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Bugajova M, Raudenska M, Hanelova K, Navratil J, Gumulec J, Petrlak F, Vicar T, Hrachovinova S, Masarik M, Kalfert D, Grega M, Plzak J, Betka J, Balvan J. Glutamine and serum starvation alters the ATP production, oxidative stress, and abundance of mitochondrial RNAs in extracellular vesicles produced by cancer cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:25815. [PMID: 39468126 PMCID: PMC11519472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Induction of autophagy represents an effective survival strategy for nutrient-deprived or stressed cancer cells. Autophagy contributes to the modulation of communication within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we conducted a study of the metabolic and signaling implications associated with autophagy induced by glutamine (Gln) and serum starvation and PI3K/mTOR inhibitor and autophagy inducer NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ) in the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line FaDu. We compared the effect of these different types of autophagy induction on ATP production, lipid peroxidation, mitophagy, RNA cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and EVs-associated cytokine secretome of cancer cells. Both BEZ and starvation resulted in a decline in ATP production. Simultaneously, Gln starvation enhanced oxidative damage of cancer cells by lipid peroxidation. In starved cells, there was a discernible fragmentation of the mitochondrial network coupled with an increase in the presence of tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) on the mitochondrial membrane, indicative of the sorting of mitochondrial cargo into EVs. Consequently, the abundance of mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs) in EVs released by FaDu cells was enhanced. Notably, mtRNAs were also detectable in EVs isolated from the serum of both HNSCC patients and healthy controls. Starvation and BEZ reduced the production of EVs by cancer cells, yet the characteristic molecular profile of these EVs remained unchanged. We also found that alterations in the release of inflammatory cytokines constitute a principal response to autophagy induction. Importantly, the specific mechanism driving autophagy induction significantly influenced the composition of the EVs-associated cytokine secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bugajova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Hanelova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Navratil
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Petrlak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, CZ-613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vicar
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Hrachovinova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ- 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-252 50, Czech Republic
| | - David Kalfert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, Prague, CZ-15006, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Grega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol/ V Uvalu 84, Prague 5, CZ-15006, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Plzak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, Prague, CZ-15006, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Betka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, Prague, CZ-15006, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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Navratil J, Kratochvilova M, Raudenska M, Balvan J, Vicar T, Petrlakova K, Suzuki K, Jadrna L, Bursa J, Kräter M, Kim K, Masarik M, Gumulec J. Long-term zinc treatment alters the mechanical properties and metabolism of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:313. [PMID: 39261823 PMCID: PMC11389562 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The failure of intracellular zinc accumulation is a key process in prostate carcinogenesis. Although prostate cancer cells can accumulate zinc after long-term exposure, chronic zinc oversupply may accelerate prostate carcinogenesis or chemoresistance. Because cancer progression is associated with energetically demanding cytoskeletal rearrangements, we investigated the effect of long-term zinc presence on biophysical parameters, ATP production, and EMT characteristics of two prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, 22Rv1). Prolonged exposure to zinc increased ATP production, spare respiratory capacity, and induced a response in PC-3 cells, characterized by remodeling of vimentin and a shift of cell dry mass density and caveolin-1 to the perinuclear region. This zinc-induced remodeling correlated with a greater tendency to maintain actin architecture despite inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin. Zinc partially restored epithelial characteristics in PC-3 cells by decreasing vimentin expression and increasing E-cadherin. Nevertheless, the expression of E-cadherin remained lower than that observed in predominantly oxidative, low-invasive 22Rv1 cells. Following long-term zinc exposure, we observed an increase in cell stiffness associated with an increased refractive index in the perinuclear region and an increased mitochondrial content. The findings of the computational simulations indicate that the mechanical response cannot be attributed exclusively to alterations in cytoskeletal composition. This observation suggests the potential involvement of an additional, as yet unidentified, mechanical contributor. These findings indicate that long-term zinc exposure alters a group of cellular parameters towards an invasive phenotype, including an increase in mitochondrial number, ATP production, and cytochalasin resistance. Ultimately, these alterations are manifested in the biomechanical properties of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Navratil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kratochvilova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vicar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Petrlakova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kanako Suzuki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jadrna
- Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bursa
- Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kräter
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik Und Medizin, Staudtstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Rivercyte GmbH, Henkestraße 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kyoohyun Kim
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik Und Medizin, Staudtstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Hánělová K, Raudenská M, Masařík M, Balvan J. Protein cargo in extracellular vesicles as the key mediator in the progression of cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:25. [PMID: 38200509 PMCID: PMC10777590 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles of endosomal origin that are released by almost all cell types, even those that are pathologically altered. Exosomes widely participate in cell-to-cell communication via transferring cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and other metabolites, into recipient cells. Tumour-derived exosomes (TDEs) participate in many important molecular pathways and affect various hallmarks of cancer, including fibroblasts activation, modification of the tumour microenvironment (TME), modulation of immune responses, angiogenesis promotion, setting the pre-metastatic niche, enhancing metastatic potential, and affecting therapy sensitivity and resistance. The unique exosome biogenesis, composition, nontoxicity, and ability to target specific tumour cells bring up their use as promising drug carriers and cancer biomarkers. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes, with an emphasis on their protein cargo, in the key mechanisms promoting cancer progression. We also briefly summarise the mechanism of exosome biogenesis, its structure, protein composition, and potential as a signalling hub in both normal and pathological conditions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Hánělová
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenská
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masařík
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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Wilczak M, Surman M, Przybyło M. The Role of Intracellular and Extracellular Vesicles in the Development of Therapy Resistance in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:2765-2784. [PMID: 39113303 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128326325240723051625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of global mortality and claims approximately 10 million lives annually. Despite advances in treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, resistance to these methods has emerged. Multidrug resistance (MDR), where cancer cells resist diverse treatments, undermines therapy effectiveness, escalating mortality rates. MDR mechanisms include, among others, drug inactivation, reduced drug uptake, enhanced DNA repair, and activation of survival pathways such as autophagy. Moreover, MDR mechanisms can confer resistance to other therapies like radiotherapy. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving treatment efficacy and identifying new therapeutic targets. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gathered attention for their role in cancer progression, including MDR development through protein transfer and genetic reprogramming. Autophagy, a process balancing cellular resources, also influences MDR. The intersection of EVs and autophagy further complicates the understanding of MDR. Both extracellular (exosomes, microvesicles) and intracellular (autophagic) vesicles contribute to therapy resistance by regulating the tumor microenvironment, facilitating cell communication, and modulating drug processing. While much is known about these pathways, there is still a need to explore their potential for predicting treatment responses and understanding tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wilczak
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Leszczynska A, Stoess C, Sung H, Povero D, Eguchi A, Feldstein A. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tools for Chronic Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2808. [PMID: 37893181 PMCID: PMC10604241 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases can lead to fibrotic changes that may progress to the development of cirrhosis, which poses a significant risk for morbidity and increased mortality rates. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis are prevalent liver diseases that may lead to cirrhosis. The advanced stages of cirrhosis can be further complicated by cancer development or end-stage liver disease and liver failure. Hence, early detection and diagnosis of liver fibrosis is crucial for preventing the progression to cirrhosis and improving patient outcomes. Traditionally, invasive liver biopsy has been considered the gold standard for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis. In the last decade, research has focused on non-invasive methods, known as liquid biopsies, which involve the identification of disease-specific biomarkers in human fluids, such as blood. Among these alternative approaches, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising diagnostic and therapeutic tools for various diseases, including chronic liver diseases. EVs are released from stressed or damaged cells and can be isolated and quantified. Moreover, EVs facilitate cell-to-cell communication by transporting various cargo, and they have shown the potential to reduce the expression of profibrogenic markers, making them appealing tools for novel anti-fibrotic treatments. This review focuses on the impact of EVs in chronic liver diseases and exploring their potential applications in innovative therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Stoess
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.L.)
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.L.)
| | - Davide Povero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Biobank Center, Mie University Hospital, Tsu 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Ariel Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.L.)
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