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Li X, Zhu Y, Yi J, Deng Y, Lei B, Ren H. Adoptive cell immunotherapy for breast cancer: harnessing the power of immune cells. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:866-881. [PMID: 37949484 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm worldwide, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies owing to the limitations posed by conventional treatment modalities. Immunotherapy is an innovative approach that has demonstrated significant efficacy in modulating a patient's innate immune system to combat tumor cells. In the era of precision medicine, adoptive immunotherapy for breast cancer has garnered widespread attention as an emerging treatment strategy, primarily encompassing cellular therapies such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T/natural killer/M cell therapy, T cell receptor gene-engineered T cell therapy, lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy, cytokine-induced killer cell therapy, natural killer cell therapy, and γδ T cell therapy, among others. This treatment paradigm is based on the principles of immune memory and antigen specificity, involving the collection, processing, and expansion of the patient's immune cells, followed by their reintroduction into the patient's body to activate the immune system and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. Currently, multiple clinical trials are assessing the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of adoptive immunotherapy in breast cancer. However, this therapeutic approach faces challenges associated with tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and treatment safety. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in adoptive immunotherapy for breast cancer and discusses future research directions and prospects, offering valuable guidance and insights into breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunan Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinfeng Yi
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuhan Deng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang, China
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Pan QZ, Zhao JJ, Liu L, Zhang DS, Wang LP, Hu WW, Weng DS, Xu X, Li YZ, Tang Y, Zhang WH, Li JY, Zheng X, Wang QJ, Li YQ, Xiang T, Zhou L, Yang SN, Wu C, Huang RX, He J, Du WJ, Chen LJ, Wu YN, Xu B, Shen Q, Zhang Y, Jiang JT, Ren XB, Xia JC. XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) plus bevacizumab (anti-VEGF-A antibody) with or without adoptive cell immunotherapy in the treatment of patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled, phase 3 trial. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:79. [PMID: 38565886 PMCID: PMC10987514 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidine-based combination chemotherapy plus targeted therapy is the standard initial treatment for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), but the prognosis remains poor. This phase 3 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03950154) assessed the efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of the combination of PD-1 blockade-activated DC-CIK (PD1-T) cells with XELOX plus bevacizumab as a first-line therapy in patients with mCRC. A total of 202 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either first-line XELOX plus bevacizumab (the control group, n = 102) or the same regimen plus autologous PD1-T cell immunotherapy (the immunotherapy group, n = 100) every 21 days for up to 6 cycles, followed by maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab. The main endpoint of the trial was progression-free survival (PFS). The median follow-up was 19.5 months. Median PFS was 14.8 months (95% CI, 11.6-18.0) for the immunotherapy group compared with 9.9 months (8.0-11.8) for the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.60 [95% CI, 0.40-0.88]; p = 0.009). Median overall survival (OS) was not reached for the immunotherapy group and 25.6 months (95% CI, 18.3-32.8) for the control group (HR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.33-0.98]; p = 0.043). Grade 3 or higher AEs occurred in 20.0% of patients in the immunotherapy group and 23.5% in the control groups, with no toxicity-associated deaths reported. The addition of PD1-T cells to first-line XELOX plus bevacizumab demonstrates significant clinical improvement of PFS and OS with well tolerability in patients with previously untreated mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy/Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Wen-Wei Hu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Yi-Zhuo Li
- Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Yan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy/Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Jie-Yao Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
| | - Qi-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Tong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy/Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Shuang-Ning Yang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
| | - Rong-Xing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Jia He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Wei-Jiao Du
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy/Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Lu-Jun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
| | - Yue-Na Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
| | - Qiong Shen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing-Ting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China.
- Institute for Cell Therapy of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, PR China.
| | - Xiu-Bao Ren
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
- Department of Biotherapy/Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, PR China.
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Ying Li CM, Li R, Drew P, Price T, Smith E, Maddern GJ, Tomita Y, Fenix K. Clinical application of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy in colorectal cancer: Current strategies and future challenges. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 122:102665. [PMID: 38091655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health burden and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Cytokine induced killer (CIK) cell therapy is an immunotherapy which has the potential to meet this need. Clinical trials of CIK cell therapy for the management of CRC have reported improved clinical outcomes. However, production and delivery protocols varied significantly, and many studies were reported only in Chinese language journals. Here we present the most comprehensive review of the clinical CIK cell therapy trials for CRC management to date. We accessed both English and Chinese language clinical studies, and summarise how CIK cell therapy has been implemented, from manufacturing to patient delivery. We discuss current challenges that impede wider adoption of CIK cell therapy in CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Man Ying Li
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Runhao Li
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Paul Drew
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Timothy Price
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Guy J Maddern
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Yoko Tomita
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Kevin Fenix
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia.
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Wu CC, Pan MR, Shih SL, Shiau JP, Wu CC, Chang SJ, Kao CN, Chen FM, Hou MF, Luo CW. Combination of FAK inhibitor and cytokine-induced killer cell therapy: An alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114732. [PMID: 37254289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the loss of expression of several biomarkers, which limits treatment strategies for the disease. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of various tumors. Emerging evidence demonstrated that TNBC is an immune-activated cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy could be a feasible treatment option for TNBC. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy is considered as a potential treatment for cancer treatment. However, it is still not approved as a standard treatment in the clinical setting. Our previous study demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays important role in regulating the sensitivity of TNBC cells to CIK cells. In this study, we further verify the role of FAK in regulating the immune response in vivo. Our in vitro study indicated that knockdown of FAK in TNBC cells or treat with the FAK inhibitor followed by co-culture with CIK cells induced more cell death than CIK cells treatment only. RNA-seq analysis indicated that suppression of FAK could affect several immune-related gene expressions in TNBC cells that affects the immune response in the tumor microenvironment of TNBC cells. The combination of FAK inhibitor and CIK cells significantly suppressed tumor growth than the treatment of FAK inhibitor or CIK cells alone in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the cytotoxic effect of CIK cell therapy in TNBC treatment and indicate that the combination of CIK cell therapy with FAK inhibitors may be an alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Che Wu
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Liang Shih
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Ping Shiau
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Ni Kao
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Ming Chen
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Wen Luo
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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