholas D Calvert
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Justin C Crawford
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR), University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6X1, Canada
| | - Eva Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR), University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6X1, Canada
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8
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NIR-II phototherapy agents with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for tumor imaging and therapy. Biomaterials 2022; 285:121535. [PMID: 35487066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As one of the major public health concerns, malignant tumors threaten people's lives. With the increasing demand for early accurate diagnosis and the safe treatment of tumors, non-invasive optical imaging (including fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic imaging) and phototherapy (including photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy) have received much attention. In particular, light in the near-infrared second region (NIR-II) has been attracting research interest, owing to its deep penetration, minimal tissue autofluorescence, and decreased tissue absorption and scattering. Among all biological materials, organic nanomaterials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties have attracted significant attention, owing to various incomparable advantages, such as high brightness, good photostability, tunable photophysical properties, and good biosafety. To modulate the working optical region of AIE molecules to the NIR-II region, many researchers have tried a variety of methods in recent years, and the focus of this review is to summarize the three most common methods from the perspective of molecular design strategies. In addition, this article briefly reviews the recent five-year progress of NIR-II AIE luminophores in tumor imaging and phototherapy applications. The research status is also summarized and prospected, with the hope of contributing to further research.
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Liu ZY, Tang XY, Huang C, Zhang J, Huang WQ, Ye Y. 808 nm NIR-triggered Camellia sapogein/curcumin based antibacterial upconversion nanoparticles for synergistic photodynamic-chemical combined therapy. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) based photodynamic-chemical combined therapy (UCNP-aPCCT) provides an ideal method to solve the antibiotic-resistant bacteria in deep-tissue infection. Saponin is a kind natural product exhibiting promising antibacterial...
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10
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Du Y, Liu D, Du Y. Recent advances in hepatocellular carcinoma therapeutic strategies and imaging-guided treatment. J Drug Target 2021; 30:287-301. [PMID: 34727794 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1999963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant cancer in the world, which greatly threatens human health. However, the routine treatment strategies for HCC have failed to specifically eradicate the tumorigenic cells, leading to the occurrence of metastasis and recurrence. To improve treatment efficacies, the development of novel effective technologies is urgently required. Recently, nanotechnologies have gained the extensive attention in cancer targeted therapy, which could provide a promising way for HCC clinical practice. However, a successful cancer management depends on accurate diagnosis of the tumour along with precise therapeutic protocol, thereby predicting the tumour response to existing therapies. The synergistic effect of targeted therapeutic systems and imaging approaches (also called 'imaging-guided cancer treatment') may establish a more effective platform for individual cancer care. This review outlines the recent advanced nano-targeted and -traceable therapeutic strategies for HCC management. The multifunctional nano agents that have both diagnosis and therapy abilities are highlighted. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on the future development and challenges of HCC nanotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Liu YQ, Qin LY, Li HJ, Wang YX, Zhang R, Shi JM, Wu JH, Dong GX, Zhou P. Application of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles for cancer treatment: a review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2207-2242. [PMID: 34533048 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the excellent ability to transform near-infrared light to localized visible or UV light, thereby achieving deep tissue penetration, lanthanide ion-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) have emerged as one of the most striking nanoscale materials for more effective and safer cancer treatment. Up to now, UCNPs combined with photosensitive components have been widely used in the delivery of chemotherapy drugs, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Applications in these directions are reviewed in this article. We also highlight microenvironmental tumor monitoring and precise targeted therapies. Then we briefly summarize some new trends and the existing challenges for UCNPs. We hope this review can provide new ideas for future cancer treatment based on UCNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Liu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Li-Ying Qin
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong-Jiao Li
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yi-Xi Wang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jia-Min Shi
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jin-Hua Wu
- Department of Materials Science, School of Physical Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials & Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Gen-Xi Dong
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ping Zhou
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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12
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Kumar B, Malhotra K, Fuku R, Van Houten J, Qu GY, Piunno PA, Krull UJ. Recent trends in the developments of analytical probes based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Liaw JW, Kuo CY, Tsai SW. The Effect of Quasi-Spherical Gold Nanoparticles on Two-Photon Induced Reactive Oxygen Species for Cell Damage. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051180. [PMID: 33946156 PMCID: PMC8145056 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The performance of quasi-spherical gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause cell damage, as irradiated by a two-photon laser, is studied. In this mechanism, hot electrons are generated from GNPs as irradiated by the two-photon laser, reacting with the molecules in the medium to produce ROS. We used laser scanning confocal microscopy with a low-fluence femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser of 800 nm to observe the generated ROS in A431 cells, which were incubated with GNPs in advance. Subsequently, the cell morphology, cytoskeleton, and viability were investigated. In comparison with the control (no GNPs), the expression of ROS in these GNP-treated cells was enhanced after irradiation by the two-photon laser. Additionally, the disruption of cytoskeletons and the follow-up apoptosis of these GNP-treated cells are significantly increased as the number of laser shots increases. Moreover, we used N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, to inhibit the formation of ROS, to clarify whether the cytoskeletal disruption is caused by ROS rather than photothermal effects. Our results show that after two-photon irradiation, the ROS expression in these cells treated with GNPs plus NAC was significantly reduced. In addition, the cytoskeletal damage of these cells treated with GNPs and NAC was less than that of those treated with GNPs but without NAC; their cell viability after three days was almost the same with the control. These results illustrate that the induced ROS from the two-photon excited GNPs is the main cause of cell damage. The study may pave a way for the use of GNPs as a photosensitized therapeutic agent for two-photon photodynamic therapy on tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Woei Liaw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
- Medical Physics Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Proton and Radiation Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan;
| | - Shiao-Wen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan;
- Department of Periodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105406, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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14
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Pham KY, Wang LC, Hsieh CC, Hsu YP, Chang LC, Su WP, Chien YH, Yeh CS. 1550 nm excitation-responsive upconversion nanoparticles to establish dual-photodynamic therapy against pancreatic tumors. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:694-709. [PMID: 33367451 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02655g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The second near-infrared biological window b (NIR-IIb, 1500-1700 nm) is recently considered as the promising region for deeper tissue penetration. Herein, a nanocarrier for 1550 nm light-responsive dual-photodynamic therapy (PDT) is developed to efficiently boost singlet oxygen (1O2) generation. The dual-photosensitizers (PSs), rose bengal (RB) and chlorin e6 (Ce6), are carried by the silica-coated core-shell LiYbF4:Er@LiGdF4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), forming UCNP/RB,Ce6. Following 1550 nm laser irradiation, the upconversion emission of UCNP/RB,Ce6 in both green (∼550 nm) and red (∼670 nm) colors is fully utilized to activate RB and Ce6, respectively. The simultaneous triggering of dual-PS generates an abundant amount of 1O2 resulting in boosted PDT efficacy. This dual-PDT nanocarrier presents an enhanced anticancer effect under single dose treatment in comparison with the single-PS ones from in vitro and in vivo treatments. The marriage between the boosted dual-PDT and 1550 nm light excitation is anticipated to provide a new avenue for non-invasive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang-Yen Pham
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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15
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Idiago-López J, Moreno-Antolín E, de la Fuente JM, Fratila RM. Nanoparticles and bioorthogonal chemistry joining forces for improved biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1261-1292. [PMID: 36132873 PMCID: PMC9419263 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00873g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry comprises chemical reactions that can take place inside complex biological environments, providing outstanding tools for the investigation and elucidation of biological processes. Its use in combination with nanotechnology can lead to further developments in diverse areas of biomedicine, such as molecular bioimaging, targeted delivery, in situ drug activation, study of cell-nanomaterial interactions, biosensing, etc. Here, we summarise the recent efforts to bring together the unique properties of nanoparticles and the remarkable features of bioorthogonal reactions to create a toolbox of new or improved biomedical applications. We show how, by joining forces, bioorthogonal chemistry and nanotechnology can overcome some of the key current limitations in the field of nanomedicine, providing better, faster and more sensitive nanoparticle-based bioimaging and biosensing techniques, as well as therapeutic nanoplatforms with superior efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Idiago-López
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Antolín
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
| | - Raluca M Fratila
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Spain
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16
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Devi S, Luwang MN. Deciphering the role of temperature in Li + co-dopant occupancy in BaYF 5:Yb 3+,Er 3+ up-converting nanocrystals and its structure-property relationship. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094707. [PMID: 33685140 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision engineering of defects in luminescent nanoscale crystalline materials with lesser controls to design is an area of interest in engineering materials with desired properties. Li+ co-doped BaYF5 nanocrystals were engineered, and temperature as controls for determining the co-dopant occupancies in the host lattice is studied. An observed enhancement in the up-conversion photoluminescence results from the co-dopant occupancy at Ba2+ sites via substitution through the hot injection method, whereas for samples prepared using co-precipitation, photoluminescence quenching was observed, which can be correlated with the Li+ occupancy at the interstitial site near Er3+ and also due to the incorporation of OH-. The crystal lattice deformation as a result of doping and the mechanism for the observed enhancement/quenching of luminescence are studied using x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy transfer mechanism. Cytotoxicity assay and photoluminescence studies of the synthesized nanocrystals confirm that the material is biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Meitram Niraj Luwang
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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17
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Uptake of Polyelectrolyte Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles by Tau-Aggregated Neuron Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010102. [PMID: 33466898 PMCID: PMC7829809 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathy is the aggregation phenomenon of tau proteins and associated with neurodegenerative diseases. It metastasizes via the transfer of tau aggregates to adjacent neuron cells; however, the mechanism has not yet been fully understood. Moreover, if the materials used for designing drug delivery system to treat such neurodegenerative diseases do not undergo biodegradation or exocytosis but remains in cells or tissues, they raise concerns about their possible negative impacts. In this study, the uptake and delivery mechanisms of nano-sized carriers in tau aggregated neuron cells were investigated employing polyelectrolyte-functionalized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) of diameter ~100 nm. Investigation through bioimaging was carried out by irradiating the particles with near-infrared light. Here, forskolin and okadaic acid were employed to induce tau aggregation into healthy neuron cells. It was noticed that the tau-aggregated neuron cells, when treated with relatively large sized UCNPs, showed uptake efficiency similar to that of normal neuron cells however their intracellular transport and exocytosis were impacted, and most of the carriers remained accumulated around lysosome. This demonstrates that metastasis mechanisms of tauopathy can get influenced by the size of carriers and are to be considered during their pharmacokinetic studies which is often not addressed in many drug delivery studies.
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18
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Liang G, Wang H, Shi H, Wang H, Zhu M, Jing A, Li J, Li G. Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:154. [PMID: 33121496 PMCID: PMC7596946 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional lanthanide-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which feature efficiently convert low-energy photons into high-energy photons, have attracted considerable attention in the domain of materials science and biomedical applications. Due to their unique photophysical properties, including light-emitting stability, excellent upconversion luminescence efficiency, low autofluorescence, and high detection sensitivity, and high penetration depth in samples, UCNPs have been widely applied in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, imaging and theranostics. In this review, we briefly introduced the major components of UCNPs and the luminescence mechanism. Then, we compared several common design synthesis strategies and presented their advantages and disadvantages. Several examples of the functionalization of UCNPs were given. Next, we detailed their biological applications in bioimaging and disease treatment, particularly drug delivery and photodynamic therapy, including antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Finally, the future practical applications in materials science and biomedical fields, as well as the remaining challenges to UCNPs application, were described. This review provides useful practical information and insights for the research on and application of UCNPs in the field of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Liang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Haojie Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin,, 300350, China
| | - Mengxi Zhu
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Aihua Jing
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Guangda Li
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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19
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Das SS, Bharadwaj P, Bilal M, Barani M, Rahdar A, Taboada P, Bungau S, Kyzas GZ. Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Theragnosis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1397. [PMID: 32580366 PMCID: PMC7362228 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, polymeric nanocarriers have been recognized as promising tools and have gained attention from researchers for their potential to efficiently deliver bioactive compounds, including drugs, proteins, genes, nucleic acids, etc., in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Remarkably, these polymeric nanocarriers could be further modified as stimuli-responsive systems based on the mechanism of triggered release, i.e., response to a specific stimulus, either endogenous (pH, enzymes, temperature, redox values, hypoxia, glucose levels) or exogenous (light, magnetism, ultrasound, electrical pulses) for the effective biodistribution and controlled release of drugs or genes at specific sites. Various nanoparticles (NPs) have been functionalized and used as templates for imaging systems in the form of metallic NPs, dendrimers, polymeric NPs, quantum dots, and liposomes. The use of polymeric nanocarriers for imaging and to deliver active compounds has attracted considerable interest in various cancer therapy fields. So-called smart nanopolymer systems are built to respond to certain stimuli such as temperature, pH, light intensity and wavelength, and electrical, magnetic and ultrasonic fields. Many imaging techniques have been explored including optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging, ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). This review reports on the most recent developments in imaging methods by analyzing examples of smart nanopolymers that can be imaged using one or more imaging techniques. Unique features, including nontoxicity, water solubility, biocompatibility, and the presence of multiple functional groups, designate polymeric nanocues as attractive nanomedicine candidates. In this context, we summarize various classes of multifunctional, polymeric, nano-sized formulations such as liposomes, micelles, nanogels, and dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India;
| | - Priyanshu Bharadwaj
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76175-133, Iran;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Condensed Matter Physics Area, Particle Physics Department Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece
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