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Frinculescu A, Mercer B, Shine T, Ramsey J, Couchman L, Douce D, Frascione N, Abbate V. Assessment of a Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Combined with an Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe for the On-Site Identification of Amnesty Bin Drugs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 38837752 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The surging number of people who abuse drugs has a great impact on healthcare and law enforcement systems. Amnesty bin drug analysis helps monitor the "street drug market" and tailor the harm reduction advice. Therefore, rapid and accurate drug analysis methods are crucial for on-site work. An analytical method for the rapid identification of five commonly detected drugs ((3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, ketamine, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, and chloromethcathinone)) at various summer festivals in the U.K. was developed and validated employing a single quadrupole mass spectrometer combined with an atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP-MS). The results were confirmed on a benchtop gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument and included all samples that challenged the conventional spectroscopic techniques routinely employed on-site. Although the selectivity/specificity step of the validation assessment of the MS system proved a challenge, it still produced 93% (N = 279) and 92.5% (N = 87) correct results when tested on- and off-site, respectively. A few "partly correct" results showed some discrepancies between the results, with the MS-only unit missing some low intensity active ingredients (N-ethylpentylone, MDMA) and cutting agents (caffeine, paracetamol, and benzocaine) or detecting some when not present. The incorrect results were mainly based on library coverage. The study proved that the ASAP-MS instrument can successfully complement the spectroscopic techniques used for qualitative drug analysis on- and off-site. Although the validation testing highlighted some areas for improvement concerning selectivity/specificity for structurally similar compounds, this method has the potential to be used in trend monitoring and harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Frinculescu
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- TICTAC Communications Limited, Room 1.159 Jenner Wing, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Mercer
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Shine
- TICTAC Communications Limited, Room 1.159 Jenner Wing, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - John Ramsey
- TICTAC Communications Limited, Room 1.159 Jenner Wing, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Couchman
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Analytical Services International, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - David Douce
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nunzianda Frascione
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Bennett JF, Cottrell DJ. Glastonbury Festival: Medical Care at the World's Largest Greenfield Music Festival. Prehosp Disaster Med 2024; 39:170-177. [PMID: 38563276 PMCID: PMC11035920 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x24000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Music festivals have become an increasingly popular form of mass-gathering event, drawing an increasing number of attendees across the world each year. While festivals exist to provide guests with an enjoyable experience, there have been instances of serious illness, injury, and in some cases death. Large crowds, prolonged exposure to loud music, and high rates of drug and alcohol consumption can pose a dangerous environment for guests as well as those looking after them. METHODS A retrospective review of electronic patient records (EPRs) at the 2022 Glastonbury Festival was undertaken. All patients who attended medical services on-site during the festival and immediately after were included. Patient demographics, diagnosis, treatment received, and discharge destination were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2,828 patients received on-site medical care. The patient presentation rate (PPR) was 13.47 and the transport-to-hospital rate (TTHR) was 0.30 per 1,000 guests. The most common diagnoses were joint injuries, gastrointestinal conditions, and blisters. Only 164 patients (5.48%) were diagnosed as being intoxicated. Overall, 552 patients (19.52%) were prescribed a medication to take away and 268 (9.48%) had a dressing for a minor wound. One patient (0.04%) underwent a general anesthetic and no patients required cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Most patients were discharged back to the festival site (2,563; 90.66%). DISCUSSION Minor conditions were responsible for many presentations and most patients only required mild or non-invasive interventions, after which they could be safely discharged back to the festival. Older adults were diagnosed with a different frequency of conditions compared to the overall study population, something not reported previously. Intoxicated patients only accounted for a very small amount of the medical workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. Bennett
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Santamarina R, Caldicott D, Fitzgerald J, Schumann JL. Drug-related deaths at Australian music festivals. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104274. [PMID: 38065009 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicit drug use is overrepresented in music festival attendees compared with the general population. Drug use often involves a wide range of substances with the potential to cause drug toxicity. Law enforcement-centred strategies intended to deter drug use and supply at these mass gatherings have been implemented throughout Australia. However, many have been criticised for their lack of effectiveness, with evidence suggesting that they can inadvertently increase the risk of drug harm. Drug deaths are often multifactorial, providing added challenges in the development of prevention strategies. This study aimed to determine the frequency of deaths involving alcohol and other drugs at music festivals in Australia and to identify potential risk factors that may inform future harm reduction strategies. METHODS A descriptive case series study was conducted using the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) to investigate drug-related deaths at music festivals throughout Australia between 1 July 2000 (Queensland from 1 January 2001) and 31 December 2019, using a list of keywords comprising music festival names and terms. RESULTS There were 64 deaths, of which most involved males (73.4%) aged in their mid-20s (range 15-50 years). Drug toxicity was the most common primary cause of death (46.9%) followed by external injuries (37.5%). The drug most commonly detected or reported as being used was MDMA (65.6%), followed by alcohol (46.9%) and cannabis (17.2%), with most cases reporting the use of two or more drugs (including alcohol) and 36% reporting a history of drug misuse in the coroner's findings. Most deaths were unintentional, with less than a fifth of cases (17.2%) involving intentional self-harm. Clinical intervention was involved in 64.1% of cases and most festivals occurred in inner city locations (59.4%). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that drug-related deaths at music festivals in Australia typically involve young people using multiple illicit substances in combination with alcohol. Most are unintentional and could potentially be prevented through the implementation of a range of harm reduction strategies, including mobile medical care, drug checking services, and increased consumer education and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santamarina
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Caldicott
- Emergency Department, Calvary Public Hospital Bruce, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - J Fitzgerald
- Department of Criminology, School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J L Schumann
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Victoria, Australia; Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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Milshteyn Y, Bensimon M. Exploring the subjective experience of rave party participants in Israel who consume psychedelic drugs: a qualitative inquiry. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:176. [PMID: 38057811 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rave music parties (RMP) are a world-wide socio-cultural phenomenon, where people listen to rave music while frequently consuming psychedelic drugs. Epidemiological studies have emphasized the hazardous consequences following the consumption of psychedelic drugs at RMP, and qualitative studies have shown social and psycho-spiritual experiences. Yet, phenomenological inquiry into subjective experiences of attendees is scant. This study aimed to examine physical, emotional, perceptual and social experiences of RMP participants in Israel, and their view on Israel's policy toward rave events. In addition, the study aimed to contribute useful information for policymakers and society on rave music and psychedelic drugs experiences at RMP. METHOD Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyze transcriptions of semi-structured interviews with 27 individuals attending RMP regularly and consume psychedelic drugs. RESULTS Analysis revealed four significant themes: the first theme, the impact of Israel's drug policy on participants' sense of safety, relates to participants' sense of insecurity and anxiety at Israeli RMP due to government drug ban policy. The second theme, the stigma on rave culture, relates to participants' perception regarding the stigma on rave culture in law enforcement agencies and in society in general. The third theme, negative experiences, describes short-term experiences after consuming psychedelics at RMP, including hallucinations and disorientation. The fourth theme, positive experiences, describes positive sensory, emotional and self/world attitudinal aspects after consuming psychedelics at RMP. Sensory experiences included intensified auditory, visual and tactile experiences; emotional experiences included positive feelings toward others, reduced stress and ability to vent difficult emotions; self/world attitudinal aspects included self-acceptance, higher appreciation of life and connectedness to nature. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights RMP participants' sense of insecurity due to Israel's strict drug policy and absence of harm reduction strategies at rave scenes. The study also notes participants' experience of stigmatization as drug addicts by society and law enforcement agencies. Reducing police presence and adopting harm reduction policies at rave scenes in Israel may increase participants' sense of security, reduce stigmatization and decrease overdose risk. Hence, the findings may contribute to new knowledge useful for policymakers and society concerning RMP and the use of psychedelics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yula Milshteyn
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Bensimon
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Jones G, Herrmann F, Wang E. Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among U.S. Adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use. Addict Behav Rep 2023; 18:100513. [PMID: 37649653 PMCID: PMC10462802 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most strongly linked to dependence and abuse are understudied. We used recent data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2020) and multivariable logistic regression to test the relationships that lifetime use of seven individual hallucinogens (MDMA/ecstasy, PCP, ketamine, psilocybin, LSD, peyote, and mescaline) shares with hallucinogen dependence and abuse among individuals who initiated hallucinogen use within the past two years (N = 5,252). We controlled for various demographic factors (sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, self-reported engagement in risky behavior, annual household income, marital status) and lifetime use of various substances. Lifetime PCP use was associated with increased odds of hallucinogen dependence or abuse (aOR [95% CI]: 6.27 [1.51, 26.0]). Additionally, PCP increased the odds of three main hallucinogen dependence and abuse criteria measures (aOR [95% CI]: 4.45 [1.11, 17.8], 5.58 [1.42, 22.0], and 7.01 [1.87, 26.3]). LSD conferred increased odds of two criteria (aOR: 2.33 [1.37, 3.98] and 2.53 [1.48, 4.33]), while ketamine and mescaline each conferred increased odds of one criterion (aOR: 2.12 [1.03, 4.39]; 5.39 [1.05, 27.7]). Future longitudinal studies and Bayesian statistical analyses can further assess the relationships between hallucinogens and disordered hallucinogen use.
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Chang HH, Zhang H, Latimore AD, Murray BP, D'Souza RR, Scovronick N, Gribble MO, Ebelt ST. Associations between short-term ambient temperature exposure and emergency department visits for amphetamine, cocaine, and opioid use in California from 2005 to 2019. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108233. [PMID: 37897873 PMCID: PMC10712015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorder is a growing public health challenge in the United States. People who use drugs may be more vulnerable to ambient heat due to the effects of drugs on thermoregulation and their risk environment. There have been limited population-based studies of ambient temperature and drug-related morbidity. We examined short-term associations between daily ambient temperature and emergency department (ED) visits for use or overdose of amphetamine, cocaine and opioids in California during the period 2005 to 2019. Daily ZIP code-level maximum, mean, and minimum temperature exposures were derived from 1-km data Daymet products. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to estimate cumulative non-linear associations of daily temperature for lag days 0 to 3. Stratified analyses by patient sex, race, and ethnicity were also conducted. The study included over 3.4 million drug-related ED visits. We found positive associations between daily temperature and ED visits for all outcomes examined. An increase in daily mean temperature from the 50th to the 95th percentile was associated with ED visits for amphetamine use (OR = 1.072, 95% CI: 1.058, 1.086), cocaine use (OR = 1.044, 95% CI: 1.021, 1.068 and opioid use (OR = 1.041, 95% CI: 1.025, 1.057). Stronger positive associations were also observed for overdose: amphetamine overdose (OR = 1.150, 95% CI: 1.085, 1.218), cocaine overdose (OR = 1.159, 95% CI: 1.053, 1.276), and opioid overdose (OR = 1.079, 95% CI: 1.054, 1.106). In summary, people who use stimulants and opioids may be a subpopulation sensitive to short-term higher ambient temperature. Mitigating heat exposure can be considered in harm reduction strategies in response to the substance use epidemic and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Haisu Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda D Latimore
- Center for Addiction Research and Effective Solutions, American Institutes for Research, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian P Murray
- Emergency Medicine, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Rohan R D'Souza
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Noah Scovronick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stefanie T Ebelt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Palamar JJ, Rutherford C, Le A, Keyes KM. Seasonal Variation of Use of Common Psychedelics and Party Drugs Among Nightclub/Festival Attendees in New York City. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37605471 PMCID: PMC10879452 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2240322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Few epidemiological studies have focused on seasonal variation in the use of common psychedelics and party drugs among nightclub and festival attendees, typically those who attend electronic dance music (EDM) events. We sought to determine whether the use of different drug types varies seasonally within this population. Across 15 seasons from summer 2017 through fall 2022, we surveyed 3,935 adults entering randomly selected nightclubs and festivals in New York City regarding their past-month use of cocaine, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (shrooms), and ketamine. Multivariable models were used to compare adjusted odds ratios for drug use within each season with the grand mean of combined seasons. Summer was associated with higher odds for use of LSD (aOR 2.72; 95% CI, 1.88-3.93) and psilocybin (aOR 1.65; CI, 1.12-2.43), independent of increases in psilocybin use over time (p < .001). A significant increase in use of ketamine (p = .014) and significant decreases in use of cocaine (p = .002) and ecstasy (p = .002) were found across time, but multivariable models did not detect seasonal variations. Summer is a risk factor for use of common psychedelics among people who attend EDM events. Therefore, the summer months may be the best time to disseminate information about harm reduction for psychedelic drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY
| | - Caroline Rutherford
- Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Austin Le
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
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Bonny-Noach H, Shapira B, Baumol P, Tadmor N, Rosca P, Shoshan S, Harel-Fisch Y, Caduri A. Substance use, harm reduction attitudes and behaviors among attendees of nature rave parties in Israel. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:108. [PMID: 37559046 PMCID: PMC10413585 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have analyzed harm reduction behaviors and attitudes among rave party attendees. Since the late 1980s, there has been a large Israeli rave scene, also known as 'Nature Parties'. However, only a few studies have been conducted among nature party attendees and almost all of them are from a qualitative perspective. This study's aim was to fill the gap and conduct quantitative research to investigate the patterns of substance use, harm reduction attitudes and behaviors among Israeli nature rave party attendees. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey recruited 1,206 people who reported having attended nature rave parties. All of the participants were aged 18-60 years (M = 29.9; SD = 7.4), and 770 (64%) were male. RESULTS The most common illicit substances used at Israeli nature rave parties in the past year were cannabis (62.2%), followed by LSD (41.4%), MDMA (31.7%), mushrooms/psilocybin (23.9%), ketamine (19.6%) and cocaine (17.2%). A significant but weak association was found between harm reduction behaviors and attitudes toward harm reduction interventions (r = .26, p < .001) and attitudes toward drug testing kits (r = .33, p < .001). It seems that although we found higher positive harm reduction attitudes, it is harder to implement harm reduction behaviors. Logistic regressions demonstrated stronger associations with high harm reduction behaviors and higher levels of positive attitudes toward drug testing kits (OR = 4.53; CI 2.97-6.90; p < .001), higher levels of positive attitudes toward harm reduction interventions (OR = 4.06; CI 2.62-6.29; p < .001), marital status of widower/divorced (OR = 2.22; CI 1.49-3.32; p < .001), using MDMA (OR = 1.63; CI 1.19-2.23; p < = .01) and using LSD (OR = 1.41; CI 1.03-1.94; p < = .05). CONCLUSIONS Formal harm reduction policies and interventions are needed for Israeli nature rave parties in addition to prevention and information programs, which are also very rare. Future studies should examine the subjects of harm reduction attitudes and behaviors among the public, policy makers and professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Bonny-Noach
- Department of Criminology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
- The Israeli Society of Addiction Medicine, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | | | - Pinchas Baumol
- Oxygen - Harm Reduction Education, Jerusalem, Israel
- Israeli Forum for Safe Spaces, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Social Work, Tel Hai Academic College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Nir Tadmor
- Impulse- Integrative Clinical Centre, Haifa, Israel
| | - Paola Rosca
- Department for the Treatment of Substance Abuse, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stacy Shoshan
- Association for Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yossi Harel-Fisch
- International Research Program on Adolescent Well-Being and Health, Faculty of Education, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ariel Caduri
- Israel Authority for Community Safety, Ministry of National Security, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
In recent years, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies have reentered the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry, garnering much attention from both the psychiatric community and the broader public. Headlines on major media platforms frequently tout the psychedelic future of psychiatry, and patients increasingly ask about the prospect of using psychedelics during their sessions. Despite this enthusiasm, psychedelics remain in an investigational stage, and more research and regulatory work are required before psychedelics can be deemed appropriate for general clinical use. In this climate, psychiatrists are increasingly curious about the prospects of psychedelic treatments. This review's goal was to help psychiatrists better understand the complexities of the burgeoning field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The discussion encompasses issues surrounding psychedelics in their current investigational stage and issues for psychiatrists to consider should psychedelics become available for broad clinical use. This review discusses research equipoise in the context of the current enthusiasm for psychedelics, informed consent, patient vulnerability, equity and access, differences between clinical and nonclinical psychedelic uses, and psychedelic self-enhancement. As psychedelics move closer toward regulatory approval beyond research settings, it is vital that these promising treatments be used ethically. The unique features of psychedelic therapies, including the altered states of consciousness they produce and the vulnerability that such states entail for patients, require careful consideration to minimize potential ethical pitfalls. This review seeks to ensure that psychiatrists are equipped to use psychedelic psychotherapy both ethically and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Barber
- Private practice, Bethesda (Barber); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dike)
| | - Charles C Dike
- Private practice, Bethesda (Barber); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dike)
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Palamar JJ, Le A. Prevalence of self-reported adverse effects associated with drug use among nightclub and festival attendees, 2019-2022. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2023; 7:100149. [PMID: 37025564 PMCID: PMC10070077 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research investigating adverse effects from drug use has focused extensively on poisonings and mortality. This study focuses on drug-related adverse effects not necessarily resulting in hospitalization or death among a population known for high prevalence of party drug use-electronic dance music (EDM) nightclub and festival attendees. METHODS Adults entering EDM venues were surveyed in 2019-2022 (n = 1952). Those reporting past-month use of a drug were asked whether they had experienced a harmful or very unpleasant effect after use. We examined 20 drugs and drug classes with a particular focus on alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Prevalence and correlates of adverse effects were estimated. RESULTS Almost half (47.6%) of adverse effects involved alcohol and 19.0% involved cannabis. 27.6% of those using alcohol reported an adverse effect, while 19.5%, 15.0%, and 14.9% of participants reported an effect from use of cocaine, ecstasy, and cannabis, respectively. Use of less prevalent drugs, such as NBOMe, methamphetamine, fentanyls, and synthetic cathinones, tended to be associated with higher prevalence of adverse effects. The most consistent risk factor was younger age, while past-month use of a greater number of drugs was often a protective factor against adverse effects. For most drugs, taking too much was the most common perceived reason for the adverse effect, and visiting a hospital after use was most prevalent among those experiencing an adverse effect from cocaine (11.0%). CONCLUSIONS Adverse drug effects are common in this population and results can inform prevention and harm reduction in this population and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Palamar
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, 180 Madison Avenue, Room 1752, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Austin Le
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, 180 Madison Avenue, Room 1752, New York, NY 10016, USA
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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Van Echelpoel R, Parrilla M, Sleegers N, Shanmugam ST, van Nuijs AL, Slosse A, Van Durme F, De Wael K. Validated portable device for the qualitative and quantitative electrochemical detection of MDMA ready for on-site use. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Gibbs D, Peacock A, Hughes C, Grigg J, Chandrasena U, Sutherland R. Encounters with police drug detection dogs at music festivals amongst people who regularly use ecstasy and/or other illicit stimulants in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:555-560. [PMID: 36692962 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite increasing evidence challenging the effectiveness and legality of police drug dog operations, these strategies remain common. We aimed to describe drug dog encounters at music festivals, behavioural adaptations taken in anticipation of their presence and consequences of encounters amongst a sample of people who regularly use MDMA/ecstasy. METHODS Data were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires in April-June 2019. Australians aged 16 years or older who used MDMA/ecstasy and/or other stimulants monthly in the last 6 months were recruited from capital cities via social media and word-of-mouth (n = 797). Participants reported recent drug dog encounters, encounter settings and actions taken in anticipation of and in response to encounters. RESULTS In this sample, encounters with drug dogs at festivals were common (60%), with most participants (92%) reporting anticipating the encounter. Most (86%) of this group reported behavioural adaptations to avoid a detection, with concealing drugs well (57%) and consuming prior to entering the festival (20%) most reported. Only 4% of those who expected drug dog presence chose not to carry or consume drugs. One-quarter (26%) of those who reported an encounter were stopped by police and 4% were searched (bodily/bag search). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Most participants anticipated drug dog presence at festivals, however, were not deterred from carrying or consuming drugs. Some reported adaptations to avoid detection may increase drug-related health, social and legal harms. Our study suggests drug dog presence at festivals does not deter carriage/use of illegal drugs, and echoes concerns regarding the efficacy and appropriateness of this policing initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Gibbs
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Caitlin Hughes
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- College of Business, Government, and Law, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jodie Grigg
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Udesha Chandrasena
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Grigg J, Barratt MJ, Lenton S. Drug policing down under: An investigation of panic consumption, internal concealment and the use of drug amnesty bins among a sample of Australian festivalgoers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 106:103769. [PMID: 35763964 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of drug detection dogs and other punitive policing methods remain common at music festivals in Australia and elsewhere, despite concern about iatrogenic effects and recommendations for their overhaul. While drug amnesty bins are a commonly implemented strategy purported to mitigate risk associated with policing, the efficacy of this intervention is debated. This paper investigates two of the most concerning iatrogenic effects of drug policing practices at Australian festivals - internal concealment and panic consumption - and explores the potential efficacy of drug amnesty bins. METHODS A stepped, mixed methods study (qual→QUANT→qual) comprised qualitative interviews with key informants and festivalgoers, and a quantitative online survey completed by almost 2000 Australian festivalgoers (52% male; median age 20 years old). Descriptive statistics were performed alongside bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions predicting internal concealment and panic consumption. Inductive thematic analysis was used to examine the qualitative data. RESULTS Among respondents who had ever used illicit drugs at festivals (n=1065), 23% reported hiding drugs internally to evade police detection and 17% reported panic consumption. Female respondents and respondents expecting dogs were at greater odds of reporting internal concealment. The qualitative data provided greater insight into the risky nature of internal concealment practices and panic incited by police at the gates. When asked if they would have considered discarding their drugs into a drug amnesty bin had they been concerned about detection, less than a quarter (24%) said they definitely or probably would have. CONCLUSION This paper adds to the evidence regarding iatrogenic effects of punitive drug policing practices at festivals. The findings have implications for shifting away from punitive policies to ones focused on public health. Additionally, the findings suggest drug amnesty bins should not be viewed as an adequate response for averting harms from drug policing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Grigg
- National Drug Research Institute and enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Monica J Barratt
- Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Lenton
- National Drug Research Institute and enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Page R, Healey A, Siefried KJ, Harrod ME, Franklin E, Peacock A, Barratt MJ, Brett J. Barriers to help-seeking among music festival attendees in New South Wales, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:1322-1330. [PMID: 35604869 PMCID: PMC9545606 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Prompt help‐seeking behaviour by music festival attendees can reduce risks associated with drug use; however, little is known about perceived barriers to help‐seeking when experiencing or witnessing illness at music festivals. We explored potential barriers and their association with festivalgoer characteristics. Methods We conducted an on‐site cross‐sectional survey of attendees at New South Wales music festivals in 2019/2020. Perceived barriers to help‐seeking in the hypothetical event of the respondent or a friend becoming unwell at the festival were assessed, and regression analyses were conducted to identify characteristics associated with these barriers. Results Across six festivals, 1229 people were surveyed and four‐fifths (83.2%) reported ≥1 barrier: 32.7% fear of getting in trouble with the police, 20.6% not knowing where to find help, 17.2% not knowing how unwell someone might be and 15.3% concern about friends or relatives finding out. In multivariable analyses, people of diverse sexuality and people using drugs that day had greater odds of reporting fear of trouble with the police. People reporting drug use that day had lower odds of reporting not knowing where to find help. Men, gender‐diverse people and people using drugs that day had greater odds of reporting concern about friends or relatives finding out. Discussion and Conclusions Our data substantiate concerns regarding policing strategies and their impact on festivals. Initiatives to support conversations about drugs with friends and families may be best targeted to younger people and those from gender‐diverse backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Page
- Alcohol & Drug Service, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amy Healey
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krista J Siefried
- Alcohol & Drug Service, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,National Centre for Clinical Research on Emerging Drugs, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Erica Franklin
- New South Wales Users and AIDS Association, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Monica J Barratt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan Brett
- Alcohol & Drug Service, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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