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Alnahar SA, Darwish RM, Al Qasas SZ, Al Shabani MM, Bates I. Identifying training needs of practising community pharmacists in Jordan-a self-assessment study. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:712. [PMID: 38853255 PMCID: PMC11163785 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being the professional membership body for pharmacists in Jordan, the Jordan Pharmacists Association (JPA) took the initiative to establish a training centre for practising pharmacists. This study aims to identify the self-assessed training priorities of community pharmacists in Jordan. METHODS In the period between August and October 2022, an online self-administered questionnaire was distributed using a variety of participants' identification and recruitment approaches. The questionnaire targeted currently practising community pharmacists. Data were analysed descriptively and inferentially. RESULTS In total, 470 community pharmacists participated in this study. Of 470 participants, 307 (65.3%) were employees, of which 206 were full-time employees. Results showed that only 97 (21%) had access to an in-house training programme or scheme. Self-assessment of training needs highlighted differences between the three competencies clusters. While administrative and managerial skills and competencies were more frequently prioritised on average than the other two clusters, interpersonal and communication skills were needed the least. Evidence showed a significant difference between female and male participants regarding the need for training addressing maternity and early childhood health training issues. Lastly, the role-based comparison showed that, compared to pharmacy owners, employees had a significantly higher need for training related to bookkeeping and taxation returns preparation and how to handle and manage records of narcotic and controlled medicines. CONCLUSIONS If training and development programmes are tailored to address specific needs in administrative, clinical, and interpersonal competencies, community pharmacists have the potential to enhance public health, expand their role, provide patient-centred care, and support the national healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja A Alnahar
- Institute of Public Health, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Primary Care and Public Health-Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Rula M Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shatha Z Al Qasas
- Training Department, The Jordanian Pharmacists Association, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mayada M Al Shabani
- The Jordanian Pharmacists Association, Amman, Jordan
- Al Shaima'a Pharmacy, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ian Bates
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
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Aljadeed R, Aljadeed R, Alsamti W, Alharbi H, Alturki R, Almalag H, Aljuffali L, Alsabhan J, AlAloola N, Alkofide H, Alfaraj R, Altuwaijri N, Alkhudair N, Alnaim L, Bawazeer G. Evaluation of factors affecting pharmacists and pharmacy technicians' satisfaction towards practicing CE activities in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102083. [PMID: 38798999 PMCID: PMC11127264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Continuing education (CE) is an essential requirement for pharmacy professionals to stay abreast with the evolving knowledge and skills of the practice and meet the regulatory mandate. The purpose of this research is to assess factors affecting the satisfaction of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians towards CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Material and methods A self-administered survey instrument was developed following an extensive literature search. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: participants' demographics, data on CE activities over the past year and overall satisfaction, and statements of barriers (14 items) and facilitators (12 items) for participation in CE activities (scored on a 5-point Likert scale (5 = always, 1 = never)). The survey was piloted and then distributed as a link through the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019. Results Data was available on 398 pharmacists and 40 pharmacy technicians (completion rate was 55 %). The majority were practitioners, male, working in a hospital setting and had more than five years of practice experience. Half of the participants were from the Central Region and about one-third were non-Saudi. Only a quarter of the participants were satisfied/very satisfied with the current CE practices in Saudi Arabia. Job constraints (62.7 %), cost (55.9 %), schedule of CE activities (55.4 %), lack of information on CE opportunities (53 %) and professional burnout (49.7 %) were the top barriers. There was a significant level of dissatisfaction among pharmacy technicians when compared to pharmacists (p = 0.003), as well as among Saudi pharmacists when compared to non-Saudi pharmacists (p = 0.002). Lack of relevant CE activities (p = 0.05), lack of quality activities (p = 0.002), lack of recognition (p = 0.013) and lack of internet access (p = 0.006) were significantly more barriers for pharmacy technicians compared to pharmacists. The most identified facilitators to engage in CE activities were a personal desire to learn (78.4 %), the requirement to maintain a professional license (73.8 %) and relaxation provided by learning (58.5 %) and networking opportunities (53.4 %). The majority of the participants preferred conferences or interactive workshops, short CE over half a day or less, and the topic of disease management/drug therapy. Conclusion The findings of the study highlight the need for a partnership strategy that includes various stakeholders to improve CE program quality and accessibility that supports and promotes the professional development of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in Saudi Arabia. It also underscores the importance of meeting the preferences of pharmacy practitioners when designing CE programs and aligning such activities with their practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniah Aljadeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Aljadeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasmeah Alsamti
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alharbi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rand Alturki
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya Almalag
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna Aljuffali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawza Alsabhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha AlAloola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alkofide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Drug Regulations Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rihaf Alfaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Njoud Altuwaijri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Alkhudair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamya Alnaim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Bawazeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Yadeta TA, Mohamed A, Behir K, Alemu A, Balis B, Debella A, Letta S. Knowledge, perceived needs of continuous professional's development, and associated factors among healthcare workers in East Ethiopia: a multi-health facility-based cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:497. [PMID: 38702745 PMCID: PMC11069212 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ethiopian Ministry of Health (EMOH) has recently introduced a Continuous Professional Development (CPD) program for healthcare workers to ensure they maintain the necessary competencies to meet the community's health needs. However, there is limited information on healthcare workers' knowledge and perceived need for CPD. This study aims to assess healthcare workers' CPD knowledge, perceived needs, and factors associated with these in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A health facility-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from September 1, 2022, to October 30, 2022. Health facilities and study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A total of 731 healthcare professionals were randomly selected. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire developed from national CPD guidelines. Data analysis was performed using the STATA statistical package version 14. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between predictors and the outcome variable. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the strength of the association. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS In this study, 731 healthcare workers participated. Among them, 65.80% (95% CI: 62.35%, 69.24%) had knowledge of CPD, and 79.48% (CI95% 76.54, 82.41) expressed a strong perceived need for CPD. Female healthcare workers [AOR: 0.54 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.78)] and lack of internet access [AOR: 0.68 (95% CI: 0.47-0.97)] were predictors of knowledge of CPD. Age above 35 [AOR: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.91)] and being female [AOR: 0.59 (95% CI: 0.40-0.87)] were predictors of a strong perceived need for CPD. CONCLUSION The study found that there was a low level of knowledge about Continuing Professional Development among healthcare workers. The perceived needs of healthcare workers varied. It is important for health sectors and stakeholders to prioritize developing strategies that address knowledge gaps, particularly among female healthcare workers, improve access to the Internet for CPD resources, and address the diverse needs of professionals for effective CPD implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box. 235, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Kerimo Behir
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Alemu
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikila Balis
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box. 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Adera Debella
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box. 235, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Letta
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box. 235, Harar, Ethiopia
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Dhatt A, Fazelipour M, Sun T, Nemir A, Wilbur K. Health advocacy: A gulf between instruction and practice. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:335-342. [PMID: 38594170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic ways to teach health advocacy, an educational outcome for pharmacy graduates, is lacking. We developed a workshop to facilitate understanding and application of a novel structured framework for health advocacy and explored how pharmacy students enacted opportunities for health advocacy during subsequent outpatient experiential training. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A two-hour workshop was introduced for year 2 students in 2019. Its content was organized around a health advocacy framework. With patient and faculty facilitators, students worked through examples characterized into the framework's four quadrants: 1) shared advocacy "with patients" at the individual- or 2) systems-level and 3) directed advocacy "for patients" at the individual-or 4) systems-level. We then conducted a longitudinal diary study asking pharmacy students (N = 23) to reflect on opportunities to practice health advocacy skills in community pharmacy practice. A systematic, multi-coder reflexive thematic analysis of diary entries was employed. FINDINGS Pharmacy students did not express a fulsome view of patient health advocacy and mischaracterized self-reported practice examples into inappropriate categories of the health advocacy framework. Most overemphasized usual pharmacist care as acts of health advocacy. No systems-level activities were undertaken, although isolated episodes of shared advocacy with patients were identified. SUMMARY Lasting impacts of a health advocacy workshop in our pharmacy curriculum were not widely apparent. While longer training periods in community pharmacy practice may yield more opportunities to develop and enact this role, gaps in student conceptualization of health advocacy and inabilities to practically observe and exercise system-level advocacy are ultimately problematic for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amninder Dhatt
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2508 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Mojan Fazelipour
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2508 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Tom Sun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2508 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arwa Nemir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2508 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Kerry Wilbur
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2508 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Tamiru H, Huluka SA, Negash B, Hailu K, Mekonen ZT. National Continuing Professional Development (CPD) training needs of pharmacists in Ethiopia. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 21:87. [PMID: 37936234 PMCID: PMC10631163 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in pharmacy is a lifelong learning approach whereby individual pharmacists are responsible for updating and broadening their knowledge, skills, and attitudes. This is vital to ensure the delivery of high-quality patient care services. However, there is a lack of available data revealing the CPD needs of Ethiopian pharmacists. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify CPD training needs of pharmacists practicing in Ethiopia. METHODS An institution-based cross-sectional study design with a quantitative approach was employed in this study. This assessment involved 640 pharmacists representing various sectors of the profession. Data were collected through a combination of an online platform and a face-to-face questionnaire administered in person. RESULT A total of 634 participants completed and returned the questionnaires, resulting in an impressive response rate of 99.1%. A significant majority (74.1%) of the participants possessed bachelor's degree in pharmacy (B. Pharm). Pharmaceutical Logistics and Pharmacy administration was preferentially selected as a prior CPD course by 36% of participants, of them while Pharmacotherapy (17%), Leadership/Governance (13%), Community Pharmacy (12%), Research and Development (11%) were also the subsequent top choices by participants. Off-site face-to-face lectures (59.2%), Hybrid (face-to-face + e-learning) (54.8%), and on-site on-the-job training (45.5%) were the most convenient means of CPD course delivery. On the other hand, the participants least favored print-based or correspondence programs for CPD course delivery. CONCLUSIONS CPD holds great importance in the professional lives of pharmacists. It is critical for pharmacists, CPD providers, and those responsible for accrediting CPD programs to recognize the specific CPD requirements, preferred methods of delivery, and obstacles involved. This understanding is vital for establishing priorities and effectively planning CPD activities. In light of this, our study identified the most preferred CPD training courses and convenient delivery methods for pharmacists in Ethiopia. We recommend that CPD providers and accrediting bodies in Ethiopia refer to our findings when approving CPD courses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solomon Assefa Huluka
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bezawit Negash
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kidu Hailu
- Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Tilahun Mekonen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Sullivan L, Ho JN, Lee YZ, Khalid GM, Sandhu AK, Meilianti S, Aqqad F, Lim R. Factors influencing pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists' membership in professional organisations: an international survey. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:105. [PMID: 37749646 PMCID: PMC10521542 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional organisations exist as international or national organisations, with each country establishing at least one national professional association. There remains a knowledge gap about factors that influence professional organisational involvement of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. This study aims to explore the motivators and barriers of pharmacy professionals holding organisation membership from a global perspective. METHODS An online questionnaire was developed and disseminated between May and July 2021. The survey was open to all pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. The survey consisted of four sections; demographic information, questions about professional organisations, about the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) and its impact on the members. Data were analysed descriptively. RESULTS A total of 1033 complete survey responses were received and included in the analysis. Of all respondents, 761 (73.7%) respondents were current members of a professional organisation and 272 (26.3%) were not members of any professional organisation. Overall, findings demonstrated networking, education, training and professional development opportunities as the main interests and anticipated activities, while the lack of clarity or need to join organisation, time, and financial constraints as the main barriers of pharmacy professionals holding membership. The majority of FIP members are satisfied with current FIP activities, and anticipate further networking opportunities, educational resources and grants made available to members. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the perceptions and needs, as well as factors that influence engagement of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists is the key to enhancing membership. Professional organisations are highly encouraged to strengthen and target activities according to the identified motivators and barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Sullivan
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jun Ni Ho
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - You Zhuan Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Garba Mohammed Khalid
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anisha Kaur Sandhu
- Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sherly Meilianti
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Farah Aqqad
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Renly Lim
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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Shrestha S, Shrestha R, Ahmed A, Sapkota B, Khatiwada AP, Christopher CM, Thapa P, Kc B, Blebil AQ, Khanal S, Paudyal V. Impact of pharmacist services on economic, clinical, and humanistic outcome (ECHO) of South Asian patients: a systematic review. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:37. [PMID: 35538500 PMCID: PMC9088065 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists in high-income countries routinely provide efficient pharmacy or pharmaceutical care services that are known to improve clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes (ECHO) of patients. However, pharmacy services in low- and middle-income countries, mainly South Asia, are still evolving and limited to providing traditional pharmacy services such as dispensing prescription medicines. This systematic review aims to assess and evaluate the impact of pharmacists’ services on the ECHO of patients in South Asian countries.
Methods We searched PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library for relevant articles published from inception to 20th September 2021. Original studies (only randomised controlled trials) conducted in South Asian countries (published only in the English language) and investigating the economic, clinical (therapeutic and medication safety), and humanistic impact (health-related quality of life) of pharmacists’ services, from both hospital and community settings, were included.
Results The electronic search yielded 430 studies, of which 20 relevant ones were included in this review. Most studies were conducted in India (9/20), followed by Pakistan (6/20), Nepal (4/20) and Sri Lanka (1/20). One study showed a low risk of bias (RoB), 12 studies showed some concern, and seven studies showed a high RoB. Follow-up duration ranged from 2 to 36 months. Therapeutic outcomes such as HbA1c value and blood pressure (systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure) studied in fourteen studies were found to be reduced. Seventeen studies reported humanistic outcomes such as medication adherence, knowledge and health-related quality of life, which were found to be improved. One study reported safety and economic outcomes each. Most interventions delivered by the pharmacists were related to education and counselling of patients including disease monitoring, treatment optimisation, medication adherence, diet, nutrition, and lifestyle. Conclusion This systematic review suggests that pharmacists have essential roles in improving patients’ ECHO in South Asian countries via patient education and counselling; however, further rigorous studies with appropriate study design with proper randomisation of intervention and control groups are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, District Hospital Lamjung, Besisahar, Province Gandaki, Nepal
| | - Ali Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Binaya Sapkota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nobel College, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | | | - Parbati Thapa
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bhuvan Kc
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ali Qais Blebil
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Saval Khanal
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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