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Zhou HJ, Zhang A, Wei J, Wu J, Luo N, Wang P. Psychometric performance of EQ-5D-5L and SF-6DV2 in measuring health status of populations in Chinese university staff and students. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2314. [PMID: 37993793 PMCID: PMC10664374 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To compare measurement properties of EQ-5D-5L and SF-6DV2 in university staff and students in China. METHODS A total of 291 staff and 183 undergraduates or postgraduates completed the two instruments assigned in a random order. The health utility scores (HUS) of EQ-5D-5L and SF-6DV2 were calculated using the respective value sets for Chinese populations. The agreement of HUSs was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot. Convergent validity of their HUSs and similar dimensions were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Known-group validity of the HUSs and EQ-VAS score was assessed by comparing the scores of participants with and without three conditions (i.e., disease, symptom or discomfort, and injury), as well as number of any of the three conditions; their sensitivity was also compared. RESULTS The ICCs between the two HUSs were 0.567 (staff) and 0.553 (students). Bland-Altman plot found that EQ-5D-5L HUSs were generally higher. Strong correlation was detected for two similar dimensions (pain/discomfort of EQ-5D-5L and pain of SF-6DV2; anxiety/depression of EQ-5D-5L and mental health of SF-6DV2) in both samples. The correlation between the two HUSs were strong (0.692 for staff and 0.703 for students), and were stronger than their correlations with EQ-VAS score. All the three scores could discriminate the difference in three known-groups (disease, symptom or discomfort, number of any of the three conditions). The two HUSs were more sensitive than EQ-VAS score; and either of them was not superior than the other. CONCLUSIONS Both EQ-5D-5L and SF-6DV2 HUSs have acceptable measurement properties (convergent validity, known-groups validity, sensitivity) in Chinese university staff and students. Nevetheless, only EQ-5D-5L (PD and AD) and SF-6DV2 (PN and MH) showed indicated good convergent validity as expected. Two types of HUSs cannot be used interchangeably, and each has its own advantages in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Zhou
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Aixue Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of TCM Manipulative Orthopedics, PLA Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Luo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.
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Liu X, Zhou H, Wei J, Li M, Luo G, Naidoo N, Zhang G, Bi Y, Gao M. An occupational health survey on health utility and occupational diseases in Chinese university staff to inform cost-utility analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1022344. [PMID: 36703839 PMCID: PMC9871467 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1022344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The occupational health of university staff bears great social and economic value for which health utility is an indivisible aspect. Utility is also the primary data for the cost-utility analysis of occupational health programs. Health utility and occupational diseases have not been reported for the university staff in China. In the light of "Healthy China," we conducted this study aiming to (1) estimate the health utility of university staff to inform cost-utility analysis and (2) screen and identify potential occupational diseases for this occupation and examine their impacts on health. Methods An occupational health survey was conducted in a sample of working-age university staff. Participants were interviewed face-to-face using the WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire and the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) instrument to measure health conditions and health utility, respectively. The univariate analysis included the t-test, chi-square test, and correlation techniques. Multivariate generalized linear models were applied to evaluate the significance of each health condition when controlling for other factors. Results The sample (n = 154) had a mean age of 40.65 years and consisted of slightly more women (51.30%). Participants attained a mean (standard deviation) health utility of 0.945 (0.073). The most affected domain was anxiety/depression with 62 (40.26%) participants reporting problems, followed by pain/discomfort which captured 60 (37.66%) staff with problems. Thus, pain and psychologically related conditions were prevalent. Multivariate models identified two conditions that can significantly reduce the health utility. The psychological/emotional conditions were associated with a utility loss of -0.067 (95%CI: -0.089, -0.045). The pain in body parts other than the head, neck, and back reduced the utility by -0.034 (95%CI: -0.055, -0.014). Conclusion Working-age staff in Chinese universities may have a lower health utility than the general population. Psychological conditions and musculoskeletal pain appear like occupational diseases. With the health utility data available, economic evaluation of cost-utility should follow up to facilitate the implementation of cost-effective programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China,Department of Medical Affairs, The First People's Hospital of Tai'an, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Huijun Zhou
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huijun Zhou ✉
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of TCM Manipulative Orthopedics, PLA Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Guofen Luo
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Nasheen Naidoo
- Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guang Zhang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Bi
- I.baby Preconception Care, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Gao
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Liu X, Zhang L, Ma H, Nan H, Liu R. An Empirical Study of Promotion Pressure among University Teachers in China Using Event History Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15134. [PMID: 36429853 PMCID: PMC9690900 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to understand the status of promotion pressure among university teachers in China. This study explored the promotion duration and influencing factors among teachers in different disciplines of the social sciences. METHODS Using event history analysis, this study collected data regarding university teachers of China. The sample included 536 teachers who had been promoted from assistant to associate professor and 243 teachers promoted from associate to full professor. Our results revealed that the overall time required for promotion in the social sciences is relatively long. For those promoted from assistant to associate professor, the mean time for promotion was 14.155 years, with a median of 11 years, while for the transition from associate to full professor, the mean was 13.904 years with a median of nine years. Furthermore, in the survival function of the promotion duration, there is a stage pattern for both assistant to associate professor and associate to full professor. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier results showed that the mean promotion time in economics was the shortest. The Cox regression results indicated that males had a higher chance of promotion than females, and faculty members with doctoral degrees had a higher likelihood of promotion than those without. For those advancing from assistant to associate professor, the university of employment had significant positive effects on promotion. This paper provides empirical support for the current societal concerns regarding promotion pressure among university teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Languages and Communication Studies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Languages and Communication Studies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Haowen Ma
- Institute of Communication Studies, Communication University of China, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Haofeng Nan
- School of Law, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Yao Q, Yang F, Li H, Tang K, Liu C. Health-related quality of life of young academics: A cross-sectional survey of universities in Wuhan, China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:996219. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.996219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of young academics in Wuhan, China, and its determinants.MethodsA multistage stratified cluster sampling strategy was employed to recruit study participants (young academics <40 years old) from 12 universities in Wuhan. A total of 301 respondents returned a self-complete questionnaire that contained the EQ-5D-5L. Multivariate linear and Tobit regression models were established to determine the sociodemographic and job predictors of the visual analogue scale (VAS) score and the EQ-5D utility index, respectively.ResultsThe study participants reported a mean VAS value of 79.42 (SD = 10.51) and a mean EQ-5D utility index of 0.915 (SD = 0.090). Anxiety/depression was the most frequently reported problem (65.12%), followed by pain/discomfort (43.52%). Transitioning towards a full professorship in national key universities (p < 0.001), lower income (p < 0.05) and too much pressure for academic promotion (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of lower HRQoL; whereas, maintaining routines in physical activities (p < 0.001), sleep (p < 0.001) and meals (p < 0.001), a good relationship with colleagues and family members (p < 0.001), and social activities (p < 0.01) were significant predictors of higher HRQoL.ConclusionLow HRQoL of young academics in China is evident, as indicated by the 7.08 and 0.049 gap in VAS and utility index, respectively, compared to the general population at the same age. Work and career pressures are associated with the low HRQoL of young academics. The findings of this study highlight the importance of work-life balance in promoting HRQoL of young academics in universities in China.
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Sudibjo N, Manihuruk AM. How Do Happiness at Work and Perceived Organizational Support Affect Teachers’ Mental Health Through Job Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:939-951. [PMID: 35469169 PMCID: PMC9034865 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s361881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Sudibjo
- Faculty of Education, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Niko Sudibjo, Faculty of Education, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jakarta, Indonesia, Tel +62 21 2552 5161, Fax +62 21 2553 5163, Email
| | - Alex M Manihuruk
- Faculty of Education, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Abdul Manaf MR, Mohammed Nawi A, Mohd Tauhid N, Othman H, Abdul Rahman MR, Mohd Yusoff H, Safian N, Ng PY, Abdul Manaf Z, Abdul Kadir NB, Yanasegaran K, Abdul Basir SM, Ramakrishnappa S, Ariff MI, Ganasegeran K. Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life amongst Employees in a Malaysian Public University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010903. [PMID: 34682645 PMCID: PMC8535262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current academic landscape has overwhelmed faculties and with demands to adopt tech-savvy teaching modes and accelerate scholarly works, administrative duties, and outreach programs. Such demands have deteriorated the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among university employees. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with HRQoL among university employees in a Malaysian public university. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 397 employees from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) between April and June 2019. A self-administered questionnaire that consisted of socio-demographic items, risky health behaviors, health-related information, and validated scales for measuring employees’ physical inactivity, psychological states, and HRQoL was utilized. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using SPSS version 23.0. Hierarchical multiple linear regression models were yielded to determine the factors associated with different domains of HRQoL. Mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS MACRO (Model 4). Statistical significance was set to p < 0.05. Physical HRQoL scored the highest, while environmental HRQoL had the lowest score among the employees. Physical HRQoL was influenced by age, service duration, comorbid conditions, BMI, chronic diseases, and anxiety. Factors associated with psychological HRQoL were age, service duration, depression, and stress. Age, service duration, and chronic diseases affected employees’ social relationship HRQoL, while environmental HRQoL was associated with age, occupation type, chronic diseases, and depression. Socio-demographics, risky health behaviors, health profiles, and psychological attributes were significantly associated with employees’ HRQoL. Age was the only positively correlated factor across all HRQoL domains, while other factors deteriorated employees’ HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (M.R.A.R.); (H.M.Y.); (N.S.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Azmawati Mohammed Nawi
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (M.R.A.R.); (H.M.Y.); (N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Noorlaili Mohd Tauhid
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Hanita Othman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Rizam Abdul Rahman
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (M.R.A.R.); (H.M.Y.); (N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Hanizah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (M.R.A.R.); (H.M.Y.); (N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Nazarudin Safian
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (M.R.A.R.); (H.M.Y.); (N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (P.Y.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Zahara Abdul Manaf
- Dietetic Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (Z.A.M.); (S.M.A.B.)
| | - Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Kevina Yanasegaran
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (P.Y.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Siti Munirah Abdul Basir
- Dietetic Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (Z.A.M.); (S.M.A.B.)
| | - Sowmya Ramakrishnappa
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (M.R.A.R.); (H.M.Y.); (N.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mohd Izhar Ariff
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Kurubaran Ganasegeran
- Clinical Research Center, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Penang 13700, Malaysia;
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Guo YF, Wang KF, Cross W, Lam L, Plummer V, Li J. Quality of life in cancer patients with different preferences for nurse spiritual therapeutics: The role of psychological capital. J Adv Nurs 2021; 78:991-1000. [PMID: 34423462 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the status of quality of life and psychological capital and analyse the different effects of psychological capital on the quality of life of cancer patients with different preferences for nurse spiritual therapeutics. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was used. METHODS Two hundred and eight cancer patients were recruited using convenience sampling from a tertiary Chinese hospital, between March and July 2019. Data on preferences for nurse spiritual therapeutics (PNST), psychological capital (PsyCap) and quality of life (QoL) were collected using paper questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple regression was employed to investigate the different influences of PsyCap on QoL of cancer patients with various levels of PNST. RESULTS Compared with patients having high PNST, patients with mild-moderate PNST experienced lower self-efficacy, hope, optimism, PsyCap and social/family well-being. PsyCap significantly explained the variance on QoL of patients with various levels of PNST. Age, gender, presence of caregiver were significant factors influencing physical, social/family and emotional well-being of patients with high PNST. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates disparities in PsyCap and QoL between cancer patients with mild-moderate and high PNST. It is essential to be aware of the positive influences of PsyCap on QoL and develop effective interventions for patients to improve their QoL, especially for those with mild-moderate PNST. IMPACT It is necessary to realize the benefits of PsyCap on QoL of cancer patients with various levels of PNST. Appropriate training for nurses needs to be developed to promote their spiritual care competencies. Moreover, supportive interventions should be developed for cancer patients to improve their PsyCap and QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Guo
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ke-Fang Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wendy Cross
- School of Health, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louisa Lam
- School of Health, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginia Plummer
- School of Health, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jing Li
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zhu YX, Li T, Fan SR, Liu XP, Liang YH, Liu P. Health-related quality of life as measured with the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire in patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2016; 14:65. [PMID: 27129474 PMCID: PMC4850632 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-016-0470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) has a poor therapeutic outcome and a severe impact on women and their partners, both physically and psychologically. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is significantly affected in patients with RVVC; however, little is known about HRQOL in patients with this disease. In this study, we aim to identify the clinical and mycological characteristics of women with RVVC and the effects of RVVC on women's HRQOL. METHODS We designed this study as a comparative cross-sectional study. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to measure HRQOL in 102 patients with RVVC and 101 women seeking general health care (controls). RVVC was defined as four or more episodes of proven VVC in the previous 12-month period. VVC was defined as vulvar itching, burning, erythema, vaginal discharge, pseudohyphae or blastoconidia on a wet 10 % potassium hydroxide (KOH)-treated vaginal slide and a positive Candida culture. Group comparisons were conducted with independent samples t test. Correlation analysis was performed on the variables. RESULTS The mean age at first diagnosis of the patients with RVVC was 30.96 years (SD 5.38), and the mean age of the controls was 29.75 years (SD 5.83; p > 0.05). The duration of the patients' complaints varied from 6 months to 10 years, with a mean duration of 22.28 (±21.75) months. The most common complaints were increased vaginal discharge (102 cases, 100 %), itching (97 cases, 95.1 %), dyspareunia (65 cases, 63.7 %), burning (79 cases, 77.5 %) and erythema (25 cases, 24.5 %). C. albicans was the predominant Candida species (86 strains, 84.3 %) in the patients, followed by C. glabrata (12 strains, 11.8 %). C. parapsilosis (1 strain, 0.9 %), C. tropicalis (1 strain, 0.9 %), C. krusei (1 strain, 0.9 %) and C. lusitaniae (1 strain, 0.9 %). The mean SF-36 dimension scores for physical function, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health were significantly lower in the patients with RVVC than in the controls (85.20, 61.39, 77.79, 54.95, 53.17, 67.89, 52.48 and 59.17 vs. 90.20, 80.87, 87.08, 67.38, 59.69, 79.86, 68.01 and 65.38). The physical composite and mental composite scores of the patients with RVVC were 63.06 and 64.87, respectively, which were lower than those of the controls (75.01 and 74.87; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nearly all of the patients with RVVC had clinical symptoms. In our sample, RVVC was mainly caused by C. albicans. RVVC has negative effects on women's HRQOL, as indicated by lower physical and mental composite scores among the RVVC group compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Shang-Rong Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gynecological Diagnostic Technology Research, Shenzhen, 518036, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yi-Heng Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
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