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Yuan Y, Zhao J, Liu Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Tian X, Qiao W, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen L. Human milk sphingomyelin: Function, metabolism, composition and mimicking. Food Chem 2024; 447:138991. [PMID: 38520905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Human milk, which contains various nutrients, is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. Healthy human milk meets all the nutritional needs of early infant development. Polar lipids mainly exist in the milk fat globule membrane, accounting for approximately 1-2% of human milk lipids; sphingomyelin (SM) accounts for approximately 21-24% of polar lipids. SM plays an important role in promoting the development of the brain and nervous system, regulating intestinal flora, and improving skin barriers. Though SM could be synthesized de novo, SM nutrition from dietary is also important for infants. The content and composition of SM in human milk has been reported, however, the molecular mechanisms of nutritional functions of SM for infants required further research. This review summarizes the functional mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and compositional, influencing factors, and mimicking of SM in human milk, and highlights the challenges of improving maternal and infant early/long-term nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Yanpin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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Liu C, Chen S, Chu J, Yang Y, Yuan B, Zhang H. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Toxicity of Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics toward BEAS-2B Cells. TOXICS 2024; 12:399. [PMID: 38922079 PMCID: PMC11209221 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) are microplastic pollutants widely present in the environment, but their potential risks to human lung health and underlying toxicity mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we systematically analyzed the effects of PVC-MPs on the transcriptome and metabolome of BEAS-2B cells using high-throughput RNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics technologies. The results showed that exposure to PVC-MPs significantly reduced the viability of BEAS-2B cells, leading to the differential expression of 530 genes and 3768 metabolites. Further bioinformatics analyses showed that PVC-MP exposure influenced the expression of genes associated with fluid shear stress, the MAPK and TGF-β signaling pathways, and the levels of metabolites associated with amino acid metabolism. In particular, integrated pathway analysis showed that lipid metabolic pathways (including glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism) were significantly perturbed in BEAS-2B cells following PVC-MPs exposure. This study provides new insights and targets for a deeper understanding of the toxicity mechanism of PVC-MPs and for the prevention and treatment of PVC-MP-associated lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Liu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; (C.L.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shuang Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; (C.L.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jiangliang Chu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; (C.L.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yifan Yang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; (C.L.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Beilei Yuan
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China; (C.L.); (S.C.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Huazhong Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Institute of Poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
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Hoekstra M, Zhang Z, Lindenburg PW, Van Eck M. Scavenger Receptor BI Deficiency in Mice Is Associated With Plasma Ceramide and Sphingomyelin Accumulation and a Reduced Cholesteryl Ester Fatty Acid Length and Unsaturation Degree. J Lipid Atheroscler 2024; 13:69-79. [PMID: 38299166 PMCID: PMC10825577 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2024.13.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is primarily known for its role in the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters (CEs) from high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Here we investigated whether SR-BI deficiency is associated with other potentially relevant changes in the plasma lipidome than the established effect of HDL-cholesterol elevation. Methods Targeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to measure lipid species in plasma from female wild-type and SR-BI knockout mice. Results SR-BI deficiency was associated with a reduction in the average CE fatty acid length (-2%; p<0.001) and degree of CE fatty acid unsaturation (-18%; p<0.001) due to a relative shift from longer, polyunsaturated CE species CE (20:4), CE (20:5), and CE (22:6) towards the mono-unsaturated CE (18:1) species. Sphingomyelin (SM) levels were 64% higher (p<0.001) in SR-BI knockout mice without a parallel change in (lyso)phosphatidylcholine (LPC) concentrations, resulting in an increase in the SM/LPC ratio from 0.102±0.005 to 0.163±0.003 (p<0.001). In addition, lower LPC lengths (-5%; p<0.05) and fatty acid unsaturation degrees (-20%; p<0.01) were detected in SR-BI knockout mice. Furthermore, SR-BI deficiency was associated with a 4.7-fold increase (p<0.001) in total plasma ceramide (Cer) levels, with a marked >9-fold rise (p<0.001) in Cer (d18:1/24:1) concentrations. Conclusion We have shown that SR-BI deficiency in mice not only impacts the CE concentrations, length, and saturation index within the plasma compartment, but is also associated with plasma accumulation of several Cer and SM species that may contribute to the development of specific hematological and metabolic (disease) phenotypes previously detected in SR-BI knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. Lindenburg
- Research Group Metabolomics, Faculty Science & Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Hogeschool Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Keshava S, Das K, Kolesnick R, Jiang XC, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. Alterations to Sphingomyelin Metabolism Affect Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:64-78. [PMID: 36412194 PMCID: PMC9762718 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our recent studies suggest that sphingomyelin levels in the plasma membrane influence TF (tissue factor) procoagulant activity. The current study was performed to investigate how alterations to sphingomyelin metabolic pathway would affect TF procoagulant activity and thereby affect hemostatic and thrombotic processes. METHODS Macrophages and endothelial cells were transfected with specific siRNAs or infected with adenoviral vectors to alter sphingomyelin levels in the membrane. TF activity was measured in factor X activation assay. Saphenous vein incision-induced bleeding and the inferior vena cava ligation-induced flow restriction mouse models were used to evaluate hemostasis and thrombosis, respectively. RESULTS Overexpression of SMS (sphingomyelin synthase) 1 or SMS2 in human monocyte-derived macrophages suppresses ATP-stimulated TF procoagulant activity, whereas silencing SMS1 or SMS2 increases the basal cell surface TF activity to the same level as of ATP-decrypted TF activity. Consistent with the concept that sphingomyelin metabolism influences TF procoagulant activity, silencing of acid sphingomyelinase or neutral sphingomyelinase 2 or 3 attenuates ATP-induced enhanced TF procoagulant activity in macrophages and endothelial cells. Niemann-Pick disease fibroblasts with a higher concentration of sphingomyelin exhibited lower TF activity compared with wild-type fibroblasts. In vivo studies revealed that LPS+ATP-induced TF activity and thrombin generation were attenuated in ASMase-/- mice, while their levels were increased in SMS2-/- mice. Further studies revealed that acid sphingomyelinase deficiency leads to impaired hemostasis, whereas SMS2 deficiency increases thrombotic risk. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data indicate that alterations in sphingomyelin metabolism would influence TF procoagulant activity and affect hemostatic and thrombotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (J.W., S.K., K.D., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (J.W., S.K., K.D., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
| | - Kaushik Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (J.W., S.K., K.D., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
| | | | | | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (J.W., S.K., K.D., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (J.W., S.K., K.D., U.R.P., L.V.M.R.)
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Zhang G, Chen H, Guo Y, Zhang W, Jiang Q, Zhang S, Han L, Chen S, Xue R. Activation of Platelet NLRP3 Inflammasome in Crohn's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:705325. [PMID: 34262463 PMCID: PMC8273542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.705325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) are inclined to have platelet hyperactivity and an increased risk of intestinal micro-thrombosis. However, the mechanisms underlying platelet hyperactivity in CD are not well understood. We investigated the assembly of platelet NLRP3 inflammasome in patients with active CD and its correlation with platelet hyperactivity. In this study, Real-time PCR and western blotting analyses uncovered that ASC, NLRP3, and active caspase-1 were significantly upregulated in platelets from patients with active CD compared with healthy subjects. As revealed by flow cytometry (FCM) and ELISA analyses, the levels of interleukin-1β in both serum and isolated platelets were elevated in patients with active CD. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments revealed an increased assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome in platelets from patients with active CD. In addition, higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed in these platelets by FCM. Furthermore, elevated levels of platelet P-selectin exposure and fibrinogen binding were demonstrated in patients with active CD by FCM. They were positively correlated with the protein levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components. Collectively, our results indicate that the ROS-NLRP3 inflammasome-interleukin-1β axis may contribute to platelet hyperactivity in active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyu Jiang
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - She Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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