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Hou Y, Zhu C, Ban G, Shen Z, Liang Y, Chen K, Wang C, Shi H. Advancements and Challenges in the Application of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Nanocomposites for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6295-6317. [PMID: 38919774 PMCID: PMC11198007 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s463144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer high biocompatibility, nanomaterial permeability, substantial specific surface area, and well-defined pores. These properties make MOFs valuable in biomedical applications, including biological targeting and drug delivery. They also play a critical role in tumor diagnosis and treatment, including tumor cell targeting, identification, imaging, and therapeutic methods such as drug delivery, photothermal effects, photodynamic therapy, and immunogenic cell death. The diversity of MOFs with different metal centers, organics, and surface modifications underscores their multifaceted contributions to tumor research and treatment. This review is a summary of these roles and mechanisms. The final section of this review summarizes the current state of the field and discusses prospects that may bring MOFs closer to pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Hou
- School of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medical College, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Ban
- School of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhean Shen
- Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingbing Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering Tottori University Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenbo Wang
- School of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Shi
- Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China
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Shano LB, Karthikeyan S, Kennedy LJ, Chinnathambi S, Pandian GN. MOFs for next-generation cancer therapeutics through a biophysical approach-a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1397804. [PMID: 38938982 PMCID: PMC11208718 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1397804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising nanocarriers for cancer treatment due to their unique properties. Featuring high porosity, extensive surface area, chemical stability, and good biocompatibility, MOFs are ideal for efficient drug delivery, targeted therapy, and controlled release. They can be designed to target specific cellular organelles to disrupt metabolic processes in cancer cells. Additionally, functionalization with enzymes mimics their catalytic activity, enhancing photodynamic therapy and overcoming apoptosis resistance in cancer cells. The controllable and regular structure of MOFs, along with their tumor microenvironment responsiveness, make them promising nanocarriers for anticancer drugs. These carriers can effectively deliver a wide range of drugs with improved bioavailability, controlled release rate, and targeted delivery efficiency compared to alternatives. In this article, we review both experimental and computational studies focusing on the interaction between MOFs and drug, explicating the release mechanisms and stability in physiological conditions. Notably, we explore the relationship between MOF structure and its ability to damage cancer cells, elucidating why MOFs are excellent candidates for bio-applicability. By understanding the problem and exploring potential solutions, this review provides insights into the future directions for harnessing the full potential of MOFs, ultimately leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Bernet Shano
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramani Karthikeyan
- Centre for Healthcare Advancement, Innovation and Research, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lourdusamy John Kennedy
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugavel Chinnathambi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yang Y, Wang N, Yan F, Shi Z, Feng S. Metal-organic frameworks as candidates for tumor sonodynamic therapy: Designable structures for targeted multifunctional transformation. Acta Biomater 2024; 181:67-97. [PMID: 38697383 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), utilizing ultrasound (US) as the trigger, has gained popularity recently as a therapeutic approach with significant potential for treating various diseases. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by structural flexibility, are prominently emerging in the SDT realm as an innovative type of sonosensitizer, offering functional tunability and biocompatibility. However, due to the inherent limitations of MOFs, such as low reactivity to reactive oxygen species and challenges posed by the complex tumor microenvironment, MOF-based sonosensitizers with singular functions are unable to demonstrate the desired therapeutic efficacy and may pose risks of toxicity, limiting their biological applications to superficial tissues. MOFs generally possess distinctive crystalline structures and properties, and their controlled coordination environments provide a flexible platform for exploring structure-effect relationships and guiding the design and development of MOF-based nanomaterials to unlock their broader potential in biological fields. The primary focus of this paper is to summarize cases involving the modification of different MOF materials and the innovative strategies developed for various complex conditions. The paper outlines the diverse application areas of functionalized MOF-based sonosensitizers in tumor synergistic therapies, highlighting the extensive prospects of SDT. Additionally, challenges confronting SDT are briefly summarized to stimulate increased scientific interest in the practical application of MOFs and the successful clinical translation of SDT. Through these discussions, we strive to foster advancements that lead to early-stage clinical benefits for patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. An overview for the progresses in SDT explored from a novel and fundamental perspective. 2. Different modification strategies to improve the MOFs-mediated SDT efficacy are provided. 3. Guidelines for the design of multifunctional MOFs-based sonosensitizers are offered. 4. Powerful tumor ablation potential is reflected in SDT-led synergistic therapies. 5. Future challenges in the field of MOFs-based SDT in clinical translation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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Picchi D, Biglione C, Horcajada P. Nanocomposites Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles and Metal-Organic Frameworks for Therapy, Diagnosis, and Theragnostics. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:85-114. [PMID: 38644966 PMCID: PMC11027209 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
In the last two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with highly tunable structure and porosity, have emerged as drug nanocarriers in the biomedical field. In particular, nanoscaled MOFs (nanoMOFs) have been widely investigated because of their potential biocompatibility, high drug loadings, and progressive release. To enhance their properties, MOFs have been combined with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to form magnetic nanocomposites (MNP@MOF) with additional functionalities. Due to the magnetic properties of the MNPs, their presence in the nanosystems enables potential combinatorial magnetic targeted therapy and diagnosis. In this Review, we analyze the four main synthetic strategies currently employed for the fabrication of MNP@MOF nanocomposites, namely, mixing, in situ formation of MNPs in presynthesized MOF, in situ formation of MOFs in the presence of MNPs, and layer-by-layer methods. Additionally, we discuss the current progress in bioapplications, focusing on drug delivery systems (DDSs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), and theragnostic systems. Overall, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the development and bioapplications of MNP@MOF nanocomposites, highlighting their potential for future biomedical applications with a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations of these nanocomposites in terms of their synthesis, characterization, biocompatibility, and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catalina Biglione
- Advanced Porous Materials
Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles, 28935 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Horcajada
- Advanced Porous Materials
Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles, 28935 Madrid, Spain
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Li B, Ashrafizadeh M, Jiao T. Biomedical application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in cancer therapy: Stimuli-responsive and biomimetic nanocomposites in targeted delivery, phototherapy and diagnosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129391. [PMID: 38242413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that has become a hot topic in cancer therapy. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials and hybrid composites consisted of organic linkers and metal cations. Despite the wide application of MOFs in other fields, the potential of MOFs for purpose of cancer therapy has been revealed by the recent studies. High surface area and porosity, significant drug loading and encapsulation efficiency are among the benefits of using MOFs in drug delivery. MOFs can deliver genes/drugs with selective targeting of tumor cells that can be achieved through functionalization with ligands. The photosensitizers and photo-responsive nanostructures including carbon dots and gold nanoparticles can be loaded in/on MOFs to cause phototherapy-mediated tumor ablation. The immunogenic cell death induction and increased infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can be accelerated by MOF platforms in providing immunotherapy of tumor cells. The stimuli-responsive MOF platforms responsive to pH, redox, enzyme and ion can accelerate release of therapeutics in tumor site. Moreover, MOF nanocomposites can be modified ligands and green polymers to improve their selectivity and biocompatibility for cancer therapy. The application of MOFs for the detection of cancer-related biomarkers can participate in the early diagnosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixu Li
- School of Policing Studies, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai 201701, China; Shanghai Fenglin Forensic Center, Shanghai 200231, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; International Association for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing St, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Yang G, Li C, Tao F, Liu Y, Zhu M, Du Y, Fei C, She Q, Chen J. The emerging roles of lysine-specific demethylase 4A in cancer: Implications in tumorigenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Genes Dis 2024; 11:645-663. [PMID: 37692513 PMCID: PMC10491877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 4 A (KDM4A, also named JMJD2A, KIA0677, or JHDM3A) is a demethylase that can remove methyl groups from histones H3K9me2/3, H3K36me2/3, and H1.4K26me2/me3. Accumulating evidence suggests that KDM4A is not only involved in body homeostasis (such as cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, and tissue development) but also associated with multiple human diseases, especially cancers. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that pharmacological inhibition of KDM4A significantly attenuates tumor progression in vitro and in vivo in a range of solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia. Although there are several reviews on the roles of the KDM4 subfamily in cancer development and therapy, all of them only briefly introduce the roles of KDM4A in cancer without systematically summarizing the specific mechanisms of KDM4A in various physiological and pathological processes, especially in tumorigenesis, which greatly limits advances in the understanding of the roles of KDM4A in a variety of cancers, discovering targeted selective KDM4A inhibitors, and exploring the adaptive profiles of KDM4A antagonists. Herein, we present the structure and functions of KDM4A, simply outline the functions of KDM4A in homeostasis and non-cancer diseases, summarize the role of KDM4A and its distinct target genes in the development of a variety of cancers, systematically classify KDM4A inhibitors, summarize the difficulties encountered in the research of KDM4A and the discovery of related drugs, and provide the corresponding solutions, which would contribute to understanding the recent research trends on KDM4A and advancing the progression of KDM4A as a drug target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Changyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Fan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qiusheng She
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Cao X, Feng N, Huang Q, Liu Y. Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks and Nanoscale Coordination Polymers: From Synthesis to Cancer Therapy and Biomedical Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38382060 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, there has been significant interest in nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) characterized by ordered crystal structures and nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) featuring amorphous structures. These structures arise from the coordination interactions between inorganic metal ions or clusters and organic ligands. Their advantages, such as the ability to tailor composition and structure, efficiently encapsulate diverse therapeutic or imaging agents within porous frameworks, inherent biodegradability, and surface functionalization capability, position them as promising carriers in the biomedical fields. This review provides an overview of the synthesis and surface modification strategies employed for NMOFs and NCPs, along with their applications in cancer treatment and biological imaging. Finally, future directions and challenges associated with the utilization of NMOFs and NCPs in cancer treatment and diagnosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nana Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Sadiq S, Khan S, Khan I, Khan A, Humayun M, Wu P, Usman M, Khan A, Alanazi AF, Bououdina M. A critical review on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Designing, recent trends, challenges, and prospects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25521. [PMID: 38356588 PMCID: PMC10864983 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) have garnered significant attention in recent decades due to their versatile applications in a wide range of fields. Thanks to their tiny size, enhanced surface modifications, impressive volume-to-surface area ratio, magnetic properties, and customized optical dispersion. NMs experienced an incredible upsurge in biomedical applications including diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery. This minireview will focus on notable examples of NMs that tackle important issues, demonstrating various aspects such as their design, synthesis, morphology, classification, and use in cutting-edge applications. Furthermore, we have classified and outlined the distinctive characteristics of the advanced NMs as nanoscale particles and hybrid NMs. Meanwhile, we emphasize the incredible potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a highly versatile group of NMs. These MOFs have gained recognition as promising candidates for a wide range of bio-applications, including bioimaging, biosensing, antiviral therapy, anticancer therapy, nanomedicines, theranostics, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, gene therapy, and drug delivery. Although advanced NMs have shown great potential in the biomedical field, their use in clinical applications is still limited by issues such as stability, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and health concerns. This review article provides a thorough analysis offering valuable insights for researchers investigating to explore new design, development, and expansion opportunities. Remarkably, we ponder the prospects of NMs and nanocomposites in conjunction with current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Sadiq
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Shoaib Khan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Iltaf Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Khan
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, China
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- Energy, Water and Environment Lab, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Khan
- Energy, Water and Environment Lab, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Amal Faleh Alanazi
- Energy, Water and Environment Lab, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Bououdina
- Energy, Water and Environment Lab, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586, Saudi Arabia
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Huynh NC, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen DTC, Tran TV. Occurrence, toxicity, impact and removal of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165317. [PMID: 37419350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently used pharmaceuticals for human therapy, pet therapeutics, and veterinary feeds, enabling them to enter into water sources such as wastewater, soil and sediment, and seawater. The control of NSAIDs has led to the advent of the novel materials for treatment techniques. Herein, we review the occurrence, impact and toxicity of NSAIDs against aquatic microorganisms, plants and humans. Typical NSAIDs, e.g., ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, naproxen and aspirin were detected at high concentrations in wastewater up to 2,747,000 ng L-1. NSAIDs in water could cause genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, locomotive disorders, body deformations, organs damage, and photosynthetic corruption. Considering treatment methods, among adsorbents for removal of NSAIDs from water, metal-organic frameworks (10.7-638 mg g-1) and advanced porous carbons (7.4-400 mg g-1) were the most robust. Therefore, these carbon-based adsorbents showed promise in efficiency for the treatment of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Chi Huynh
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam; Faculty of Science, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Science, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
| | - Thuan Van Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam.
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Yan C, Mu Z, Wu Y, Liao X, Zhou J, Bai L. New two-dimensional nanocomposites combined with target-induced strategy in an electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive determination of sulfadimethoxine. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:445. [PMID: 37851156 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ni-Zn bimetallic organic framework nanosheets (NiZn-MOF NSs) were modified onto PEI-functionalized MXene for the first time. The combination of the two kinds of nanosheets forms a sensing platform with superior conductivity and biocompatibility. On this basis, a highly sensitive biosensor was developed for the determination of sulfadimethoxine (SDM). Furthermore, Au and Mn nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide (Au-Mn/rGO) was introduced as a signal hindering molecule under the target-induced amplification strategy. When the Au-Mn/rGO-labelled SDM-binding aptamer (Au-Mn/rGO-SBA) specifically bound to target SDM, it detached from the electrode, thereby further amplifying the electrochemical signal of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-. The developed aptasensor for SDM showed excellent response signals in the range 1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.22 pg mL-1. Significantly, the proposed sensor also showed satisfactory results in milk samples with recoveries ranging from 87.0 to 96.4% and RSD from 1.5 to 5.1%, which is believed to be useful in food safety assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyong Yan
- Xuzhou College of Industry Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaode Mu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Wu
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Liao
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Zhou
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Li CY, Liu YJ, Tao F, Chen RY, Shi JJ, Lu JF, Yang GJ, Chen J. Lysine-specific demethylase 7A (KDM7A): A potential target for disease therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115799. [PMID: 37696455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Histone demethylation is a kind of epigenetic modification mediated by a variety of enzymes and participates in regulating multiple physiological and pathological events. Lysine-specific demethylase 7A is a kind of α-ketoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent demethylase belonging to the PHF2/8 subfamily of the JmjC demethylases. KDM7A is mainly localized in the nucleus and contributes to transcriptional activation via removing mono- and di-methyl groups from the lysine residues 9 and 27 of Histone H3. Mounting studies support that KDM7A is not only necessary for normal embryonic, neural, and skeletal development, but also associated with cancer, inflammation, osteoporosis, and other diseases. Herein, the structure of KDM7A is described by comparing the similarities and differences of its amino acid sequences of KDM7A and other Histone demethylases; the functions of KDM7A in homeostasis and dyshomeostasis are summarized via documenting its content and related signaling; the currently known KDM7A-specific inhibitors and their structural relationship are listed based on their structure optimization and pharmacological activities; and the challenges and opportunities in exploring functions and developing targeted agents of KDM7A are also prospected via presenting encountered problems and potential solutions, which will provide an insight in functional exploration and drug discovery for KDM7A-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ru-Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jin-Jin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian-Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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12
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Păun C, Motelică L, Ficai D, Ficai A, Andronescu E. Metal-Organic Frameworks: Versatile Platforms for Biomedical Innovations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6143. [PMID: 37763421 PMCID: PMC10532503 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This review article explores the multiple applications and potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the biomedical field. With their highly versatile and tunable properties, MOFs present many possibilities, including drug delivery, biomolecule recognition, biosensors, and immunotherapy. Their crystal structure allows precise tuning, with the ligand typology and metal geometry playing critical roles. MOFs' ability to encapsulate drugs and exhibit pH-triggered release makes them ideal candidates for precision medicine, including cancer treatment. They are also potential gene carriers for genetic disorders and have been used in biosensors and as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Despite the complexities encountered in modulating properties and interactions with biological systems, further research on MOFs is imperative. The primary focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of MOFs in these applications, highlighting the current achievements and complexities encountered. Such efforts will uncover their untapped potential in creating innovative tools for biomedical applications, emphasizing the need to invest in the continued exploration of this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Păun
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ludmila Motelică
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov St. 3, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov St. 3, 050054 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Gulati S, Choudhury A, Mohan G, Katiyar R, Kurikkal M P MA, Kumar S, Varma RS. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as effectual diagnostic and therapeutic tools for cancer. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37377082 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00706e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of multifunctional organometallic compounds that include metal ions combined with assorted organic linkers. Recently, these compounds have received widespread attention in medicine, due to their exceptional qualities, including a wide surface area, high porosity, outstanding biocompatibility, non-toxicity, etc. Such characteristic qualities make MOFs superb candidates for biosensing, molecular imaging, drug delivery, and enhanced cancer therapies. This review illustrates the key attributes of MOFs and their importance in cancer research. The structural and synthetic aspects of MOFs are briefly discussed with primary emphasis on diagnostic and therapeutic features, as well as their performance and significance in modern therapeutic methods and synergistic theranostic strategies including biocompatibility. This review offers cumulative scrutiny of the widespread appeal of MOFs in modern-day oncological research, which may stimulate further explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Gulati
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Akangkha Choudhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Gauravya Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Riya Katiyar
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India.
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565 905 São Carlos - SP, Brazil.
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14
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Kaur H, Devi N, Siwal SS, Alsanie WF, Thakur MK, Thakur VK. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Materials for Wastewater Treatment: Superior Adsorbent Materials for the Removal of Hazardous Pollutants. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9004-9030. [PMID: 36936323 PMCID: PMC10018528 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In previous years, different pollutants, for example, organic dyes, antibiotics, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural pollutants, have been of note to the water enterprise due to their insufficient reduction during standard water and wastewater processing methods. MOFs have been found to have potential toward wastewater management. This Review focused on the synthesis process (such as traditional, electrochemical, microwave, sonochemical, mechanochemical, and continuous-flow spray-drying method) of MOF materials. Moreover, the properties of the MOF materials have been discussed in detail. Further, MOF materials' applications for wastewater treatment (such as the removal of antibiotics, organic dyes, heavy metal ions, and agricultural waste) have been discussed. Additionally, we have compared the performances of some typical MOFs-based materials with those of other commonly used materials. Finally, the study's current challenges, future prospects, and outlook have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjot Kaur
- Department
of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Nishu Devi
- Mechanics
and Energy Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department
of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department
of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical
Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manju Kumari Thakur
- Department
of Chemistry, Government Degree College Sarkaghat, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining
and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
- School of
Engineering, University of Petroleum &
Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Centre
for Research & Development, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
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15
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Utilization of Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticle as Targeted Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030931. [PMID: 36986793 PMCID: PMC10051794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted disease that results from the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Cancer is a mortal disease with the biggest clinical, societal, and economic burden. Research on better methods of the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer is crucial. Recent advancements in material science have led to the development of metal–organic frameworks, also known as MOFs. MOFs have recently been established as promising and adaptable delivery platforms and target vehicles for cancer therapy. These MOFs have been constructed in a fashion that offers them the capability of drug release that is stimuli-responsive. This feature has the potential to be exploited for cancer therapy that is externally led. This review presents an in-depth summary of the research that has been conducted to date in the field of MOF-based nanoplatforms for cancer therapeutics.
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16
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Cai X, Bao X, Wu Y. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Intelligent Drug Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122641. [PMID: 36559134 PMCID: PMC9781098 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with periodic network structures formed by self-assembly of metal ions and organic ligands. Attributed to their tunable composition and pore size, ultrahigh surface area (1000-7000 m2/g) and pore volume (1.04-4.40 cm3/g), easy surface modification, appropriate physiological stability, etc., MOFs have been widely used in biomedical applications in the last two decades, especially for the delivery of bioactive agents. In the initial stage, MOFs were widely used to load small molecule drugs with ultra-high doses. Whereafter, more recent work has focused on the load of biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Over the past years, we have devoted extensive effort to investigate the function of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery. MOFs can be used not only as an intelligent nanocarrier to deliver or protect bioactive agents but also as an activator for their release or activation in response to the different microenvironments. Altogether, this review details the current progress of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery and looks into their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Cai
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaogang Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Spine Surgical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yelin Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Zhao Y, Jiang X, Liu X, Liu X, Liu Z, Liu X. Application of photo-responsive metal-organic framework in cancer therapy and bioimaging. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1031986. [PMID: 36338113 PMCID: PMC9633982 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1031986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid porous crystalline materials that are assembled with metal ions/clusters and organic linkers. The fungibility of organic ligands and metal centers endow MOFs that are easy to design and synthesize. Based on their unique structure, multifarious MOFs with diverse functionalities have recently been widely applied in various research areas. Particularly striking is the application of photo-responsive MOFs in biological sensing and imaging. Notably, the photoelectronic properties make photo-responsive MOFs an ideal platform for cancer phototherapy. Moreover, ultrahigh porosities and tunable pore sizes allow MOFs to load anticancer drugs, further enhancing the antitumor efficiency. In this review, the categories and developing strategies of MOFs are briefly introduced. The application fields of MOFs in bioimaging, such as up-conversion fluorescence imaging, single/two-photon fluorescence bioimaging, magnetic resonance imaging, etc., are summarized. The working mechanism of MOFs in photo-responsive, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are expounded. Examples of using MOFs for cancer treatment, including PTT, PDT, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, are also demonstrated. Lastly, current limitations, challenges, and future perspectives for bioimaging and cancer treatment of MOFs are discussed. We believe that the versatile MOF will bring the dawn to the next generation of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Head, Neck and Mammary Gland Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Liu,
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