Engineering defected 2D Pd/H-TiO2 nanosonosensitizers for hypoxia alleviation and enhanced sono-chemodynamic cancer nanotherapy

Novel Self-Powered Biosensor Based on Au Nanoparticles @ Pd Nanorings and Catalytic Hairpin Assembly for Ultrasensitive miRNA-21 Assay

An ultrasensitive self-powered biosensor is constructed for miRNA-21 detection based on Au nanoparticles @ Pd nanorings (Au NPs@Pd NRs) and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA). The Au NPs@Pd NRs possess excellent electrical conductivity to improve the electron transfer rate and show good elimination of byproduct H2O2 to assist glucose oxidase (GOD) to catalyze glucose; CHA is used as an amplification strategy to effectively enhance the sensitivity of the biosensor. To further amplify the output signal, a capacitor is integrated into the self-powered biosensor. With multiple signal amplification strategies, the self-powered biosensor possesses a linear range of 0.1-10-4 fM and a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.032 fM (S/N = 3). In addition, the as-prepared self-powered biosensor displays potential applicability in the assay toward miRNA-21 in human serum samples.

Oxygen-defect bismuth oxychloride nanosheets for ultrasonic cavitation effect enhanced sonodynamic and second near-infrared photo-induced therapy of breast cancer

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) relies heavily on the presence of oxygen to induce cell death. Its effectiveness is thus diminished in the hypoxic regions of tumor tissue. To address this issue, the exploration of ultrasound-based synergistic treatment modalities has become a significant research focus. Here, we report an ultrasonic cavitation effect enhanced sonodynamic and 1208 nm photo-induced cancer treatment strategy based on thermoelectric/piezoelectric oxygen-defect bismuth oxychloride nanosheets (BNs) to realize the high-performance eradication of tumors. Upon ultrasonic irradiation, the local high temperature and high pressure generated by the ultrasonic cavitation effect combined with the thermoelectric and piezoelectric effects of BNs create a built-in electric field. This facilitates the separation of carriers, increasing their mobility and extending their lifetimes, thereby greatly improving the effectiveness of SDT and NIR-Ⅱ phototherapy on hypoxia. The Tween-20 modified BNs (TBNs) demonstrate ∼88.6 % elimination rate against deep-seated tumor cells under hypoxic conditions. In vivo experiments confirm the excellent antitumor efficacy of TBNs, achieving complete tumor elimination within 10 days with no recurrences. Furthermore, due to the high X-ray attenuation of Bi and excellent NIR-Ⅱ absorption, TBNs enable precise cancer diagnosis through photoacoustic (PA) imaging and computed tomography (CT).

Ultrasound-Based Micro-/Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications

Due to the intrinsic non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, high safety, and real-time capabilities, besides diagnostic imaging, ultrasound as a typical mechanical wave has been extensively developed as a physical tool for versatile biomedical applications. Especially, the prosperity of nanotechnology and nanomedicine invigorates the landscape of ultrasound-based medicine. The unprecedented surge in research enthusiasm and dedicated efforts have led to a mass of multifunctional micro-/nanosystems being applied in ultrasound biomedicine, facilitating precise diagnosis, effective treatment, and personalized theranostics. The effective deployment of versatile ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems in biomedical applications is rooted in a profound understanding of the relationship among composition, structure, property, bioactivity, application, and performance. In this comprehensive review, we elaborate on the general principles regarding the design, synthesis, functionalization, and optimization of ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for abundant biomedical applications. In particular, recent advancements in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for diagnostic imaging are meticulously summarized. Furthermore, we systematically elucidate state-of-the-art studies concerning recent progress in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for therapeutic applications targeting various pathological abnormalities including cancer, bacterial infection, brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases. Finally, we conclude and provide an outlook on this research field with an in-depth discussion of the challenges faced and future developments for further extensive clinical translation and application.

A Distinctive Insight into Inorganic Sonosensitizers: Design Principles and Application Domains

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) as a promising non-invasive anti-tumor means features the preferable penetration depth, which nevertheless, usually can't work without sonosensitizers. Sonosensitizers produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of ultrasound to directly kill tumor cells, and concurrently activate anti-tumor immunity especially after integration with tumor microenvironment (TME)-engineered nanobiotechnologies and combined therapy. Current sonosensitizers are classified into organic and inorganic ones, and current most reviews only cover organic sonosensitizers and highlighted their anti-tumor applications. However, there have few specific reviews that focus on inorganic sonosensitizers including their design principles, microenvironment regulation, etc. In this review, inorganic sonosensitizers are first classified according to their design rationales rather than composition, and the action rationales and underlying chemistry features are highlighted. Afterward, what and how TME is regulated based on the inorganic sonosensitizers-based SDT nanoplatform with an emphasis on the TME targets-engineered nanobiotechnologies are elucidated. Additionally, the combined therapy and their applications in non-cancer diseases are also outlined. Finally, the setbacks and challenges, and proposed the potential solutions and future directions is pointed out. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed horizon on inorganic sonosensitizers, and will arouse more attentions on SDT.

Bimetallic nanoplatform for synergistic sonodynamic-calcium overload therapy utilizing self-supplied hydrogen peroxide and relieved hypoxia

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a potential alternative to traditional cancer treatments as it offers deep cellular penetration and reduced invasivity. Sonosensitizers generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasound activation, focusing the ultrasound energy on malignant sites located deep in tissues and causing cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, due to tumor hypoxia and the limited levels of intracellular endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a fundamental species for supplying oxygen via catalase activity), SDT efficacy is still insufficient. In this study, a bimetallic and multifunctional system (Fe3O4-TAPP@PVP-CaO2) was prepared by using ferrosoferric oxide (Fe3O4) as a carrier loaded with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl), porphyrin (TAPP), that was then coated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and calcium peroxide (CaO2). The CaO2 layer elevated the levels of H2O2 and Ca2+ in the tumor microenvironment when exposed to intracellular acidity, providing essential elements for oxygen generation. Intracellular hypoxia was alleviated via the catalase-like activity of Fe3O4 inducing calcium overload. Under ultrasonic irradiation, SDT generated toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS, singlet oxygen) and activated calcium influx through acoustic cavitation. Meanwhile, calcium overload therapy efficiently induced cell apoptosis at the moment of uncontrollable cellular accumulation of Ca2+. In addition, we modified the PVP on the surface to make it more stable. This study presents a bimetallic nanoplatform that can efficiently induce cancer cell death by synergistic sonodynamic-calcium overload therapy via modulation of O2/ROS/Ca2+ species, indicating its potential for multi-modality cancer therapy.

Nanomedicine/materdicine-enabled sonocatalytic therapy

The advent of numerous treatment modalities with desirable therapeutic efficacy has been made possible by the fast development of nanomedicine and materdicine, among which the ultrasound (US)-triggered sonocatalytic process as minimal or non-invasive method has been frequently employed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In comparison to phototherapeutic approaches with inherent penetration depth limitations, sonocatalytic therapy shatters the depth limit of photoactivation and offers numerous remarkable prospects and advantages, including mitigated side effects and appropriate tissue-penetration depth. Nevertheless, the optimization of sonosensitizers and therapies remains a significant issue in terms of precision, intelligence and efficiency. In light of the fact that nanomedicine and materdicine can effectively enhance the theranostic efficiency, we herein aim to furnish a cutting-edge review on the latest progress and development of nanomedicine/materdicine-enabled sonocatalytic therapy. The design methodologies and biological features of nanomedicine/materdicine-based sonosensitizers are initially introduced to reveal the underlying relationship between composition/structure, sonocatalytic function and biological effect, in accompany with a thorough discussion of nanomedicine/materdicine-enabled synergistic therapy. Ultimately, the facing challenges and future perspectives of this intriguing sonocatalytic therapy are highlighted and outlined to promote technological advancements and clinical translation in efficient disease treatment.

Strategies to Reverse Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment for Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a highly effective modality for the treatment of malignant tumors owing to its powerful penetration ability, noninvasiveness, site-confined irradiation, and excellent therapeutic efficacy. However, the traditional SDT, which relies on oxygen availability, often fails to generate a satisfactory level of reactive oxygen species because of the widespread issue of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment of solid tumors. To address this challenge, various approaches are developed to alleviate hypoxia and improve the efficiency of SDT. These strategies aim to either increase oxygen supply or prevent hypoxia exacerbation, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of SDT. In view of this, the current review provides an overview of these strategies and their underlying principles, focusing on the circulation of oxygen from consumption to external supply. The detailed research examples conducted using these strategies in combination with SDT are also discussed. Additionally, this review highlights the future prospects and challenges of the hypoxia-alleviated SDT, along with the key considerations for future clinical applications. These considerations include the development of efficient oxygen delivery systems, the accurate methods for hypoxia detection, and the exploration of combination therapies to optimize SDT outcomes.

Sonocatalytic Optimization of Titanium-Based Therapeutic Nanomedicine

Recent considerable technological advances in ultrasound-based treatment modality provides a magnificent prospect for scientific communities to conquer the related diseases, which is featured with remarkable tissue penetration, non-invasive and non-thermal characteristics. As one of the critical elements that influences treatment outcomes, titanium (Ti)-based sonosensitizers with distinct physicochemical properties and exceptional sonodynamic efficiency have been applied extensively in the field of nanomedical applications. To date, a myriad of methodologies has been designed to manipulate the sonodynamic performance of titanium-involved nanomedicine and further enhance the productivity of reactive oxygen species for disease treatments. In this comprehensive review, the sonocatalytic optimization of diversified Ti-based nanoplatforms, including defect engineering, plasmon resonance modulation, heterojunction, modulating tumor microenvironment, as well as the development of synergistic therapeutic modalities is mainly focused. The state-of-the-art Ti-based nanoplatforms ranging from preparation process to the extensive medical applications are summarized and highlighted, with the goal of elaborating on future research prospects and providing a perspective on the bench-to-beside translation of these sonocatalytic optimization tactics. Furthermore, to spur further technological advancements in nanomedicine, the difficulties currently faced and the direction of sonocatalytic optimization of Ti-based therapeutic nanomedicine are proposed and outlooked.

Stimuli-responsive nanozymes for biomedical applications

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanozymes are regarded as excellent substitutes for natural enzymes due to their high activity, convenient preparation, low cost, robust stability and other unique properties of nanomaterials. In biomedical applications, the always-on activity of nanozymes is undesirable as it poses a potential threat to normal tissues. Stimuli-responsive nanozymes were designed to manipulate the activities of nanozymes. This review introduces two types of stimuli-responsive nanozymes. One is smart responsive nanozymes with stimuli-switchable activities, further divided into those with on/off switchable activity and one/another switchable activity. Another is nanozymes exhibiting responsive release from specific carriers. Additionally, the biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive nanozymes in cancer therapy, antibacterial therapy, biosensing and anti-inflammatory therapy are briefly reviewed. Finally, we address the challenges and prospects in this field.

Research progress on reactive oxygen species production mechanisms in tumor sonodynamic therapy

In recent years, because of the growing desire to improve the noninvasiveness and safety of tumor treatments, sonodynamic therapy has gradually become a popular research topic. However, due to the complexity of the therapeutic process, the relevant mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. One of the widely accepted possibilities involves the effect of reactive oxygen species. In this review, the mechanism of reactive oxygen species production by sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and ways to enhance the sonodynamic production of reactive oxygen species are reviewed. Then, the clinical application and limitations of SDT are discussed. In conclusion, current research on sonodynamic therapy should focus on the development of sonosensitizers that efficiently produce active oxygen, exhibit biological safety, and promote the clinical transformation of sonodynamic therapy.

Research progress on reactive oxygen species production mechanisms in tumor sonodynamic therapy

In recent years, because of the growing desire to improve the noninvasiveness and safety of tumor treatments, sonodynamic therapy has gradually become a popular research topic. However, due to the complexity of the therapeutic process, the relevant mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. One of the widely accepted possibilities involves the effect of reactive oxygen species. In this review, the mechanism of reactive oxygen species production by sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and ways to enhance the sonodynamic production of reactive oxygen species are reviewed. Then, the clinical application and limitations of SDT are discussed. In conclusion, current research on sonodynamic therapy should focus on the development of sonosensitizers that efficiently produce active oxygen, exhibit biological safety, and promote the clinical transformation of sonodynamic therapy.

Nanozyme: a rising star for cancer therapy

In recent years, nanozymes have attracted enormous attention due to their effectiveness in promoting various catalytic reactions. To date, thousands of nanozymes have been discovered, including oxidase-like nanozymes, peroxidase-like nanozymes, and catalase-like nanozymes, covering noble metal, transition metal, and carbon nanomaterials. These nanozymes have been widely applied in various fields, including environmental protection, biosensing and nanomedicine. There are many reviews about this rising star being used in analytical chemistry. However, few works about nanozymes were related to cancer therapy. In this study, we comprehensively summarize the latest research advances on the strategies for cancer therapy based on different nanozymes. With traditional cancer treatment (including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy), nanozyme catalytic therapy exhibited a synergistic effect for limiting the growth of tumors. Opportunities and trends for nanozymes in future cancer therapy are also discussed.

Recent Advances in Nanoplatform Construction Strategy for Alleviating Tumor Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a typical feature of most solid tumors and has important effects on tumor cells' proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This is the key factor that leads to poor efficacy of different kinds of therapy including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, etc. In recent years, the construction of hypoxia-relieving functional nanoplatforms through nanotechnology has become a new strategy to reverse the current situation of tumor microenvironment hypoxia and improve the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Here, the main strategies and recent progress in constructing nanoplatforms are focused on to directly carry oxygen, generate oxygen in situ, inhibit mitochondrial respiration, and enhance blood perfusion to alleviate tumor hypoxia. The advantages and disadvantages of these nanoplatforms are compared. Meanwhile, nanoplatforms based on organic and inorganic substances are also summarized and classified. Through the comprehensive overview, it is hoped that the summary of these nanoplatforms for alleviating hypoxia could provide new enlightenment and prospects for the construction of nanomaterials in this field.

Combined photothermal and sonodynamic therapy using a 2D black phosphorus nanosheets loaded coating for efficient bacterial inhibition and bone-implant integration

Surgical site infection (SSI) remains a major threat for implant failure in orthopedics. Herein, we report a dual-functional coating on Ti implants (named Ti/PDA/BP) with the integration of two-dimensional (2D) photo-sono sensitive black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) and polydopamine (PDA) for efficient bacterial inhibition and bone-implant integration. For the first time, we employ BPNSs as generators of reactive radicals (ROS) under ultrasound (US) stimuli for implant associated infection. Additionally, the application of PDA improves the stability of BPNSs, the biocompatibility and photothermal performance of this hybrid coating. The as-prepared Ti/PDA/BP coating exhibits superior biocompatibility, bioactivity, photothermal and sonodynamic conversion abilities. Owing to the synergistic effect of hyperthermia and ·OH, Ti/PDA/BP damages the membrane and antioxidant system of Staphylococcus aureus, reaching a high antibacterial activity of 96.6% in vitro and 97.3% in vivo with rapid 10 min NIR irradiation and 20 min US treatment. In addition, we firstly unveil the significant effect of Ti/PDA/BP-based sonodynamic therapy (SDT) on bacterial membrane and oxidative stress at the transcriptome level. Moreover, the Ti/PDA/BP coating remarkably promotes osteogenesis in vitro and bone-implant osseointegration in vivo. Overall, development of Ti/PDA/BP bioactive coating provides a new strategy for combating the implant associated infection.

Single Atom-Doped Nanosonosensitizers for Mutually Optimized Sono/Chemo-Nanodynamic Therapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) represents a promising therapeutic modality for treating breast cancer, which relies on the generation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce oxidative stress damage. However, mutant breast cancers, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), have evolved to acquire specific antioxidant defense functions, significantly limiting the killing efficiency of SDT. Herein, the authors have engineered a distinct single copper atom-doped titanium dioxide (Cu/TiO2 ) nanosonosensitizer with highly catalytic and sonosensitive activities for synergistic chemodynamic and sonodynamic treatment of TNBC. The single-atom Cu is anchored on the most stable Ti vacancies of hollow TiO2 sonosensitizers, which not only substantially improved the catalytic activity of Cu-mediated Fenton-like reaction, but also considerably augmented the sonodynamic efficiency of TiO2 by facilitating the separation of electrons (e- ) and holes (h+ ). Both the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the engineered single atom-doped nanosonosensitizers effectively achieved the significantly inhibitory effect of TNBC, providing a therapeutic paradigm for non-invasive and safe tumor elimination through the mutual process of sono/chemo-nanodynamic therapy based on multifunctional single-atom nanosonosensitizers.

Computational Biomaterials: Computational Simulations for Biomedicine

With the flourishing development of material simulation methods (quantum chemistry methods, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, phase field, etc.), extensive adoption of computing technologies (high-throughput, artificial intelligence, machine learning, etc.), and the invention of high-performance computing equipment, computational simulation tools have sparked the fundamental mechanism-level explorations to predict the diverse physicochemical properties and biological effects of biomaterials and investigate their enormous application potential for disease prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Herein, the term "computational biomaterials" is proposed and the computational methods currently used to explore the inherent properties of biomaterials, such as optical, magnetic, electronic, and acoustic properties, and the elucidation of corresponding biological behaviors/effects in the biomedical field are summarized/discussed. The theoretical calculation of the physiochemical properties/biological performance of biomaterials applied in disease diagnosis, drug delivery, disease therapeutics, and specific paradigms such as biomimetic biomaterials is discussed. Additionally, the biosafety evaluation applications of theoretical simulations of biomaterials are presented. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of such computational simulations for biomaterials development are clarified. It is anticipated that these simulations would offer various methodologies for facilitating the development and future clinical translations/utilization of versatile biomaterials.

Multifunctional nanomedicines-enabled chemodynamic-synergized multimodal tumor therapy via Fenton and Fenton-like reactions

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is well-known for using the tumor microenvironment to activate the Fenton reaction or Fenton-like reaction to generate strong oxidative hydroxyl radicals for tumor-specific treatment. It is highly selective and safe, without depth limitation of tissue penetration, and shows its potential as a new green therapeutic method with great clinical application. However, the catalytic efficiency of reagents involved in the Fenton reaction is severely affected by the inherent microenvironmental limitations of tumors and the strict Fenton reaction-dependent conditions. With the increasing application of nanotechnology in the medical field, combined therapies based on different types of functional nanomaterials have opened up new avenues for the development of next-generation CDT-enhanced system. This review will comprehensively exemplify representative results of combined therapies of CDT with other antitumor therapies such as chemotherapy, phototherapy, sonodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, immunotherapy, starvation therapy, gas therapy, gene therapy, oncosis therapy, or a combination thereof for improving antitumor efficiency from hundreds of the latest literature, introduce strategies such as the ingenious design of nanomedicines and tumor microenvironment regulations to enhance the combination therapy, and further summarize the challenges and future perspective of CDT-based multimodal anticancer therapy.

Newly developed gas-assisted sonodynamic therapy in cancer treatment

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging noninvasive treatment modality that utilizes low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound (US) to trigger sensitizers to kill tumor cells with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although SDT has attracted much attention for its properties including high tumor specificity and deep tissue penetration, its anticancer efficacy is still far from satisfactory. As a result, new strategies such as gas-assisted therapy have been proposed to further promote the effectiveness of SDT. In this review, the mechanisms of SDT and gas-assisted SDT are first summarized. Then, the applications of gas-assisted SDT for cancer therapy are introduced and categorized by gas types. Next, therapeutic systems for SDT that can realize real-time imaging are further presented. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of gas-assisted SDT for future clinical applications are discussed.

Harnessing inorganic nanomaterials for chemodynamic cancer therapy

The most important aspect of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is the harnessing of Fenton or Fenton-like chemistry for cancer therapy within the tumor microenvironment, which occurs because of the moderate acidity and overexpressed H₂O₂ in the tumor microenvironment. Hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) produced within tumor cells via Fenton and Fenton-like reactions cause cancer cell death. Reactive oxygen species-mediated CDT demonstrates a desired anticancer impact without the need for external stimulation or the development of drug resistance. Cancer therapy based on CDT is known as a viable cancer therapy modality. This review discusses the most recent CDT advancements and provides some typical instances. As a result, potential methods for further improving CDT efficiency under the guidance of Fenton chemistry are offered.

Rational Nanomedicine Design Enhances Clinically Physical Treatment-Inspired or Combined Immunotherapy

Independent of tumor type and non-invasive or minimally-invasive feature, current physical treatments including ultrasound therapy, microwave ablation (MWA), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are widely used as the local treatment methods in clinics for directly killing tumors and activating systematic immune responses. However, the activated immune responses are inadequate and incompetent for tumor recession, and the incomplete thermal ablation even aggravates the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM), resulting in the intractable tumor recurrence and metastasis. Intriguingly, nanomedicine provides a powerful platform as they can elevate energy utilization efficiency and augment oncolytic effects for mitigating ITM and potentiating the systematic immune responses. Especially after combining with clinical immunotherapy, the anti-tumor killing effect by activating or enhancing the human anti-tumor immune system is reached, enabling the effective prevention against tumor recurrence and metastasis. This review systematically introduces the cutting-edge progress and direction of nanobiotechnologies and their corresponding nanomaterials. Moreover, the enhanced physical treatment efficiency against tumor progression, relapse, and metastasis via activating or potentiating the autologous immunity or combining with exogenous immunotherapeutic agents is exemplified, and their rationales are analyzed. This review offers general guidance or directions to enhance clinical physical treatment from the perspectives of immunity activation or magnification.

pH-Responsive Au@Pd bimetallic core-shell nanorods for enhanced synergistic targeted photothermal-augmented nanocatalytic therapy in the second near-infrared window

Nanotheranostic agents based on plasmonic nanostructures with their resonance wavelengths located in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) have gained significant attention in profound tumor photothermal therapy. However, the modulation of localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanomaterials from the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window to the NIR-II window is still challenging. The structures and compositions of the plasmonic nanomaterials have demonstrated promising characteristics in controlling the optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures. Here, gold nanorod (Au NR) coated with an ultrathin palladium (Pd) shell was developed for tumor-targeted NIR-II photothermal-augmented nanocatalytic therapy through the combination of compositional manipulation and structural evolution strategies. These Au@Pd core-shell hybrid NRs (HNRs) were functionalized with biocompatible chitosan (CS) to acquire lower toxicity and higher stability in physiological systems. Further, Au@Pd-CS HNRs were endowed with an excellent targeting ability by conjugating with folic acid (FA). The as-synthesized Au@Pd-CS-FA HNRs show efficient and complete photothermal ablation of tumor cells upon 1064 nm laser irradiation. The remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 69.0% was achieved, which is superior to many reported photothermal agents activated in the NIR-II region. Excitingly, Au@Pd-CS-FA HNRs have peroxidase and catalase activities, simultaneously producing ˙OH for catalytic therapy and O₂ for relieving tumor hypoxia and photodynamic therapy. Additionally, in vivo tumor photothermal therapy was carried out, where the biocompatible Au@Pd-CS-FA HNRs penetrate intensely into the tumor cells and consequently show remarkable therapeutic effects. The idea about plasmonic modulation behind the bimetallic core-shell nanostructure in this report can be extended to construct new classes of metal-based nanotheranostic agents with dual-modal combined therapy as an alternative to traditional chemotherapy.