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Díaz A, García J, Pérez L. Gender Differences in the Propensity to Start Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1799-1814. [PMID: 37402116 PMCID: PMC10627930 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Gambling opportunities have greatly expanded in recent years leading to an alternative form of leisure but also raising social concerns. Participation in such activities may be conditioned by individual characteristics affecting the willingness of individuals to gamble, including gender, but also by time effects linked to the availability and exposure of gambling. Using data from Spain, estimates from a time-varying split population duration model show significant gender differences in the propensity to start gambling (men's episodes as non-gamblers were observed to be shorter than women's). Additionally, expansion of gambling opportunities over time is found to be correlated with an increase in the propensity to start gambling. Both men and women are clearly more likely to start gambling at earlier ages than before. These results are expected to improve knowledge of gender differences in terms of consumer decision making about gambling and to be helpful in designing public policies for gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Díaz
- Department of Economics, University of Oviedo, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jaume García
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Levi Pérez
- Department of Economics, University of Oviedo, Gijón, Spain.
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Marko S, Thomas SL, Pitt H, Daube M. The impact of responsible gambling framing on people with lived experience of gambling harm. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1074773. [PMID: 36960306 PMCID: PMC10028136 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1074773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The framing of health issues influences how people think about and respond to these topics. Gambling has largely been framed as an issue of personal responsibility, with the gambling industry, governments and some researchers promoting responsible gambling strategies as a way to address gambling harm. While there is evidence that the internalization of personal responsibility can negatively impact gamblers, this study aimed to explore how people who have experienced gambling harm interpret and apply personal responsibility frames and 'gamble responsibly' messages in their lives. METHODS In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted via Zoom and telephone with 15 gamblers who had been harmed by their own gambling and six affected others who had been harmed by someone else's gambling. This study was informed by public health and critical qualitative approaches to inquiry. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes were constructed from the data. First, gamblers and affected others generally conceptualized gambling and gambling harm as being the responsibility of the individual because it was perceived as the outcome of individual behavior. Second, they attempted to apply responsibility to their own experience either as gamblers who tried to stop or reduce their gambling, or affected others who felt responsible for helping the gambler in their lives. Third, gamblers and affected others were negatively impacted when it was perceived the gambler could not 'control' their gambling or had not done enough to take responsibility. Finally, gamblers and affected others recommended responsible gambling strategies be reframed to be more effective at addressing gambling harm. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence further supporting research demonstrating that personal responsibility frames may have unintended or negative consequences for gamblers and affected others. It underscores the need to reframe public messages about gambling away from responsible gambling, and toward research-based messages that can complement broader legislative changes and other measures to protect individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marko
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Saeed F, Chandradasa M, Tajik Esmaeeli S, Shoib S. The alarming development of online gambling in Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2164041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Saeed
- Assistant professor of psychiatry, Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soode Tajik Esmaeeli
- Assistant professor of psychiatry, Fellowship of psychosomatic medicine, Rasool-e Akram Hospital, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- MD, Department of Psychiatry, Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Prades, India; Mind wellness Center, Nawab Bazar Srinagar, India
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Thomas SL, Pitt H, Randle M, Cowlishaw S, Rintoul A, Kairouz S, Daube M. Convenient consumption: a critical qualitative inquiry into the gambling practices of younger women in Australia. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6956908. [PMID: 36547399 PMCID: PMC9773969 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a range of stereotypes and assumptions associated with women's gambling behaviours. While researchers have demonstrated that the practices associated with women's gambling are changing and becoming increasingly normalized, there is a limited understanding of how younger women ascribe meanings to these practices. This study explored the gambling practices of younger women. Forty-one women (20-40 years) participated in qualitative telephone interviews. Participants were asked open-ended questions about personal engagement in gambling, including experiences of gambling, gambling engagement, and experiences with different gambling products and environments. Data interpretation was guided by reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were constructed from the data: (i) gambling infrastructures, including both products and the embedding of gambling in community environments, contributed to the convenient and regular consumption of gambling, with gambling easy to access and engage with; (ii) social networks and intergenerational gambling practices impacted the perceived social value and competencies related to gambling; and (iii) technology facilitated new gambling practices, routinizing gambling behaviours through automation and building perceived competencies with a range of gambling products. Gambling regulation and public health responses to gambling often focus on either individual behaviours or product characteristics. This study suggests that this focus is too narrow and excludes important influences on younger women's gambling practices, which include the infrastructure that supports the provision and consumption of gambling products. Public health research, policy and practice must consider the full range of determinants that may contribute to the initiation and continuation of gambling in younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Faculty of Health, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Randle
- Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Rintoul
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvia Kairouz
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
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Larsson L, Håkansson A. Mental illness and socio-economic situation of women and men diagnosed with gambling disorder (GD) in Sweden - nationwide case-control study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274064. [PMID: 36288321 PMCID: PMC9603927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare men and women with gambling disorder (GD) regarding presence of psychiatric comorbidity and socio-economic vulnerability, and to examine whether these factors appear before or after the gambling disorder. This is a retrospective case-control study, based on registers from The National Board of Health and Welfare and Statistics Sweden. A total of 3592 adults with GD were matched with two controls based on age and gender, including a total of 10776 individuals in the study. The study included psychiatric comorbidity through the presence of relevant diagnostic codes or pharmacological codes, and socio-economic vulnerability data through the presence of unemployment, social welfare payments and sickness/activity/rehabilitation compensation. Time between GD and psychiatric comorbidity/socio-economic vulnerability was calculated by subtracting dates between diagnoses/first incidence of socio-economic vulnerability factor and GD diagnosis. Women with GD were more likely to have a psychiatric comorbidity, compared to men. Overall, women were also more likely to receive their psychiatric diagnosis prior to GD diagnosis, while men were more likely to receive the diagnoses concurrently. Social welfare payments, and sickness support were more common among women, while there was no difference in unemployment between genders. Women were also more likely to receive sickness/activity/rehabilitation compensation prior to GD, than men who were more likely to receive these types of support after GD diagnosis. In conclusion, women appear to be at higher risk of psychiatric comorbidity and socio-economic vulnerability alongside GD. They are in general also more likely to receive have their psychiatric and psycho-social problems identified prior to GD, than men who are more likely to receive diagnoses concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Larsson
- Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Center, Competence Center Addiction, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Gambling in Sub-Saharan Africa: Traditional Forms and Emerging Technologies. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:373-384. [PMID: 36312763 PMCID: PMC9595076 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The gambling industry in Africa has seen substantial growth and evolution over recent years with a growing body of literature describing these shifts. Here, we provide a narrative synthesis of the extant literature on the origins, trends and consequences of the expansion and intensification of the commercial gambling industry in sub-Saharan Africa with a reference for future research on gambling as a growing public health concern. Recent Findings The historical shift and permeation of gambling in sub-Saharan Africa is diverse with evidence of certain countries following a neo-colonial logic. Advances in technology have made gambling more accessible and created new markets in Africa. A key motive driving gambling on the continent is a lack of stable employment. While the intensification and growth of Africa’s gambling industry has brought economic benefits to some African investors and individuals, this has been accompanied by a range of gambling harms. Legislation and policies designed to better regulate the gambling industry and redress these harms are needed. In this context, a small number of services and campaigns designed to mitigate gambling harms demonstrate promise, but more research is needed in this area. Summary The gambling industry in sub-Saharan Africa has undergone a dramatic transformation. While it is true that the growth of the African gambling industry has provided an additional revenue stream to governments, it is also necessary to acknowledge the concurrent rise in gambling addiction and the health-related and social harms that it elicits. As such, designing effective regulatory measures and policy interventions that can reduce the public health burden of gambling harms is vital. However, these interventions need to take in to account the significance of cultural differences that exist among countries on the continent.
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Dowling N, Merkouris S, Lubman D, Thomas S, Bowden-Jones H, Cowlishaw S. Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of disordered and problem gambling. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 9:CD008936. [PMID: 36130734 PMCID: PMC9492444 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008936.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological interventions for disordered and problem gambling have been employed in clinical practice. Despite the availability of several reviews of the efficacy of pharmacological interventions for disordered or problem gambling, few have employed systematic search strategies or compared different categories of pharmacological interventions. Systematic reviews of high-quality evidence are therefore essential to provide guidance regarding the efficacy of different pharmacological interventions for disordered or problem gambling. OBJECTIVES The primary aims of the review were to: (1) examine the efficacy of major categories of pharmacological-only interventions (antidepressants, opioid antagonists, mood stabilisers, atypical antipsychotics) for disordered or problem gambling, relative to placebo control conditions; and (2) examine the efficacy of these major categories relative to each other. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO (all years to 11 January 2022). SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised trials evaluating a pharmacological intervention for the treatment of disordered or problem gambling. Eligible control conditions included placebo control groups or comparisons with another category of pharmacological intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures, including systematic extraction of included study characteristics and results and risk of bias assessment. Our primary outcome was reduction in gambling symptom severity. Our secondary outcomes were reduction in gambling expenditure, gambling frequency, time spent gambling, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and functional impairment; and responder status. We evaluated treatment effects for continuous and dichotomous outcomes using standardised mean difference (SMD) and risk ratios (RR), respectively, employing random-effects meta-analyses. A minimum of two independent treatment effects were required for a meta-analysis to be conducted (with only meta-analytic findings reported in this abstract). MAIN RESULTS We included 17 studies in the review (n = 1193 randomised) that reported outcome data scheduled for end of treatment. Length of treatment ranged from 7 to 96 weeks. Antidepressants: Six studies (n = 268) evaluated antidepressants, with very low to low certainty evidence suggesting that antidepressants were no more effective than placebo at post-treatment: gambling symptom severity (SMD -0.32, 95% CI -0.74 to 0.09, n = 225), gambling expenditure (SMD -0.27, 95% CI -0.60 to 0.06, n = 144), depressive symptoms (SMD -0.19, 95% CI -0.60 to 0.23, n = 90), functional impairment (SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.22, n = 110), and responder status (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.66, n = 268). Opioid antagonists: Four studies (n = 562) evaluated opioid antagonists, with very low to low certainty evidence showing a medium beneficial effect of treatment on gambling symptom severity relative to placebo at post-treatment (SMD -0.46, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.19, n = 259), but no difference between groups in responder status (RR 1.65, 95% CI 0.86 to 3.14, n = 562). Mood stabilisers: Two studies (n = 71) evaluated mood stabilisers (including anticonvulsants), with very low certainty evidence suggesting that mood stabilisers were no more effective than placebo at post-treatment: gambling symptom severity (SMD -0.92, 95% CI -2.24 to 0.39, n = 71), depressive symptoms (SMD -0.15, 95% CI -1.14 to 0.83, n = 71), and anxiety symptoms (SMD -0.17, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.30, n = 71). Atypical antipsychotics:Two studies (n = 63) evaluated the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, with very low certainty evidence showing a medium beneficial effect of treatment on gambling symptom severity relative to placebo at post-treatment (SMD -0.59, 95% CI -1.10 to -0.08, n = 63). Comparative effectiveness: Two studies (n = 62) compared antidepressants with opioid antagonists, with very low certainty evidence indicating that antidepressants were no more effective than opioid antagonists on depressive symptoms (SMD 0.22, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.72, n = 62) or anxiety symptoms (SMD 0.21, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.72, n = 62) at post-treatment. Two studies (n = 58) compared antidepressants with mood stabilisers (including anticonvulsants), with very low certainty evidence indicating that antidepressants were no more effective than mood stabilisers on depressive symptoms (SMD 0.02, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.56, n = 58) or anxiety symptoms (SMD 0.16, 95% CI -0.39 to 0.70, n = 58) at post-treatment. Tolerability and adverse events: Several common adverse effects were reported by participants receiving antidepressants (e.g. headaches, nausea, diarrhoea/gastrointestinal issues) and opioid antagonists (e.g. nausea, dry mouth, constipation). There was little consistency in the types of adverse effects experienced by participants receiving mood stabilisers (e.g. tiredness, headaches, concentration difficulties) or atypical antipsychotics (e.g. pneumonia, sedation, increased hypomania). Discontinuation of treatment due to these adverse events was highest for opioid antagonists (10% to 32%), followed by antidepressants (4% to 31%), atypical antipsychotics (14%), and mood stabilisers (13%). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review provides preliminary support for the use of opioid antagonists (naltrexone, nalmefene) and atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine) to produce short-term improvements in gambling symptom severity, although a lack of available evidence precludes a conclusion regarding the degree to which these pharmacological agents can improve other gambling or psychological functioning indices. In contrast, the findings are inconclusive with regard to the effects of mood stabilisers (including anticonvulsants) in the treatment of disordered or problem gambling, and there is limited evidence to support the efficacy of antidepressants. However, these conclusions are based on very low to low certainty evidence characterised by a small number of included studies, high risk of bias, modest pooled sample sizes, imprecise estimates, moderate between-study heterogeneity, and exclusion of participants with psychiatric comorbidities. Moreover, there were insufficient studies to conduct meta-analyses on many outcome measures; to compare efficacy across and within major categories of interventions; to explore dosage effects; or to examine effects beyond post-treatment. These limitations suggest that, despite recommendations related to the administration of opioid antagonists in the treatment of disordered or problem gambling, pharmacological interventions should be administered with caution and with careful consideration of patient needs. A larger and more methodologically rigorous evidence base with longer-term evaluation periods is required before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness and durability of pharmacological treatments for disordered or problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Dan Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shane Thomas
- School of Health, Federation University, Melbourne, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Melbourne, Australia
- Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic UK, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Add to Cart: Problematic Shopping and Behavioral Addictions in a Canadian Sample During the COVID-19 Pandemic. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/cxa.0000000000000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Vintró-Alcaraz C, Mestre-Bach G, Granero R, Caravaca E, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Baenas I, del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Valero-Solís S, Lara-Huallipe M, Mora-Maltas B, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Guillen-Guzmán E, Codina E, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S. Exploring the Association between Gambling-Related Offenses, Substance Use, Psychiatric Comorbidities, and Treatment Outcome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164669. [PMID: 36012908 PMCID: PMC9410088 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have explored the association between gambling disorder (GD) and gambling-related crimes. However, it is still unclear how the commission of these offenses influences treatment outcomes. In this longitudinal study we sought: (1) to explore sociodemographic and clinical differences (e.g., psychiatric comorbidities) between individuals with GD who had committed gambling-related illegal acts (differentiating into those who had had legal consequences (n = 31) and those who had not (n = 55)), and patients with GD who had not committed crimes (n = 85); and (2) to compare the treatment outcome of these three groups, considering dropouts and relapses. Several sociodemographic and clinical variables were assessed, including the presence of substance use, and comorbid mental disorders. Patients received 16 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Patients who reported an absence of gambling-related illegal behavior were older, and showed the lowest GD severity, the most functional psychopathological state, the lowest impulsivity levels, and a more adaptive personality profile. Patients who had committed offenses with legal consequences presented the highest risk of dropout and relapses, higher number of psychological symptoms, higher likelihood of any other mental disorders, and greater prevalence of tobacco and illegal drugs use. Our findings uphold that patients who have committed gambling-related offenses show a more complex clinical profile that may interfere with their adherence to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26006 La Rioja, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Caravaca
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Mother-Infant Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Valero-Solís
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milagros Lara-Huallipe
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Guillen-Guzmán
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Codina
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.F.-A.); (S.J.-M.)
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.F.-A.); (S.J.-M.)
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McCarthy S, Thomas S, Marko S, Pitt H, Randle M, Cowlishaw S. Women's perceptions of strategies to address the normalisation of gambling and gambling-related harm. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:821-828. [PMID: 35735793 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has demonstrated that gambling is becoming increasingly normalised for women. As limited research has sought to understand women's perspectives on this issue, we sought women's opinions about the factors that may contribute to the normalisation of gambling for women, and the strategies that may counter this normalisation. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 41 women in young and middle adulthood, aged 20-40 years. RESULTS Participants suggested that gambling was normal for women because gambling environments had been designed to appeal to women, newer technologies had removed the stigma of attending physical venues, and the growing equality and independence of women. To de-normalise gambling, women suggested addressing the influential role of marketing, designing new public education strategies, addressing the availability and accessibility of gambling, and restricting engagement with gambling products. CONCLUSION This study highlighted women's perceptions of strategies to address the normalisation of gambling and the importance of providing risk information paired with broader policy reform and prevention initiatives to address the range of determinants that normalise gambling for women. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Involving women in advocacy and understanding their perspectives is important in developing relevant public health responses to the normalisation of gambling for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone McCarthy
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Sarah Marko
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Melanie Randle
- Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, New South Wales
| | - Sean Cowlishaw
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
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11
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Gartner C, Bickl A, Härtl S, Loy JK, Häffner L. Differences in problem and pathological gambling: A narrative review considering sex and gender. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:267-289. [PMID: 35499928 PMCID: PMC9295224 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim A wide range of studies indicates that men and women with Problem (PrG) and Pathological Gambling (PG) differ in several clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. However, evidence for sex differences, such as the telescoping effect, is contradictory, and it is still unclear whether sex differences observed in offline gambling can also be found for online gambling. Furthermore, reviews have so far focused on binary sex differences but neglect gender aspects. In this study, an updated literature survey of sex- and gender-related differences in PrG and PG was conducted. Methods We searched PsyInfo, Medline/Pubmed, and the Web of Science databases from 2005 to 2020 for studies investigating sex and gender differences in gambling. A total of 126 papers were included in the literature survey. Results We are presenting our findings according to the categories 'prevalence' (offline, online, LGBTQI*), 'sociodemographic factors', 'preferred gambling type', 'gambling motives', 'severity', 'progression of gambling problems', 'use of professional help/motivation for treatment', 'comorbidity', 'trauma', 'violence and criminality/delinquency'. The studies indicate that, despite some robust sex differences (e.g., concerning prevalence rates), results for most areas were mixed or suggest no sex differences (e.g., violence, gambling motives). Discussion and conclusion To date, there is a lack of studies assessing gender, and not only sex, warranting further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Gartner
- BAS Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen (Unternehmergesellschaft haftungsbeschränkt), LSG Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Härtl
- BAS Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen (Unternehmergesellschaft haftungsbeschränkt), LSG Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laura Häffner
- BAS Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen (Unternehmergesellschaft haftungsbeschränkt), LSG Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, Munich, Germany
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12
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Hagfors H, Castrén S, Salonen AH. How gambling motives are associated with socio-demographics and gambling behavior - A Finnish population study. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:63-74. [PMID: 35275094 PMCID: PMC9109631 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aims were to examine how socio-demographics and gambling behavior relate to both primary and additional gambling motives, and whether the gambling motives change during a one-year-period. METHODS The Finnish Gambling Harms Survey data was used. Gambling motives were measured with a categorical question. Gambling severity was measured using the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measure (PPGM). Using the first-wave data including only past-year gamblers (n = 5,684), five logistic regression models were utilized to explore the associations of gambling motives with socio-demographics and gambling behavior. The stability of gambling motives was assessed with McNemar's test using longitudinal data (n = 2,078). RESULTS Gambling for positive feeling was associated with younger age, high income, high gambling involvement and at-risk gambling. Monetary motive was associated with female gender, high gambling involvement, online or mixed-mode and at-risk gambling. Supporting worthy causes was associated with older age, monthly and weekly gambling, and land-based gambling. Socializing was associated with younger age and gambling occasionally on land-based venues with multiple game types. Finally, the motive to escape was intensified among 25-34-year-olds, homemakers, and those with high gambling involvement and at-risk or problem gambling. Gambling motives remained relatively stable for one year. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Gender and age profiles varied in different motives. Positive feeling, socializing and escape motive was heightened among younger respondents while supporting worthy causes was heightened among the oldest. Women gambled for money more often than men. Escape motive was associated with problem gambling. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the longitudinal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Hagfors
- Tampere University, Faculty of Social Science, Finland,Corresponding author. Tel.: +358 45 884 3583. E-mail:
| | - Sari Castrén
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finland,University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech Language Pathology, Finland,University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Finland
| | - Anne H. Salonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finland,University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, Finland
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13
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Canale N, Rubaltelli E, Calcagnì A, Vieno A, Giovannoni M, Devos G, Billieux J. The effects of induced sadness, stress sensitivity, negative urgency, and gender in laboratory gambling. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2021.2002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natale Canale
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Rubaltelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Calcagnì
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Giovannoni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Gaëtan Devos
- UCLouvain, Research institute for Psychological Sciences, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (Chuv), Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Miller L, Söderpalm Gordh A. Subjective and Cardiovascular Responses to an Acute Laboratory Gambling Task in Men and Women. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:702298. [PMID: 35733803 PMCID: PMC9207275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.702298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Men have previously been overrepresented in gambling for money but in recent years there has been an increase in recognition that women who gamble are "catching up" with their male counterparts. There have been few experimental studies investigating the subjective effects of gambling, and even less have explored the gender differences. As gender differences previously have been reported in the subjective effects of several drugs of abuse such as opioids, amphetamines and alcohol, we sought to investigate if the subjective effects of gambling also differed by gender. The present article analyzes if gender modulates the subjective and physiological effects of an acute laboratory gambling task in healthy men and women. Eighty-two men and women (n = 35 men, n = 47 women) were tested with an online slot machine gambling session and self-report questionnaires of mood and blood pressure were taken before and after gambling. Both men and women showed stimulatory effects of gambling i.e., feelings of high and euphoria and but no differences were found between genders. Findings suggest that both men and women equally experience a pattern of stimulatory effects of gambling from the gambling situation. Gambling therefore seems to have the same abuse potential in both men and women. Although the gap between men and women is narrowing, immediate subjective and physiologic responses do not explain gender differences in the epidemiology of pathological gambling. The contexts and factors that foster or hinder the evolution of gambling addiction in males and females should be further explored. This conclusion is interesting in light of that men are over three times more at risk to experience gambling related problems than women and this risk may depend on other factors involved in the development of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Miller
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Söderpalm Gordh
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Miller L, Mide M, Arvidson E, Söderpalm Gordh A. Clinical differences between men and women in a Swedish treatment-seeking population with gambling disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1054236. [PMID: 36684005 PMCID: PMC9847389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1054236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to explore clinical differences in Swedish treatment-seeking men and women with gambling disorder (GD). As the prevalence of GD is increasing among women, even though men are still highly overrepresented, the characteristic differences between men and women seeking treatment become increasingly important. METHOD A sample of 204 patients with GD (26.5% women and 73.5% men) at an outpatient clinic were diagnosed using the SCI-GD, screened for comorbid diagnoses using the MINI, and further completed a range of self-report questionnaires measuring demographics, GD, alcohol and other drug problems, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and pathways into gambling problems. RESULTS Several characteristics differed between treatment-seeking men and women in our sample. Examples of differences between genders included age, onset age, living situation, duration, alcohol and drug problems, comorbidity, and pathways leading to gambling problems. DISCUSSION The most evident difference was that women, in addition to GD, showed more symptoms of anxiety and depression than men, while men had a higher degree of substance use problems compared to women. The differences in clinical features between men and women are important to consider in treatment planning and possibly for future gender-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Miller
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Mide
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Arvidson
- Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Söderpalm Gordh
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Baño M, Mestre-Bach G, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Del Pino-Gutierrez A, Codina E, Guillén-Guzmán E, Valero-Solís S, Lizbeth Lara-Huallipe M, Baenas I, Mora-Maltas B, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Solé-Morata N, Gálvez-Solé L, González-Bueso V, José Santamaría J, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Women and gambling disorder: Assessing dropouts and relapses in cognitive behavioral group therapy. Addict Behav 2021; 123:107085. [PMID: 34425460 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-specific literature focused on gambling disorder (GD) is scarce, and women with GD have been understudied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the short-term effectiveness in women with GD (n = 214) of a group standardized cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and to identify the most relevant predictors of the primary therapy outcomes (dropout and relapse). METHODS The manualized CBT consisted of 16 weekly outpatient group sessions. Women were provided with resources to obtain a better understanding of the GD, to improve self-control and to manage risk situations. RESULTS The dropout risk was higher for women with lower GD severity and higher psychopathological distress. Among other factors, lower education levels were a significant predictor of the relapse risk and and the frequency of relapses was higher for divorced women with a preference for non-strategic gambling and with substances consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our findings evidence women-specific predictors of the primary therapy outcomes. The results highlight the need to design psychological interventions that address dropout and relapse risk factors in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baño
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network. Generalitat de Catalunya (XHUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Roser Granero
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutierrez
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Nursing Department of Mental Health, Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Nursing School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Codina
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Guillén-Guzmán
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Valero-Solís
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Neus Solé-Morata
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gálvez-Solé
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vega González-Bueso
- Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network. Generalitat de Catalunya (XHUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Santamaría
- Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network. Generalitat de Catalunya (XHUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Palmer du Preez K, Paavonen AM, Bellringer ME. Theoretically informed gender analysis for gambling harm reduction: a New Zealand study. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:111. [PMID: 34749741 PMCID: PMC8574034 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling harm affects men and women relatively equally, and gender influences the social determinants of gambling harm. Responses to preventing and minimising women's gambling harm have been shaped and constrained by population research identifying male gender as a key risk factor for gambling problems. Gender analysis in gambling studies is rare and has lacked theoretical underpinning and coherence, limiting possibilities for gender-responsive and gender-aware harm prevention and reduction activities. METHODS Two influential qualitative studies of gambling harm in New Zealand (involving total n = 165 people who gambled, affected others, community leaders, gambling and community support service providers, policy makers and academics) neglected to explore the role of gender. This study revisited data collected in these studies, using thematic analysis informed by feminist social constructionist theory. The overarching research questions were: How do gender-related issues, notions and practices influence women's gambling related harm? What are the implications for women's gambling harm reduction? RESULTS Women's socio-cultural positioning as primary caregivers for families and children constrained their ability to access a range of recreational and support options and increased the attractiveness of local gambling opportunities as accessible and 'safe' outlets for stress reduction. Patriarchal practices of power and control within family contexts operated to maintain gambling behaviour, shut down alternative recreational opportunities, and limit women's autonomy. Consideration of these themes in relation to current health promotion practice in New Zealand revealed that national programmes and strategies appear to be operating without cognisance of these gender dynamics and therefore have the potential to exacerbate or cause some women harm. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the value of theoretically informed gender analysis for gambling harm reduction research, policy and practice. International guidelines for gender-aware and gender-responsive health research and practice should be engaged as a foundation for strategic and effective gambling harm reduction programmes, projects, research and policy, and as an essential part of developing and implementing interventions for gambling harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Palmer du Preez
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | - Maria E Bellringer
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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McCarthy S, Pitt H, Bellringer ME, Thomas SL. Strategies to prevent and reduce gambling harm in Australian women. DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2021.1973963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone McCarthy
- Institute of Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute of Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maria E. Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samantha L. Thomas
- Institute of Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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19
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Widinghoff C, Berge J, Hakansson A. Psychiatric Drug Prescription and Temporal Associations with a First Diagnosis of Gambling Disorder—Results from a National Register Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPsychiatric comorbidity is common in gambling disorder (GD), but there are few studies on larger nationwide samples of treatment-seeking patients. Also, temporal associations between GD and other psychiatric disorders are often difficult to study. To address the prevalence and the temporal associations of prescriptions for psychiatric disorders — both in specialized care and primary care — in patients with a GD diagnosis (ICD-10 F63.0). Data was derived from national health registers in Sweden. All patients who were diagnosed with GD in specialized health care in 2005–2016 were included and run against the nationwide database on prescription of pharmaceuticals aimed for psychiatric disorders (n = 2018). Prevalence of psychiatric drug prescription was used as a proxy for psychiatric comorbidity and studied for two 2-year periods (period 1 and 2) prior to GD and one 2-year period (period 3) after the diagnosis. Controlling for gender, age, and time periods, for eight drug categories (anti- epileptics, anti-psychotics, benzodiazepine derivatives, anxiolytics, hypnotics, anti- depressants and drugs used in addictive disorders), significant increases in drug prescription were seen. For central stimulants, a significant increase was seen upon receiving the GD diagnosis (from period 2 to 3), and for benzodiazepines, an increase was seen prior to the GD diagnosis (from period 1 to 2), but not upon diagnosis (from period 2 to 3). Psychiatric comorbidity in GD is common. Drug prescription for psychiatric problems increased markedly in the years temporarily associated with a first diagnosis of GD. The findings may call for early screening for problem gambling in patients with treatment contacts for increasingly poor mental health.
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20
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André F, Håkansson A, Claesdotter-Knutsson E. Gaming, substance use and distress within a cohort of online gamblers. J Public Health Res 2021. [PMID: 34351102 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) included Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) as a tentative diagnosis and inquires for additional research. The research on gaming is inconsistent regarding measurement approach and diagnostic cut-offs. Some scholars suggest the core approach, accentuating some of the diagnostic criteria to avoid pathologizing harmless behavior. Also, the co-occurrence of gaming and other addictions, gambling in specifically, is frequently reported but poorly understood. The present study aimed to explore gaming within a population of online gamblers in order to evaluate the core approach but also to investigate the possible co-occurrence of different addictions. DESIGN AND METHODS The present study is derived from material collected for a study on online gambling. The study addressed 1007 adult individuals from the general population who had gambled for money on an online casino site or an online betting site, on at least 10 occasions during the past 12 months. RESULTS Both the level of distress and problem gambling increased as the severity of gaming increased. The co-occurrence of problems with alcohol, illicit drug use/prescription sedatives/strong painkillers and gambling was roughly 50% among the addictive gamers. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the core approach manages to distinguish in severity of gaming in regards to interference and comorbidity. We also brought light to the occurrence of gaming within a population of gamblers and our results indicate that this specific group of addicted gamers are particularly burdened by co-occurrent addictive behaviors and severe distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida André
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund.
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund; Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Centre, Gambling Disorder Unit, Malmö.
| | - Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund; Region Skåne, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Regional Out-patient Care, Lund University Hospital, Lund.
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21
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André F, Håkansson A, Claesdotter-Knutsson E. Gaming, substance use and distress within a cohort of online gamblers. J Public Health Res 2021; 11:3434. [PMID: 35586184 PMCID: PMC8847953 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) included Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) as a tentative diagnosis and inquires for additional research. The research on gaming is inconsistent regarding measurement approach and diagnostic cut-offs. Some scholars suggest the core approach, accentuating some of the diagnostic criteria to avoid pathologizing harmless behaviour. Also, the co-occurrence of gaming and other addictions, gambling in specifically, is frequently reported but poorly understood. The present study aimed to explore gaming within a population of online gamblers in order to evaluate the core approach but also to investigate the possible co-occurrence of different addictions. Design and methods: The present study is derived from material collected for a study on online gambling. The study addressed 1007 adult individuals from the general population who had gambled for money on an online casino site or an online betting site, on at least 10 occasions during the past 12 months. Results: Both the level of distress and problem gambling increased as the severity of gaming increased. The co-occurrence of problems with alcohol, illicit drug use/prescription sedatives/strong painkillers and gambling was roughly 50% among the addictive gamers. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the core approach manages to distinguish in severity of gaming in regards to interference and comorbidity. We also brought light to the occurrence of gaming within a population of gamblers and our results indicate that this specific group of addicted gamers are particularly burdened by co-occurrent addictive behaviours and severe distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida André
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund
| | - Ander Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund,Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Centre, Gambling Disorder Unit, Malmö
| | - Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund,Region Skåne, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Regional Out-patient Care, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine; Region Skåne, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Regional Out-patient Care, Lund University Hospital, Sofiavägen 2D, SE-22241 Lund, Sweden. Tel. +0046.768871765.
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22
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Wardle H, Donnachie C, Critchlow N, Brown A, Bunn C, Dobbie F, Gray C, Mitchell D, Purves R, Reith G, Stead M, Hunt K. The impact of the initial Covid-19 lockdown upon regular sports bettors in Britain: Findings from a cross-sectional online study. Addict Behav 2021; 118:106876. [PMID: 33647707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Britain, unprecedented restrictions on daily life associated with the Covid-19 pandemic included the suspension of professional sports events during the initial 'lockdown'. This provides opportunities to observe changes in sports bettors' behaviour when their primary form of activity is removed and assess the impact of Covid-19 related circumstances upon gambling. METHODS In July 2020, we conducted an online cross-sectional survey of people who bet regularly (at least monthly) on sports before Covid-19 (n = 3866). Bi-variate analyses compared changes in gambling behaviours before and during the initial lockdown. Multi-variate logistic regression models explored associations between problem gambling (men) and moderate risk or problem gambling (MRPG) (women) with changes in Covid-19 related circumstances and changing gambling behaviours during Britain's initial 'lockdown' (March-June 2020). RESULTS 29.8% of male sports bettors and 33.4% of female sports bettors stopped gambling altogether during the initial Covid-19 lockdown, though 17.3% of men and 16.5% of women started a new form of gambling during lockdown. Among men, adjusted odds ratios of problem gambling were higher among those starting a new gambling activity during lockdown (OR = 2.50 [95% CI 1.38-4.53]). Among women, adjusted odds ratios of MRPG were higher among those whose frequency of gambling on any activity increased during lockdown (OR = 4.21 [1.99-8.92] and among those shielding for health reasons. Poorer wellbeing was associated with problem gambling for men and MRPG for women. CONCLUSIONS Those changing gambling behaviours during the initial Covid-19 lockdown (e.g. increasing gambling frequency or starting a new gambling activity) are potentially vulnerable to gambling harms.
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A Comparison of Gambling-Related Cognitions and Behaviors in Gamblers from the United States and Spain. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:319-333. [PMID: 32772214 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have compared the clinical characteristics of gambling disorder (GD) from a cross-cultural perspective. In the present study, we aimed to examine differences in gambling-related cognitions, gambling preferences, GD severity and other clinical and sociodemographic variables in individuals with GD in the United States and Spain. Two groups of participants with GD (from the United States of America (US; n = 109) and Spain (n = 243) were compared using the South Oaks gambling screen and the gambling-related cognitions scale. In Spain, the prevalence of participants who reported only non-strategic gambling preferences was higher, whereas in the US, participants tended to engage in a wider breadth of gambling activities. Moreover, Spanish participants reported higher GD severity, while participants in the US endorsed greater gambling-related cognitions. Our findings suggest that there may jurisdictional or cultural differences in terms of gambling-related cognitions, gambling preferences, and GD severity levels among individuals in the US versus Spain. These differences, which may reflect cultural regulatory or other factors, should be investigated further, and considered when developing and implementing interventions for GD.
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Raybould JN, Larkin M, Tunney RJ. Is there a health inequality in gambling related harms? A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:305. [PMID: 33549082 PMCID: PMC7866763 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Here we present a systematic review of the existing research into gambling harms, in order to determine whether there are differences in the presentation of these across demographic groups such as age, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status, or gambling behaviour categories such as risk severity and participation frequency. Primary and secondary outcome measures Inclusion criteria were: 1) focus on gambling harms; 2) focus on harms to the gambler rather than affected others; 3) discussion of specific listed harms and not just harms in general terms. Exclusion criteria were: 1) research of non-human subjects; 2) not written in English; 3) not an empirical study; 4) not available as a full article. Methods We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science and Scopus databases in August 2020. Assessment of quality took place using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria. Results A total of 59 studies published between 1994 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. These were categorised into thematic groups for comparison and discussion. There were replicated differences found in groups defined by age, socioeconomic status, education level, ethnicity and culture, risk severity, and gambling behaviours. Conclusion Harms appear to be dependent on specific social, demographic and environmental conditions that suggests there is a health inequality in gambling related harms. Further investigation is required to develop standardised measurement tools and to understand confounding variables and co-morbidities. With a robust understanding of harms distribution in the population, Primary Care Workers will be better equipped to identify those who are at risk, or who are showing signs of Gambling Disorder, and to target prevention and intervention programmes appropriately. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10337-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Larkin
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, B7 4ET, UK
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25
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Gender and gambling disorder: Differences in compulsivity-related neurocognitive domains. Addict Behav 2021; 113:106683. [PMID: 33038679 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been suggested that compulsivity has an essential role in gambling disorder (GD), yet there is a lack of literature exploring the link between GD, compulsivity and gender. Our main aim was to explore gender differences between two of the neurocognitive domains of compulsivity (attentional set-shifting and attentional bias and disengagement) in patients with GD and compare them with healthy controls (HCs). METHODS The sample included 57 treatment-seeking adults with GD and 60 HCs recruited from the general population. RESULTS The pairwise comparisons showed a worse attentional set-shifting performance in women with GD than in men (total trials (p = 0.042, |d| = 0.56), perseverative responses (p = 0.001, |d| = 0.89), trails to complete the first category (p = 0.001, |d| = 0.78) and categories completed (p = 0.001, |d| = 0.98. Also, men with GD presented higher difficulties than HC men in the two assessed compulsivity domains (attentional bias and disengagement and attentional set-shifting; Stroop interference (p = 0.015, |d| = 0.11), TMT-B (p = 0.041, |d| = 1.96) and lower scores for the WCST perseverative responses (p = 0.007, |d| = 0.78), whereas the differences observed in women with GD and HCs were most significantly in attentional set-shifting. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence of gender compulsivity differences in GD. The results are relevant for improving current treatments by targeting specific compulsivity domains that can lead to more successful treatment options.
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McCarthy S, Thomas S, Pitt H, Daube M, Cassidy R. 'It's a tradition to go down to the pokies on your 18th birthday' - the normalisation of gambling for young women in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2020; 44:376-381. [PMID: 32955744 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the range of factors that may influence the normalisation of gambling for young women in Victoria, Australia. METHODS In-depth qualitative telephone interviews with 45 women aged 18-34 years. RESULTS Young women were exposed to gambling environments and some were gambling from an early age. Family members were the key facilitators of these activities. Once reaching the legal age of gambling, peers and boyfriends were instrumental in young women's gambling practices. Women attributed the normalisation of gambling to excessive marketing, feminised gambling environments, and the widespread availability of gambling in the community. CONCLUSIONS This study found several factors that influenced and encouraged young women to gamble, such as the feminisation of gambling products and environments, and determined that gambling is becoming a socio-culturally accepted activity for young women. Implications for public health: Researchers and policymakers should be increasingly focused on how different forms of gambling may be normalised for young women. Attention should be given to how young women may become a target market for the gambling industry, and how to implement strategies aimed at preventing any future potential harm posed by these industries and their marketing tactics and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone McCarthy
- Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria.,Addictions Research Group, University of South Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, United Kingdom
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27
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Törrönen J, Samuelsson E, Gunnarsson M. Online gambling venues as relational actors in addiction: Applying the actor-network approach to life stories of online gamblers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 85:102928. [PMID: 32927374 PMCID: PMC7484690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emerging technologies of the Internet and smartphones during the last decades, the gambling environment has undergone a massive transformation. In Sweden, and Europe in general, online gambling has more than doubled since 2007. METHOD The paper studies online gambling venues (OGVs) as relational actors of addiction. By drawing on the actor-network theory (ANT) and assemblage thinking, we examine how OGVs, as actors in specific networks of attachment, enable the development of gambling addiction and facilitate its continuation. The data consists of life story interviews with 34 online gamblers. RESULTS Online gambling venues extend the scope of gambling opportunities through space, providing an easy portable 24-hours-a-day access to gambling online and on smartphones. This increases the spatial mobility of gambling to diverse contexts. By linking gambling to more unpredictably evolving patterns of relations, online gambling venues also increase gambling's temporal mobility to intrude in the habitual trajectories of everyday life. By enhancing the gambling mobility through space and time, OGVs simultaneously extend the scope of situations in which gambling may transform from a controlled activity into an addiction. It is then that the actor-networks of gambling infiltrate in the actor-networks of work, domestic life and leisure, and start to feed processes where they are translated to serve the interests of gambling. CONCLUSION By giving us tools to challenge simplistic and taken-for-granted explanations of gambling addiction and by allowing us to grasp the flux and changing nature of addiction as a relational pattern of heterogeneous contextual attachments, the actor-network theory can help us to understand the complexity and multiplicity of gambling problems. The knowledge on what kinds of contextual attachments in diverse actor-networks enable harmful gambling and sustain unhealthy relations helps practitioners to focus treatment interventions especially on these contextual linkages and their configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Törrönen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eva Samuelsson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Gunnarsson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Giménez M, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Mestre-Bach G, Mena-Moreno T, Moragas L, Baño M, Sánchez-González J, de Gracia M, Baenas-Soto I, Contaldo SF, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Mora-Maltas B, López-González H, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Moderator effect of sex in the clustering of treatment-seeking patients with gambling problems. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2020; 34:116-129. [PMID: 32125659 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-020-00341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no studies based on a person-centered approach addressing sex-related differences in the characteristics of treatment-seeking patients with gambling disorder (GD). The main objective of the current study is to identify empirical clusters of GD based on several measures of the severity of gambling behavior, and considering the potential role of patient sex as a moderator. METHODS An agglomerative hierarchical clustering method was applied to an adult sample of 512 treatment-seeking patients (473 men and 39 women) by using a combination of the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion and log-likelihood function. RESULTS Three clusters were identified in the subsample of men: cluster M1 (low-mild gambling severity level, 9.1%), cluster M2 (moderate level, 60.9%), and cluster M3 (severe level, 30.0%). In the women subsample, two clusters emerged: cluster W1 (mild-moderate level, 64.1%), and cluster W2 (severe level, 35.9%). The most severe GD profiles were related to being single, multiple gambling preference for nonstrategic plus strategic games, early onset of the gambling activity, higher impulsivity levels, higher dysfunctional scores in the personality traits of harm avoidance, and self-directedness, and higher number of lifespan stressful life events (SLE). Differences between the empirical men and women clusters were found in different sociodemographic and clinical measurements. CONCLUSIONS Men and women have distinct profiles regarding gambling severity that can be identified by a clustering approach. The sociodemographic and clinical characterization of each cluster by sex may help to establish specific preventive and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona-UB, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Giménez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSam), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marta Baño
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Marta de Gracia
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas-Soto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - S Fabrizio Contaldo
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSam), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Hibai López-González
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSam), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona-UB, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Håkansson A, Widinghoff C. Gender Differences in Problem Gamblers in an Online Gambling Setting. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:681-691. [PMID: 32884371 PMCID: PMC7443450 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s248540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Problem gambling traditionally is markedly more common in men than in women. However, recent data in online gamblers have indicated at least a comparable risk of problem gambling in women in this sub-group. The present study aimed to compare the characteristics of male and female moderate-risk and problem gamblers in online gamblers in Sweden. Methods In a web survey addressing online gamblers (past-year online gambling on 10 or more occasions), women and men with moderate-risk or problem gambling (n=327) were compared with respect to gambling severity, financial consequences, comorbidity, socio-demographic characteristics, and fulfilled screening items. Results Female gender was associated with psychological distress, over-indebtedness, higher problem gambling severity and with screening items indicating financial consequences and guilt, with no gender difference for the self-reported need to seek treatment for substance use problems. In the sub-group of problem gamblers, female gender remained associated with psychological distress. Conclusion In a setting displaying high rates of online gambling and novel findings of a higher risk of problem gambling in women than previously seen, psychological distress appears to separate female and male problem gamblers. Given the higher level of severity and financial consequence, these findings call for screening and early intervention in female at-risk gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carolina Widinghoff
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
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30
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The effects of alcohol on sequential decision-making biases during gambling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:395-407. [PMID: 31664479 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gambling and alcohol use are recreational behaviours that share substantial commonalities at a phenomenological, clinical and neurobiological level. Past studies have shown that alcohol can have a disinhibiting effect on gambling behaviour, in terms of bet size and persistence. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted in order to characterise how alcohol affects biases in judgment and decision-making that occur during gambling, with a focus on sequential decision-making including the gambler's fallacy. METHODS Sequential biases were elicited via a roulette-based gambling task. Using a standard between-groups alcohol challenge procedure, male participants played the roulette task 20 min after receiving an alcoholic (0.8 g/kg; n = 22) or placebo (n = 16) beverage. The task measured colour choice decisions (red/black) and bet size, in response to varying lengths of colour runs and winning/losing feedback streaks. RESULTS Across both groups, a number of established sequential biases were observed. On colour choice, there was an effect of run length in line with the gambler's fallacy, which further varied by previous feedback (wins vs losses). Bet size increased with feedback streaks, especially for losing streaks. Compared to placebo, the alcohol group placed higher bets following losses compared to wins. CONCLUSIONS Increased bet size after losses following alcohol consumption may reflect increased loss chasing that may amplify gambling harms. Our results do not fit a simple pattern of enhanced gambling distortions or reward sensitivity, but help contextualise the effects of alcohol on gambling to research on decision-making biases.
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Djohari N, Weston G, Cassidy R, Wemyss M, Thomas S. Recall and awareness of gambling advertising and sponsorship in sport in the UK: a study of young people and adults. Harm Reduct J 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 30940148 PMCID: PMC6446266 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-019-0291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of gambling advertisements shown during sporting events on young people is an important public health issue. While extensive research has taken place in Australia, there is still only a limited understanding of this issue in the United Kingdom (UK). METHOD A mixed methods study was conducted with 71 family groups comprised of 99 young people (8-16 years) and 71 adults recruited at six sites across South London, England (May-July 2018). Interviewer-assisted surveys investigated recall and awareness of sports betting brands using interviews and a magnet placement board activity developed in Australia. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, with qualitative data interpreted using thematic analysis techniques. RESULTS Just under half of young people (n = 46, 46%) and more than two thirds of adults (n = 49, 71%) were able, unprompted, to name at least one gambling brand. Boys had a significantly higher recall of brands than girls, as did young people who watched a lot of football on television. Almost two thirds of young people (n = 63, 63%) correctly placed one or more shirt sponsor magnets next to the corresponding football team, and 30% (n = 30) correctly placed three or more sponsors magnets next to the corresponding football team. Just under two thirds of adults (n = 44, 62%) correctly placed one or more shirt sponsors magnets next to the corresponding football team. Young people recalled seeing gambling advertising on television (n = 78), technology/screens (n = 49), and in association with sports teams (n = 43). Adults recalled seeing advertising on television (n = 56), on technology/screens (n = 37), in sports stadiums (n = 34), and in betting venues (n = 34). Over three quarters of young people (n = 74 out of 95 responses, 78%) and 86% of adults (n = 59 out of 69 responses) thought that betting had become a normal part of sport. CONCLUSION In order to reduce the exposure of young people to gambling advertising, policymakers in the UK should consider comprehensive approaches, similar to those applied in tobacco control, which cover all forms of advertising, including promotion and sponsorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Djohari
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Gavin Weston
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Martyn Wemyss
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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