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Zbyrak V, Radwan RM, Salgado TM, Dixon DL, Sisson EM, Pamulapati LG. Job satisfaction among board-certified pharmacists in Virginia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:126-132. [PMID: 37774836 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Board certification has been associated with job satisfaction. Identifying factors influencing board-certified pharmacists' job satisfaction can assist employers in recruitment and retention. OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with job satisfaction among board-certified pharmacists in Virginia. METHODS This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2018 Virginia Pharmacy Workforce Survey and included pharmacists who held an active license in Virginia, were employed within the last year, and held any Board of Pharmacy Specialties certification. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and bivariate analyses compared job satisfaction across demographics and practice characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with job satisfaction. RESULTS Of 15,424 licensed pharmacists, 13,962 completed the survey (90.5%), while 1,284 (9.2%) met the inclusion criteria. Respondents were primarily female (69.4%) with a mean (SD) of 10.5 (9.6) years of work experience. Pharmacists predominantly held one full-time position (81.5%), earned an annual income between $100,000-$149,999 (77.0%), and worked in inpatient health systems (43.9%). Most board-certified pharmacists (93.7%) reported being very/somewhat satisfied with their current job. Job satisfaction was associated with work setting, primary hours worked per week, and paid sick leave benefits in bivariate analyses. In the multivariable logistic regression model, pharmacists working 30-49 versus ≥50 h/wk in their primary job (aOR= 2.91, 95% CI 1.63, 5.20), earning ≥$150,000 versus $100,000-$149,999 (aOR=4.60, 95% CI 1.21, 17.46), and with paid sick leave benefits (aOR= 1.92, 95% CI 1.19, 3.10) were more likely to report higher job satisfaction. Additionally, working in academia (aOR= 5.36, 95% CI 1.45, 19.85), inpatient health system (aOR= 3.13, 95% CI 1.41, 6.94), and outpatient health system (aOR= 4.07, 95% CI 1.33, 12.51) were associated with job satisfaction. CONCLUSION Board-certified pharmacists in Virginia reported high job satisfaction. Primary hours worked per week, income, paid sick leave, and work setting were positively associated with job satisfaction.
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Dabrowska N, Malmberg L, Nejati H, Volle CB, Røssing Witzø M, Yaman H, Gazerani P. Competence in Sports Pharmacy among Pharmacy Students in Norway. PHARMACY 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 38251397 PMCID: PMC10801607 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmacists are competent to promote the proper use of medicines. According to the International Pharmaceutical Federation, pharmacists must develop competence in sports pharmacy and the contents of the World Anti-Doping Agency code. This explorative study aimed to identify the status of sports pharmacy in pharmacy education in Norway and competence in sports pharmacy among Norwegian pharmacy students. The study curricula of pharmacy education were examined for the content of sports pharmacy. An online questionnaire was also developed and distributed among pharmacy students. The anonymous survey collected demographic information and data on competence in sports pharmacy. Data from 122 participants were analyzed. Only 22.5% of pharmacy students had acquired a form of training in sports pharmacy and 91.7% wished to gain higher competence. In total, 40.2% of respondents were uncomfortable in advising athletes and trainers on medication use in sports. Study year was found to correlate with competence level with a significant difference between the 3rd year (bachelor) and 5th year (master) students. Age, institution, and number of years engaged in sports were not associated with competence level. The inclusion of sports pharmacy in pharmacy programs holds practical relevance for enhancing competency levels. This implementation can be realized through the integration of sports pharmacy modules and/or the incorporation of research-based activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dabrowska
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lone Malmberg
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hadis Nejati
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Bach Volle
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Røssing Witzø
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hatice Yaman
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark
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Tran VD, Vo TML, Nguyen Di K, Vo QLD, Dewey RS, Pham TT, Tran BK, Pham DT. Job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists in a representative province in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291201. [PMID: 37708111 PMCID: PMC10501634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job satisfaction is an important factor affecting job performance and turnover of healthcare workers, especially hospital pharmacists. Nevertheless, limited studies have reported this issue in the context of Vietnam. OBJECTIVES To help maintain the quality and size of the limited hospital pharmacy workforce in Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta area, this study investigated the job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists, and the associated factors, in Vinh Long province, a representative province in the central Mekong Delta. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted, recruiting hospital pharmacists working in all 17 province/district-affiliated healthcare facilities across Vinh Long province, Vietnam, between August and September 2022. RESULTS Among the 235 survey participants (representing a response rate of 97.1%), 189 pharmacists (80.4%) reported that they were satisfied with their job. Working conditions, leadership styles, and benefits were factors found to significantly influence job satisfaction. Pharmacists who had worked in the field for 3-5 years (OR = 3.752, 95% CI = 1.036-13.595), more than 5 years (OR = 6.361, 95% CI = 2.264-17.875), did not have additional duties besides their primary responsibilities (OR = 2.046, 95% CI = 1.005-4.163), and worked in a private healthcare facility (OR = 12.021, 95% CI = 1.470-98.316), were significantly more likely to be satisfied with their job. CONCLUSIONS Most hospital pharmacists were satisfied with their current job. To further improve job satisfaction in this population, further improvements to working conditions are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van De Tran
- Department of Health Organization and Management, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Thi My Loan Vo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
- Tam Binh District Health Center, Vinh Long, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Nguyen Di
- Department of Medical Testing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, Vietnam
| | - Quang Loc Duyen Vo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Rebecca Susan Dewey
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Trung Tin Pham
- Department of Health Organization and Management, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Ba Kien Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Administration, Hai Duong Central College of Pharmacy, Hai Duong, Vietnam
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Medical Testing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, Vietnam
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Ng CB, Tan YL, Kamaludin RS, Chang CT, Chew CC, Foong WK, Lee SH, Hamdan N, Ong SY. Experience and attitudes of pharmacists towards challenges and adaptive measures to new norm in ward pharmacy practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:85. [PMID: 37430298 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges to the ward pharmacy practice. Challenges arose due to new norms in the ward pharmacy practice. Adaptive measures to overcome these challenges were important to sustain the quality of pharmaceutical care. This study aimed to identify the perceived challenges and attitudes towards adaptive measures in the ward pharmacy practice during the COVID-19 pandemic and determined their association with pharmacists' characteristics. METHOD This cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 Perak state hospitals and 12 primary health clinics through an online survey. All ward pharmacists and trainee pharmacists with at least 1 month of ward pharmacy experience and working in government-funded health facilities were included. The validated survey tool consisted of demographic characteristics, pharmacists' experience towards challenges (22 items), and their attitude towards adaptive measures (9 items). Each item was measured based on a 5-point Likert scale. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were employed to determine the association of pharmacists' characteristics against their experience and attitude. RESULTS Out of 175 respondents, 144 (81.8%) were female, and 84 (47.7%) were Chinese. Most pharmacists served in the medical ward (124, 70.5%). Commonly reported perceived challenges were difficulties in counselling medication devices (3.63 ± 1.06), difficulties in clerking medication history from family members (3.63 ± 0.99), contacting family members (3.46 ± 0.90), patient's digital illiteracy in virtual counselling (3.43 ± 1.11) and completeness of the electronic records (3.36 ± 0.99). For attitude towards adaptive measures, improving internet connection (4.62 ± 0.58), ensuring availability of multilingual counselling videos (4.45 ± 0.64), and provision of internet-enabled mobile devices (4.39 ± 0.76) were the most agreeable by the pharmacists. Male (AOR: 2.63, CI 1.12-6.16, p = 0.026) and master's degree holders (AOR: 2.79, CI 0.95-8.25, p = 0.063) had greater odds of high perceived challenging experience scores. Master's degree holders (AOR: 8.56, CI 1.741-42.069, p = 0.008) were also more likely to have a positive attitude score towards adaptive measures. CONCLUSION Pharmacists faced multiple challenges in the ward pharmacy practice during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in medication history assessment and patient counselling. Pharmacists, especially those with higher levels of education and longer tenure, exhibited a higher level of agreement towards the adaptive measures. The positive attitudes of pharmacists towards various adaptive measures, such as improvement of internet infrastructure and digital health literacy among patients and family members, warrant immediate action plans from health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Beng Ng
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Taiping, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Taiping, Malaysia
| | - You Leng Tan
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Taiping, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Taiping, Malaysia
| | - Ros Sakinah Kamaludin
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Chee Tao Chang
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Malaysia.
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Chii-Chii Chew
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Wai Keng Foong
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Batu Gajah, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Batu Gajah, Malaysia
| | - Siew Huang Lee
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Kuala Kangsar, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Kangsar, Malaysia
| | - Normi Hamdan
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Seri Manjung, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Seri Manjung, Malaysia
| | - Su Yin Ong
- Perak Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Tanjung Rambutan, Malaysia
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Gernant SA, Nigro SC, Cruess DG, Smith M, Rickles NM. Age, gender, and setting's effect on community pharmacists' stress and confidence in the COVID-19 pandemic. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100239. [PMID: 36968326 PMCID: PMC9997053 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of increased stress among healthcare workers were commonplace during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, but little is known about community pharmacists' experiences. Objective To characterize community pharmacists' stress and confidence during the early COVID-19 pandemic and identify associated factors. Methods Pharmacists who worked in a brick-and-mortar community pharmacy (e.g., big-box, chain, independent, or grocery pharmacies) located in Connecticut and had regular face-to-face interaction with the public were surveyed. Survey items were selected from the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and adapted from the Emergency Risk-Communication (ERC) framework. Data were analyzed using chi-square and ANOVA. Results Survey results suggested pharmacists experienced moderate levels of stress, as negative responses to PSS-10 items ranged between 6.4% to 43.3%, respectively. Overall, pharmacists had high rates of confidence in their ability to manage the pandemic, agreeing or strongly agreeing that they could manage their own mental health (73.1%), and communicate risks of the pandemic (72.0%). However, 28.0% reported that they had avoided talking about the pandemic because it made them feel “stressed, or nervous.” Women and those working in chain community pharmacies tended to report significantly higher rates of stress to several items in the PSS-10 compared to men and pharmacists working in non-chain settings. Women and chain community pharmacists were also significantly more likely to report overall that they had avoided talking about public health risks because it made them feel anxious, stressed, or depressed (29.4% men vs. 34.5% women χ2 (4) > 22.6, p < 0.01). However, confidence to communicate critical risk messages neither differed between men and women (77.6% men vs. 68.8% women χ2 (4) > 8.3, p = 0.08), nor between chain and non-chain community pharmacists (71.0% chain vs. 73.7% non-chain χ2 (4) > 8.9, p = 0.32). Conclusion Being female, younger age, and employed at a chain pharmacy were associated with higher rates of stress and lower self-confidence among community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Gernant
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
- Corresponding author.
| | - Stefanie C. Nigro
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
| | - Dean G. Cruess
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Marie Smith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel M. Rickles
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
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Fadare OO, Witry MJ, Gaither CA, Doucette WR, Schommer JC. What drives job satisfaction among community pharmacists? An application of relative importance analysis. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100237. [PMID: 36923066 PMCID: PMC10009529 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacy employers want to improve pharmacists' job satisfaction, but ratings of job satisfaction are highly subjective, as evaluating job satisfaction involves weighing simultaneously the importance of multiple correlated determinants that are often perceived unequally. Objectives To 1) describe the application of relative importance analysis in estimating the predictive ability of correlated determinants of job satisfaction, and to rank the determinants in order of relative importance, and 2) explore how the perceived relative importance of job satisfaction predictors may vary across community pharmacists' age, gender, and work setting categories. Methods Data were obtained from the 2019 National Pharmacy Workforce Survey administered to 96,110 licensed U.S. pharmacists. Multiple regression analysis (MR) and relative weight analysis (RWA) were used to assess the predictive ability of determinants to explain pharmacists' job satisfaction. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore variations in the perceived relative importance of predictors across pharmacists' age, gender and work setting categories. Results Over the entire sample of community pharmacists, no personal experience of workplace discrimination [RW = 0.0613, rank = 1] and less reported engagement in advanced dispensing activities [RW = 0.0235, rank = 2] were most associated with greater job satisfaction, as both predictors jointly accounted for 67.5% of the predicted criterion variance (R 2). Pharmacists' compensation was observed to have the lowest perceived relative importance for predicting job satisfaction [RW = 0.0005, rank = 6], accounting for 0.5% of R 2. Between-group comparisons showed that, no personal experience of workplace discrimination had the highest perceived relative importance for job satisfaction across pharmacists' age groups, among women, and across most work settings except small chain pharmacies. Within-group comparisons showed that pharmacists' compensation was significantly more important than professional interactions (ΔRW(PC-PPI) 0.2900 [0.0637, 0.5360]) for job satisfaction among pharmacists in large chain pharmacies, while patient-care services was significantly more important than compensation for job satisfaction in independent (ΔRW(PPS-PC) 0.1761 [0.0017, 0.5980]) and health system retail pharmacists (ΔRW(PPS-PC) 0.4190 [0.0444, 0.8303]). Conclusions Relative importance analysis corroborated multiple regression and provided a more interpretable presentation of variable influence on community pharmacists job satisfaction as the importance of personal and workplace characteristics in how pharmacists evaluate their job satisfaction varied across age, gender and work setting categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olajide O Fadare
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Matthew J Witry
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Caroline A Gaither
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, 308 SE Harvard St, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - William R Doucette
- University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Jon C Schommer
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, 308 SE Harvard St, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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Makhlouf AM, Ibrahim MI, Awaisu A, Yusuff KB. Predictors of enablers and barriers to community pharmacists' management of minor ailments in a developing setting: A theory-driven assessment. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:58-65. [PMID: 36109333 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical and financial burdens associated with minor ailments are well documented, but published evidence suggests that minor ailment services led by community pharmacists have a remarkable positive impact, mainly in developed settings. There is a paucity of evidence on community pharmacists' self-perceived enablers and barriers to the effective management of minor ailments. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to identify community pharmacists' self-perceived enablers and barriers to the effective management of minor ailments as well as their significant predictors. METHODS A Kurt Lewin's theory-driven cross-sectional survey of 305 community pharmacists was conducted in Qatar using a pretested 25-item structured questionnaire developed with an adapted conceptual framework focused on 4 key areas: education, regulation, practice, and research. Bivariate logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors of community pharmacists' self-perceived enablers and barriers. RESULTS The response rate was 92.5% (282/305). Most of the respondents (68.1%) were males, who were 31-40 years of age (55.3%) and worked for pharmacy chains (77.3%). Community pharmacists identified a higher proportion of enablers (positive force) (82.4%) relative to only 3 barriers (negative force) (17.6%). The barriers identified included insufficient private or semiprivate space for patient counseling, the paucity of invitations to participate in practice-based research, and lack of feedback regarding the results and recommendations of previous research in which they were participants. The significant predictors of self-perceived enablers and barriers were female gender (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% CI, 1.25-3.91; P = 0.007) and age group of ≤40 years (OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 3.50-7.16; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Community pharmacists' perceptions of the factors that enhance their effective management of minor ailments were overwhelmingly positive, as 14 enablers were identified relative to only 3 barriers. Female and young community pharmacists were significantly more likely to perceive enablers than barriers. The insights provided are potentially useful in developing pharmacy-based schemes to improve the effective management of minor ailments.
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A qualitative study on female executive pharmacists with convergent roles. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 63:614-622.e3. [PMID: 36631341 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although women's participation is relatively high in the pharmacist workforce, women remain underrepresented in executive positions. The rate of executive female pharmacists in diversified pharmaceutical areas, from education and research to politics, is recognized as being disproportionately low. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to explore female executive pharmacists' roles and identify reasons for their being underrepresented in such executive positions in Turkey. METHODS Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted from a feminist standpoint with female executive delegates working in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, pharmacy chambers, and public pharmacy faculties. A thematic data analysis of transcriptions was conducted using MAXQDA 2020 software and was reported according to Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. RESULTS The researchers interviewed 19 participants. Three primary themes emerged: gender roles, being an executive, and being a pharmacist. Eight roles came to the surface: mother, child, wife, pharmacist, manager, homemaker, cook, and planner. Taking the responsibility for an executive position involves a continued and simultaneous performance of all other roles as well. CONCLUSION In this context, female pharmacists' views on gender roles in relation to motherhood, inequalities, and their dedication to their profession came to the fore. This study can be considered as a starting point for studying the underlying causes of the limited representation of female pharmacists in executive positions.
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Al-Omar HA, Khurshid F, Sayed SK, Alotaibi WH, Almutairi RM, Arafah AM, Mansy W, Alshathry S. Job Motivation and Satisfaction Among Female Pharmacists Working in Private Pharmacy Professional Sectors in Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:1383-1394. [PMID: 35903180 PMCID: PMC9314753 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s369084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists’ job satisfaction has been of interest for many years and is of great importance in several respects, such as productivity and ultimately organizational performance. Objective This study aimed to investigate the perceived motivational factors and levels of job satisfaction of female pharmacists working in private pharmaceutical sectors. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using a web-based survey of randomly selected female pharmacists working in different private settings including community pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, private hospitals, and other private sectors using a pre-validated satisfaction scale (Warr–Cook–Wall scale). Results A total of 232 female pharmacists participated in the study with a mean age of 26.1±2.4 years. Of the total respondents, more than half (58%) worked for pharmaceutical companies, 25% worked in community pharmacies, and 16.8% were from hospital pharmacies. The most attractive motivating factors that encourage female pharmacists toward better performance were having the opportunity to learn new skills, being in contact with people both locally and internationally, gaining a sense of achievement, and being recognized, appreciated, and rewarded. The participants of this study were shown to have a moderate job satisfaction level. Conclusion This study revealed that the non-Saudi, part-time pharmacists who never expected a promotion were less satisfied than the Saudi, full-time employees who expected a promotion within a year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fowad Khurshid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Khader Sayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad Hamoud Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Mansour Almutairi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Mustafa Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Mansy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Stavrou G, Siskou OC, Talias MA, Galanis P. Assessing Job Satisfaction and Stress among Pharmacists in Cyprus. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10040089. [PMID: 35893727 PMCID: PMC9332317 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inadequate staffing, increased responsibilities and a high workload are some of the factors that are directly related to stress levels experienced by pharmacists, which in turn affect job satisfaction. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess job satisfaction and stress levels of pharmacists in Cyprus, involving those working in the public and private sector. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed which involved the completion of the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) questionnaire to estimate job satisfaction, and the Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14) questionnaire to evaluate perceived stress. Data collection took place between January and March 2020 and the participation rate was 71.6% (n = 585). Results: Employees in private pharmacies overall reported higher levels of job satisfaction compared to public sector pharmacists. Public sector pharmacists were found to have stronger self-efficacy beliefs compared to other groups (p < 0.001). Female pharmacists had a higher average level of perceived helplessness than male pharmacists (p = 0.001). Regarding public sector pharmacists, it was generally observed that pharmacists working under the management of the Ministry of Health (MoH) had reduced job satisfaction than those working for other organizations. Additionally, pharmacists working under the management of the State Health Services Organization (SHSO) had the least overall perceived stress levels (p = 0.008), high self-efficacy beliefs (p = 0.006) and low perceived helplessness (p = 0.031) compared to pharmacists in other workplaces. Employees of private pharmacies were found to have higher levels of job satisfaction (p < 0.001) than SHSO pharmacists. However, those employees demonstrated increased perceived stress levels (p < 0.001) in comparison with SHSO pharmacists. Conclusions: Pharmacists’ job satisfaction is negatively correlated with perceived stress levels and helplessness, and positively correlated with self-efficacy beliefs. In the public sector, it seems that a re-evaluation is critical regarding the determinants that adversely influence job satisfaction amongst pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Stavrou
- Ministry of Health, Nicosia 1448, Cyprus
- Health Policy and Planning Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Economics and Management, Open University Cyprus, Nicosia 2220, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga Ch. Siskou
- Department of Tourism Studies, University of Piraeus, 18534 Pireas, Greece;
- Centre for Health Services Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Michael A. Talias
- Healthcare Management Postgraduate Program, Open University Cyprus, Nicosia 2220, Cyprus;
| | - Petros Galanis
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
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Rusu A, Chereches MC, Popa C, Botezatu R, Lungu IA, Moldovan OL. Community pharmacist's perspective regarding patient-centred communication in conjunction with pharmaceutical practice: a cross-sectional survey. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1327-1344. [PMID: 36249938 PMCID: PMC9561180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective communication between pharmacists and patients is essential for therapeutic success. The pharmacist's perspective may differ from that of the patient in terms of effective communication. Our study aimed to assess the communication efficiency in the pharmacist-patient relationship from the pharmacists’ perspective. We hypothesize that the community pharmacist's perspective can lead to relevant aspects of patient-centred communication and their profession. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire addressed to pharmacists. A number of 506 questionnaires were collected, evaluated, analyzed and interpreted. The questionnaire focused on the following main issues: degree of job satisfaction, essential skills of a pharmacist working in a community pharmacy, different aspects of pharmacist-patient communication, shared decision-making, patient monitoring plan and other elements related to a patient under treatment (healthy lifestyle, receptivity to counselling, loyalty and appreciation of pharmaceutical services). The pharmacist's efficiency in communication with the patient and professional education were also targeted in the study. There are no significant differences between job satisfaction in women compared to men. However, the job satisfaction increases with the average age. Caregiver, communicator and life-long learner were identified as essential skills of a pharmacist. Pharmacists participating in the study generally perceive themselves as good communicators with the patient. Nevertheless, many particular aspects of communication with patients can be greatly improved. The lack of training in the spirit of the „patient-centred communication” concept has been identified. Still, more than a third of the respondents are missing the need for professional training. A periodic evaluation of the efficiency of pharmacist-patient communication in the community pharmacy is necessary. The degree of subjectivity of the pharmacist from this perspective and self-sufficiency would be significantly diminished if the pharmacists had access to the results of the periodic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Rusu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Communication Techniques Discipline, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Marius Călin Chereches
- Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Management Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Cristian Popa
- Faculty of European Studies, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400090 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Botezatu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Communication Techniques Discipline, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ioana-Andreea Lungu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Corresponding author.
| | - Octavia-Laura Moldovan
- Medicine and Pharmacy Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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Al-Jumaili AA, Sherbeny F, Elhiny R, Hijazi B, Elbarbry F, Rahal M, Bukhatwa S, Khdour M, Thomas D, Khalifa S, Hamad A. Exploring job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals in the Arab world: a multi-country study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2022; 30:160-168. [DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The study objectives were to (1) describe the characteristics of the pharmacy professionals and (2) explore the association between job satisfaction and factors, such as work control, work stress, workload and organization and professional commitments.
Methods
This study was a cross-sectional design. The survey items were mainly adapted from the US National Pharmacist Workforce Survey. An electronic (Qualtrics) questionnaire was posted on pharmacist social media in several Arab countries. The survey link was posted from 22 March 2021 to 1 May 2021. The multiple linear regression measured the association between 12 independent variables and pharmacist job satisfaction.
Key findings
A total of 2137 usable surveys were received from pharmacists (54.7% female) working in 18 Arabic countries. The job satisfaction rate varied among countries in the Arab world. The fields with the highest satisfaction average included pharmaceutical marketing, academia and the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, pharmacists working in community pharmacy and Ministry of Health/administrative positions had the lowest satisfaction rates. Overall, pharmacist satisfaction was average (3.1 out of 5). The pharmacists had the lowest satisfaction averages with income and job expectations. The pharmacists with bachelor’s degrees had significantly lower satisfaction than pharmacists with postgraduate degrees. Male pharmacists had significantly higher job satisfaction compared with female pharmacists. Workload and the feelings of organization and professional commitments had significant positive associations with job satisfaction.
Conclusions
The pharmacy profession in Arabic countries faced several challenges that negatively impacted job satisfaction. Improving work environment, professional management, income and organization loyalty is necessary to enhance pharmacist job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatimah Sherbeny
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University , Tallahassee, FL , USA
| | - Rehab Elhiny
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Bushra Hijazi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University , Hillsboro, OR , USA
| | - Mohamad Rahal
- College of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Salma Bukhatwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University , Benghazi , Libya
| | - Maher Khdour
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University , Abu Dis , Palestine
| | - Dixon Thomas
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University , Ajman , UAE
| | | | - Anas Hamad
- Pharmacy Department, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
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Radwan RM, Bentley JP, Patterson JA, Dixon DL, Salgado TM. Predictors of job satisfaction among pharmacists: A regional workforce survey. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100124. [PMID: 35478529 PMCID: PMC9031680 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Job satisfaction affects organizational outcomes including performance and retention. The pharmacy job satisfaction literature points to several predictors of job satisfaction, but educational debt and various work settings have not been previously examined. Objectives To identify predictors of Virginia pharmacists' job satisfaction. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from the 2018 Virginia Pharmacist Workforce Survey. Of 15,424 registered pharmacists, 13,962 (90.5%) completed the survey. Pharmacists who reported being employed and working in Virginia in the previous year (2017) were included in the analysis (n = 6042). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Multiple logistic regression identified predictors of job satisfaction. Results Respondents were primarily female (66.3%), Pharm.D. degree holders (65.5%), with a 14.8-year average work experience. Most pharmacists (86%) reported being very/somewhat satisfied with their job. Educational debt was not significantly associated with job satisfaction. Significant predictors of job satisfaction included: being female (aOR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.08, 1.52); working <30 (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.14, 2.84), 30–39 (aOR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.02, 2.11), or 40–49 (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.02, 1.98) versus ≥50 h per week; earning an annual income of <$50,000 (aOR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.38, 0.94) or ≥ $150,000 (aOR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.30, 3.23) versus $100,000–$149,999; working in an independent community pharmacy (aOR = 3.72, 95% CI 2.54, 5.44), health system (aOR = 3.81, 95% CI 2.78, 5.22), clinic-based pharmacy (aOR = 4.39, 95% CI 2.18, 8.83), academia (aOR = 5.20, 95% CI 1.97, 13.73), benefits administration (aOR = 3.64, 95% CI 1.71, 7.74), long-term home and home health/infusion (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.10, 2.67), mass merchandiser community (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.62, 0.99), or manufacturer and wholesale distributor (aOR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.97, 6.08) versus chain community pharmacy. Conclusions Overall, Virginia pharmacists reported high job satisfaction. Pharmacists working in chain community pharmacy reported lower satisfaction relative to other settings. Being female, having a high annual income, and working for less hours was associated with improved job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotana M. Radwan
- Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - John P. Bentley
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS, United States, Faser Hall, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Julie A. Patterson
- Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Dave L. Dixon
- Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Teresa M. Salgado
- Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, VA, United States, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
- Corresponding author at: Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, 410 N. 12th Street, PO Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Meilianti S, Matuluko A, Ibrahim N, Uzman N, Bates I. A global study on job and career satisfaction of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100110. [PMID: 35478526 PMCID: PMC9032442 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Job and career satisfaction of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists is imperative to ensure a motivated and effective workforce, and a secure future for pharmacy practice. In turn, this enables planning, deployment and long term implementation of global imperatives, through universal pharmacy coverage. Objectives This study used data from a global survey to determine the level of job and career satisfaction and identify factors that are most significant in determining satisfaction in early-career professionals. Methods A cross-sectional survey was distributed to members of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Young Pharmacists Group (YPG) via email and social media platforms from November 2019 to May 2020. A previously validated questionnaire using 5-point Likert scales was used. Data were analysed by exploratory factor analysis, using principal component analysis, oblique rotation, and reliability testing of identified components, followed by a comparative statistical analysis. Results A total of 1014 respondents from 92 countries participated in this study. Regions of domicile significantly affected job satisfaction (p = 0.004) and career satisfaction (p < 0.0001) scores. Pharmacists working in community pharmacies perceived lower job satisfaction measures compared to those who work in academic institutions (p < 0.0001) and industry sector (p = 0.012). There is a negative association between career expectations and job satisfaction and career satisfaction scores. The workplace climate is related to education and training opportunities, lower reported workloads, greater autonomy, and more remuneration. Conclusion This was an international study of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. Enhancing factors associated with job and career satisfaction is essential to support early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists in obtaining fulfilment and esteem in their chosen careers. Developing and implementing a well-framed system that provides a conducive working environment, remuneration, and greater autonomy could improve job and career satisfaction. This study provides evidence to support investment in early-career training, stated in the FIP Development Goal 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Meilianti
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP, The Hague, Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Ayodeji Matuluko
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP, The Hague, Netherlands
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Rd, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Nazifa Ibrahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nilhan Uzman
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Ian Bates
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP, The Hague, Netherlands
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Temiz TND, Kara (Sivuk) D, Potas N. Moderating Effects of Gender Relationship Between Quality of Work Life and Job Satisfaction: Total Quality Management Perceptions as a Mediating Factor. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09720634211052358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the moderating effects of gender relationship between quality of work life and job satisfaction using total quality management perceptions as a mediating factor. Data were collected from Private and Ministry of Health Training and Research Hospitals using 515 employees in Turkey. The moderated mediation analysis was set up according to the hypothesis model. Total quality management is the mediator, and gender is the moderator. The findings showed that the relationship between quality of work life and job satisfaction, quality of work life and total quality management, total quality management and job satisfaction. With respect to the gender variable, the total quality of management decreases; job satisfaction is a little stronger in males. However, even if job satisfaction increases, it is equal in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Nur Dursun Temiz
- Department of Health Care Management, Sungurlu Vocational School, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Derya Kara (Sivuk)
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Health Care Management, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihan Potas
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Health Care Management, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey
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Tanni KA, Qian J. Trends in gender and race/ethnicity of PharmD students and faculty in US pharmacy schools. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:1408-1413. [PMID: 34799052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study described and compared trends in the distribution of gender and race/ethnicity for doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students and faculty in schools and colleges of pharmacy in the United States. METHODS Institution-level gender (male and female) and racial/ethnic (White, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino) data for full-time faculty were obtained from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy institutional database for 2009-2019. PharmD students' demographic data during the same study period were collected separately for applications, enrollments, and degrees conferred. Generalized linear regression models were applied to examine trends in proportion of PharmD students and faculty distribution in subgroups of different gender and race/ethnicity at P < .05. All analyses were conducted using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute). RESULTS Significantly increasing trends in female full-time faculty, PharmD applications, and enrollments were observed; however, the trend in female PharmD degrees conferred remained stable from 2009 to 2019. While the trends in proportion of PharmD applications, enrollments, and degrees conferred for Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino students increased significantly, declines and stable trends in the proportion of Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino faculty, respectively, were identified during the same time. CONCLUSIONS Upward trends in proportions of Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PharmD applications, enrollments, and degrees conferred were not mirrored by trends in proportions of underrepresented faculty. Implementation of effective faculty diversity and inclusion strategies is warranted to better meet the educational needs of PharmD students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaniz Afroz Tanni
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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Carvajal MJ, Popovici I, Hardigan PC. Gender and Pharmacists' Career Satisfaction in the United States. PHARMACY 2021; 9:173. [PMID: 34698292 PMCID: PMC8544727 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Job satisfaction reflects pharmacists' evaluation of their current work experiences, while career satisfaction is an evaluation of how satisfied pharmacists are with their profession across various jobs. The objectives of this article were to measure career satisfaction and specific facets of current-job satisfaction of U.S. pharmacists, compare satisfaction across genders, and examine the determinants of career satisfaction. This study was based on self-reported survey data collected from a random sample of licensed pharmacists practicing throughout the United States. The sample consisted of 422 men and 315 women. Within each gender, pharmacists' career satisfaction was modeled using ordinary least squares as a function of three sets of variables: personal characteristics, earnings and workweek, and other job-related variables. Female pharmacists exhibited higher levels of contentment with their careers than their male counterparts. Their career-satisfaction levels were not affected by age, marital status, annual earnings, or average workweek, covariates that systematically influenced male pharmacists' career satisfaction. Job satisfaction substantially affected pharmacists' long-term career satisfaction. Male and female pharmacists responded differently to stimuli, so a uniform set of work-related incentives may not be effective for both genders. Initiatives perceived by male practitioners as increasing satisfaction may be adversely perceived by female practitioners, and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J. Carvajal
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA;
| | - Ioana Popovici
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA;
| | - Patrick C. Hardigan
- Public Health Program, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA;
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Losier M, Doucette D, Fernandes O, Mulrooney S, Toombs K, Naylor H. Assessment of Canadian Hospital Pharmacists' Job Satisfaction and Impact of Clinical Pharmacy Key Performance Indicators. Can J Hosp Pharm 2021; 74:370-377. [PMID: 34602625 DOI: 10.4212/cjhp.v74i4.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical pharmacy key performance indicators (cpKPIs) are quantifiable measures of quality to advance clinical pharmacy practice and improve patient care. Although when delivered in combination they have been linked to important patient outcomes, no data are available relating to their impact on hospital pharmacists' job satisfaction. Objectives To determine the level of job satisfaction among Canadian hospital pharmacists and whether participation in cpKPI activities contributes to hospital pharmacists' job satisfaction. Methods A mixed-methods study was conducted. An electronic survey, consisting of 36 questions, was developed using a validated pharmacist job satisfaction tool and was then distributed nationally to hospital pharmacists between January 30 and March 14, 2019. Focus groups were conducted with pharmacists at Horizon Health Network in New Brunswick to further explore activities that contribute to their job satisfaction. Results Overall, 284 pharmacists from 9 provinces completed the electronic survey. The mean job satisfaction score among hospital pharmacists was 3.93 (standard deviation 0.85) out of 5. Job satisfaction scores increased with increases in self-identified time spent performing cpKPI activities (r = 0.148, p = 0.014). Pharmacist satisfaction increased with time spent performing medication reconciliation on admission (β = 0.140, p = 0.032) and decreased with time spent identifying and resolving drug therapy problems (β = -0.153, p = 0.030). Three focus groups, comprising a total of 13 pharmacists, were conducted; during these sessions, some cpKPIs were highlighted favourably, although pharmacists described some ambivalence toward patient education. The importance of having an impact and receiving appreciation was highlighted. Conclusions Canadian hospital pharmacists are generally satisfied with their jobs, and participation in cpKPI activities was found to be positively associated with hospital pharmacists' job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Losier
- , BSc(Pharm), ACPR, is with Pharmacy Services, Horizon Health Network, Saint John, New Brunswick, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Douglas Doucette
- , BSc(Pharm), PharmD, FCSHP, is with Pharmacy Services, Horizon Health Network, Moncton, New Brunswick
| | - Olavo Fernandes
- , BSc(Pharm), ACPR, PharmD, FCSHP, is with the Pharmacy Department, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sarah Mulrooney
- , BSc(Pharm), ACPR, is with Pharmacy Services, Horizon Health Network, Saint John, New Brunswick
| | - Kent Toombs
- , BSc(Pharm), ACPR, is with the Pharmacy Department, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Truro, Nova Scotia
| | - Heather Naylor
- , BSc(Pharm), ACPR, CHC, is with Pharmacy Services, Horizon Health Network, Saint John, New Brunswick
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Mattsson S, Gustafsson M. Job Satisfaction among Swedish Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030127. [PMID: 32722156 PMCID: PMC7559484 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of pharmacists’ job satisfaction is important because a lack of job satisfaction might have negative impacts on patient care and safety. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore and compare job satisfaction among pharmacists graduating from the pharmacy programs at Umeå University, Sweden. Data concerning job satisfaction and associated factors were collected using an alumni survey conducted among pharmacists graduating between 2015 and 2018. Ethical committee approval is not required for this type of study in Sweden. A majority (92.6%) of the pharmacy graduates were female. A majority of the graduates (91.4%) were satisfied with their job most of the time or all of the time, which was similar to a previous investigation among pharmacists graduating between 2006 and 2014. High access to continuous professional development (CPD) was associated with higher job satisfaction (odds ratio (OR): 18.717 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.685–207.871)). In total, 65.6% considered access to CPD to be high (i.e., satisfactory to very good). Variables like gender, age, employee category, workplace, years since graduation, and income did not affect job satisfaction. Knowledge regarding job satisfaction will enable employers to respond to employees’ needs, decrease turnover, and improve the work environment.
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Bukhari N, Manzoor M, Rasheed H, Nayyer B, Malik M, Babar ZUD. A step towards gender equity to strengthen the pharmaceutical workforce during COVID-19. J Pharm Policy Pract 2020; 13:15. [PMID: 32435500 PMCID: PMC7225402 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-020-00215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is plenty of evidence to support that women leaders are needed in the health and pharmaceutical sectors, although most of the leadership positions in global health are predominantly occupied by men. This is a major challenge to global health policy. Gender diversity and inclusion within the pharmaceutical workforce is integral to optimal patient care. Women continue to be underrepresented in senior and leadership positions within pharmacy, despite outnumbering the men in the global pharmacy workforce. This commentary highlights the need towards gender equity and discusses the several key initiatives that are building momentum and making substantial progress towards this agenda in the pharmaceutical workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bukhari
- 1School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Mehr Manzoor
- 2Department of Health Policy and Management, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Huma Rasheed
- 3Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bismah Nayyer
- 4Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Madeeha Malik
- 5Hamdard University, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- 6Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH UK
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Job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals working in public hospitals and its associated factors, eastern Ethiopia. J Pharm Policy Pract 2020; 13:11. [PMID: 32426143 PMCID: PMC7216524 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-020-00209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor job satisfaction has been associated with less productivity and high staff turnover. Various factors are thought to contribute for job dissatisfaction among pharmacy professionals and very limited studies have been conducted in eastern part of Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study was aimed to assess the level of job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals and its predictors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 232 pharmacy professionals to assess level of job satisfaction in public hospitals located in the eastern Ethiopia. The data were collected using self- administered semi-structured questionnaires. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14.2 for analysis. Associations between the dependent and independent variables were assessed by multivariate analysis using an Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results A total 220 questionnaires were found complete and included in the analysis. The mean age of participants was 27.6(SD + 4.1). More than half of the respondents (55.4%) had a bachelor degree and the majority (86.4%) were working less than 40 h per week, mostly in dispensing units (75.4%). About one third of the participants (32.7, 95% CI; 26.8–39.2) were found to be satisfied with their job. Age category of 20 to 25 years in reference to age greater than 30 years (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI; 1.1–9.7), holding a bachelor degree in reference to having diploma (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI; 1.8–10.00), working for more than 40 h per week (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI, 2.4–16), and working in dispensing units (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI; 1.1–5.5) were found to have strong association with job dissatisfaction. Conclusion In this study, the job satisfaction levels of pharmacy professionals were found to be very low. The age category of 20 to 25, holding a bachelor degree, working for more than 40 h per week, and working in dispensing unit were found to be strong predictors of job dissatisfaction. Hence, pharmacy directors and hospital administrators should work to reduce unnecessary workload on the staffs and create good working climate.
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Nili M, Shaikh NF, Dwibedi N, Madhavan SS. Association of Entrepreneurial Traits With Interest in Becoming a Pharmacist Provider Among Student Pharmacists. J Pharm Pract 2019; 34:547-552. [PMID: 31690164 DOI: 10.1177/0897190019882874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emerging opportunities for pharmacists to gain provider status, the need for understanding interest to become a pharmacist provider has never been greater. OBJECTIVE To determine which entrepreneurial traits (locus of control, innovativeness, autonomy, risk-taking propensity, proactiveness, achievement motivation, people liking, problem-solving, and leadership) are associated with interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among second- and third-year student pharmacists. Exploratory factor analysis (principal components with varimax rotation) was used to determine any underlying dimensions. Significant differences in interest in becoming a pharmacist provider by demographic and other characteristics were determined using t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA; P ≤ .05). Multiple linear regression was used to determine the factors associated with interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. RESULTS A total of 137 completed questionnaires were received. Gender (P = .003) and preference of workplace (P < .001) were significantly associated with interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. All factor loadings were more than 0.50 and Cronbach alpha values were more than .68. In the multiple linear regression analysis model, proactiveness (P = .036) and achievement motivation (P = .018) were positive predictors of interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. Females (P = .006) and individuals who preferred to work in a hospital (P < .001) or in specialty care (P = .007) had a significantly greater interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. CONCLUSIONS Proactiveness and achievement motivation can be predictors of interest in becoming a pharmacist provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nili
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, 5631West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center [North], Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nazneen Fatima Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, 5631West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center [North], Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nilanjana Dwibedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, 5631West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center [North], Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S Suresh Madhavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, 5631West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center [North], Morgantown, WV, USA
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Carvajal MJ, Popovici I, Hardigan PC. Pockets of Inequality in the Distribution of U.S. Pharmacists' Wages and Salaries: A Gender Comparison. Innov Pharm 2019; 10. [PMID: 34007528 PMCID: PMC7643700 DOI: 10.24926/iip.v10i1.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The literature contains conflicting arguments regarding inequalities in the distribution of U.S. pharmacists' wages and salaries and the existence of a gender earnings gap. Some authors argue that the dispersion is small compared to other professions and there is no gap; others report that after controlling for number of hours worked, human-capital stock, and job-related preferences, male pharmacists earn higher wages and salaries than female pharmacists. Objectives Estimate the central tendency and spread of wages and salaries of pharmacists practicing in the U.S., compare earning levels of male and female pharmacists, and examine the pockets of inequality within each gender. Methods The study used self-reported survey data collected from a random sample of licensed pharmacists practicing throughout the United States. The sample consisted of 375 men and 279 women. Means and standard deviations of wage-and-salary earnings for male and female pharmacists were estimated by age, number of hours worked, years of professional experience, marital status, type of pharmacy degree, main role as pharmacist, and type of practice site. The spread of wages and salaries within gender was analyzed using the Gini coefficient. Results A total of 654 pharmacists provided answers to all relevant questions in the questionnaire (28.9% response rate). Wages and salaries of male pharmacists exceeded those of female pharmacists, but the gap was restricted to practitioners with selected characteristics–older, married, with more experience, whose primary role was dispensing medications, and practicing in a hospital setting. The greatest wage-and-salary inequalities were observed among older pharmacists, with more years of professional experience, and whose primary role was dispensing medications. Different gender-specific pockets of inequality were identified in all variables studied and all categories within these variables. Conclusion The seemingly smooth gender-specific distribution of earnings in the pharmacy profession might be the result of opposing trends by different groups of practitioners that cancel each other when analyzed aggregately. By estimating the wages and salaries for selected categories of pharmacists and examining the pockets of inequality within each gender, this study shed light into recent labor market developments and will hopefully stimulate further research into the dynamics of the pharmacist workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Carvajal
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy
| | - Ioana Popovici
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy
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Carvajal MJ, Popovici I, Hardigan PC. Gender and Age Variations in Pharmacists' Job Satisfaction in the United States. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7020046. [PMID: 31108856 PMCID: PMC6631894 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While several studies have attested the presence of systematic gender and age variations in pharmacists’ satisfaction with their jobs, only a few of them have considered both classifications simultaneously. None have done so while systematically examining multiple facets of practitioners’ work. This article estimated U.S. pharmacists’ satisfaction levels with various facets of their work, compared them simultaneously between genders and among age groups, and tested for the presence of gender–age interaction effects. The study was based on self-reported survey data collected from 701 pharmacists (31.0% response rate). Mean and standard deviation values for 18 indices related to pharmacists’ work were calculated. When age groups were controlled, female pharmacists expressed overall higher levels of satisfaction with their job than male pharmacists; they also expressed greater satisfaction with multiple specific facets and with the profession, as well as greater workload and stress than male pharmacists. The findings revealed few significant differences among age groups and a limited gender–age interaction effect for pharmacists’ satisfaction with key facets of their work. These findings should contribute to the development and refinement of rational criteria for increasing sources of satisfaction in pharmacy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Carvajal
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
| | - Ioana Popovici
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
| | - Patrick C Hardigan
- College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
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Carvajal MJ, Popovici I. Gender, age, and pharmacists' job satisfaction. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2018; 16:1396. [PMID: 30637036 PMCID: PMC6322984 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2018.04.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive literature review was conducted on the concept of job satisfaction in the pharmacist workforce field and the facets it comprises, as well as its measurement, aiming to (i) review the nature, mechanisms, and importance of job satisfaction in the context of the pharmacist workforce, (ii) survey some of the most salient facets that configure job satisfaction, and (iii) discuss validity and measurement issues pertaining to it. Although female pharmacists generally hold less appealing jobs, earn lower wages and salaries, and are promoted less frequently than their male counterparts, they report higher levels of job satisfaction. Age has a U-shape effect on job satisfaction, with middle-age pharmacists less satisfied than both younger and older practitioners. Workload, stress, advancement opportunities, job security, autonomy, fairness in the workplace, supervisors, coworkers, flexibility, and job atmosphere are facets contributing to pharmacists’ job satisfaction. Finally, discrepancy exists among researchers in measuring job satisfaction as a single global indicator or as a composite measure derived from indices of satisfaction with key aspects of a job. Understanding the mechanisms that affect pharmacists’ job satisfaction is important to employers in their pursuit to respond to practitioners’ needs, decrease turnover, and increase productivity. As pharmacists’ response to work-related conditions and experiences depends on gender and age, a unique set of rewards and incentives may not be universally effective. Additional research into the dynamics of the forces shaping pharmacists’ perceptions, opinions, and attitudes is needed in order to design and implement policies that allocate human resources more efficiently within the various pharmacy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Carvajal
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University. Fort Lauderdale, FL (United States)
| | - Ioana Popovici
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University. Fort Lauderdale, FL (United States).
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