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Teng Y, Zhou J, Zhang M, Wu P, Chen L, Cai W, Tong J, Han Y, Yan S, Tao F, Huang K. Sex-specific effect of maternal thyroid peroxidase antibody exposure during pregnancy on 5- to 6-year-old children's cardiometabolic risk score: the Ma'anshan birth cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 191:323-333. [PMID: 39171910 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association between maternal thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) exposure and 5- to 6-year-old children's cardiometabolic risk (CMR). METHODS A total of 2129 mother-child pairs were recruited from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) study. Serum TPOAb was retrospectively measured in pregnant women using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. CMR score was evaluated by the serum glycolipids, blood pressure, and waist circumference for children aged 5-6 years. Growth mixture modelling was used to fit trajectories of TPOAb levels throughout pregnancy. Multiple linear regression models and logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Two thousand one hundred twenty-nine mother-child pairs (mean [SD] age, 26.6 [3.6] years) were enrolled for the final study. Maternal TPOAb exposure in the first trimester increased children's overall CMR, glucose level, HOMA-IR, triglyceride level, boys' overall CMR, boys' glucose level, and girls' glucose level. TPOAb exposure in the first trimester was also associated with lower boys' high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. In the second trimester, maternal TPOAb exposure was positively associated with children's triglyceride level. Compared with low TPOAb trajectory, children with high maternal TPOAb trajectory had an increased risk of developing high CMR (OR = 3.40; 95% CI, 1.30-8.90), hyperglycemia (OR = 5.20; 95% CI, 2.20-12.28), insulin-resistance (adjusted OR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.10-4.07), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.55; 95% CI, 1.06-6.14). CONCLUSIONS The first trimester of pregnancy is a critical period for maternal TPOAb exposure to affect CMR in children, with some sex specificity, mainly to the detriment of boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Teng
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jixing Zhou
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Manyu Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Penggui Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjin Cai
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Tong
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangqin Yan
- Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Center (MCHC), No 24 Jiashan Road, Ma'anshan 243011, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Courset, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
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Clayton PK, Putnick DL, Trees IR, Robinson SL, O'Connor TG, Tyris JN, Yeung EH. Age of Juice Introduction and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Middle Childhood. J Nutr 2024; 154:2514-2523. [PMID: 38936550 PMCID: PMC11375467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends juice introduction after 12 months of age. Juice consumption has been linked to childhood obesity and cardiometabolic risk. OBJECTIVES To examine the prospective relationship between the age of juice introduction and primary and secondary cardiometabolic outcomes in middle childhood. METHODS Parents reported the age of juice introduction on Upstate KIDS questionnaires completed between 4 and 18 months. The quantity and type of juice introduced were not measured. Anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured for 524 children (age, 8-10 y) at study visits (2017-2019). Age- and gender-adjusted z-scores were calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference for anthropometrics. Plasma lipids, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in a subset of children were also measured (n = 248). Associations between age at juice introduction (categorized as <6, 6 to <12, ≥12 months), and outcomes were estimated using mean differences and odds ratios, applying generalized estimating equations to account for correlations between twins. RESULTS Approximately 18% of children were introduced to juice at <6 months, 52% between 6 and <12 months, and 30% ≥ 12 months of age. Children who were introduced to juice before 6 months had higher systolic BP (3.13 mmHg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52, 5.74), heart rate (4.46 bpm; 95% CI: 1.05, 7.87), and mean arterial pressure (2.08 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.15, 4.00) compared with those introduced ≥12 months after covariate adjustment including sociodemographic factors and maternal prepregnancy body mass index. No adjusted differences in anthropometry, lipids, HbA1c, and CRP levels were found. CONCLUSIONS Early juice introduction during infancy was associated with higher systolic BP, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure in middle childhood. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03106493 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03106493?term=upstate%20KIDS&rank=1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla K Clayton
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diane L Putnick
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Ian R Trees
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Sonia L Robinson
- Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; California Firearm Violence Research Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Jordan N Tyris
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Edwina H Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Iyer A, Hsu FC, Bonnecaze A, Skelton JA, Palakshappa D, Lewis KH. Association Between Child Sugary Drink Consumption and Serum Lipid Levels in Electronic Health Records. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:893-901. [PMID: 37735915 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and fruit juice (FJ) consumption may promote lipid abnormalities in childhood. We examined the association between SSB/FJ intake and lipid levels using electronic health record data for 2816 adolescents. Multivariable logistic regression models treated clinical cutpoints for abnormal lipid levels (triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and total cholesterol) as dependent variables. In models not adjusted for adiposity, elevated SSB and FJ consumption was associated with increased odds of having abnormally high TG (SSB: odds ratio [OR] = 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.07-1.52], P = .007); FJ: 1.35 ([1.09-1.69], P = .007)) and abnormally low HDL (SSB: 1.47 ([1.17-1.86], P = .001); FJ: 1.35 ([1.02-1.78], P = .03)). Adjusting for adiposity, a likely mediator of the relationship, attenuated these associations. These findings support the need for identifying unhealthy beverage consumption habits during childhood health care visits as a modifiable behavior associated with cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankitha Iyer
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alex Bonnecaze
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joseph A Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Deepak Palakshappa
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kristina H Lewis
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Markey O, Pradeilles R, Goudet S, Griffiths PL, Boxer B, Carroll C, Rousham EK. Unhealthy Food and Beverage Consumption during Childhood and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Nutr 2023; 153:176-189. [PMID: 36913452 PMCID: PMC10127523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global consumption of unhealthy foods, including ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), has increased substantially among pediatric populations. Suboptimal diet during early life can track into adulthood, alongside risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. OBJECTIVE To inform the development of updated WHO guiding principles for complementary feeding of infants and young children, this systematic review sought to examine the association between unhealthy food consumption during childhood and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers. METHODS PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL were systematically searched, with no language restriction, up to 10 March 2022. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and longitudinal cohort studies; children aged ≤10.9 y at exposure; studies reporting greater consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages (defined using nutrient- and food-based approaches) than no or low consumption; studies assessing critical nonanthropometric cardiometabolic disease risk outcomes (blood lipid profile, glycemic control, or blood pressure). RESULTS Of 30,021 identified citations, 11 articles from 8 longitudinal cohort studies were included. Six studies focused on exposure to unhealthy foods or UPF, and 4 focused on SSB only. Methodological heterogeneity was too high across studies to meta-analyze effect estimates. A narrative synthesis of quantitative data revealed that exposure to unhealthy foods and beverages, specifically NOVA-defined UPF, in children of preschool age may be associated with a worse blood lipid and blood pressure profile in later childhood (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation [GRADE]: low and very low certainty, respectively). No associations were evident between SSB consumption and blood lipids, glycemic control, or blood pressure (GRADE: all low certainty). CONCLUSIONS No definitive conclusion can be made because of quality of the data. More high-quality studies that purposefully assess the effects of unhealthy food and beverage exposure during childhood on cardiometabolic risk outcomes are needed. This protocol was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42020218109.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca Pradeilles
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Goudet
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Paula L Griffiths
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Boxer
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Carroll
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Emily K Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Rousham EK, Goudet S, Markey O, Griffiths P, Boxer B, Carroll C, Petherick ES, Pradeilles R. Unhealthy Food and Beverage Consumption in Children and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1669-1696. [PMID: 35362512 PMCID: PMC9526862 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This WHO-commissioned review contributed to the update of complementary feeding recommendations, synthesizing evidence on effects of unhealthy food and beverage consumption in children on overweight and obesity. We searched PubMed (Medline), Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase for articles, irrespective of language or geography. Inclusion criteria were: 1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, cohort studies, and pre/post studies with control; 2) participants aged ≤10.9 y at exposure; 3) studies reporting greater consumption of unhealthy foods/beverages compared with no or low consumption; 4) studies assessing anthropometric and/or body composition; and 5) publication date ≥1971. Unhealthy foods and beverages were defined using nutrient- and food-based approaches. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I (risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions version I) and RoB2 [Cochrane RoB (version 2)] tools for nonrandomized and randomized studies, respectively. Narrative synthesis was complemented by meta-analyses where appropriate. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Of 26,542 identified citations, 60 studies from 71 articles were included. Most studies were observational (59/60), and no included studies were from low-income countries. The evidence base was low quality, as assessed by ROBINS-I and RoB2 tools. Evidence synthesis was limited by the different interventions and comparators across studies. Evidence indicated that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and unhealthy foods in childhood may increase BMI/BMI z-score, percentage body fat, or odds of overweight/obesity (low certainty of evidence). Artificially sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juice consumption make little/no difference to BMI, percentage body fat, or overweight/obesity outcomes (low certainty of evidence). Meta-analyses of a subset of studies indicated a positive association between SSB intake and percentage body fat, but no association with change in BMI and BMI z-score. High-quality epidemiological studies that are designed to assess the effects of unhealthy food consumption during childhood on risk of overweight/obesity are needed to contribute to a more robust evidence base upon which to design policy recommendations. This protocol was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42020218109.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - S Goudet
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - O Markey
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - P Griffiths
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - B Boxer
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - C Carroll
- School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - E S Petherick
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - R Pradeilles
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Ramírez-Contreras CY, Mehran AE, Salehzadeh M, Mussai EX, Miller JW, Smith A, Ranger M, Holsti L, Soma KK, Devlin AM. Sex-specific effects of neonatal oral sucrose treatment on growth and liver choline and glucocorticoid metabolism in adulthood. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R802-R811. [PMID: 34612088 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00091.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hospitalized preterm infants experience painful medical procedures. Oral sucrose is the nonpharmacological standard of care for minor procedural pain relief. Infants are treated with numerous doses of sucrose, raising concerns about potential long-term effects. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of neonatal oral sucrose treatment on growth and liver metabolism in a mouse model. Neonatal female and male mice were randomly assigned to one of two oral treatments (n = 7-10 mice/group/sex): sterile water or sucrose. Pups were treated 10 times/day for the first 6 days of life with 0.2 mg/g body wt of respective treatments (24% solution; 1-4 μL/dose) to mimic what is given to preterm infants. Mice were weaned at age 3 wk onto a control diet and fed until age 16 wk. Sucrose-treated female and male mice gained less weight during the treatment period and were smaller at weaning than water-treated mice (P ≤ 0.05); no effect of sucrose treatment on body weight was observed at adulthood. However, adult sucrose-treated female mice had smaller tibias and lower serum insulin-like growth factor-1 than adult water-treated female mice (P ≤ 0.05); these effects were not observed in males. Lower liver S-adenosylmethionine, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine were observed in adult sucrose-treated compared with water-treated female and male mice (P ≤ 0.05). Sucrose-treated female, but not male, mice had lower liver free choline and higher liver betaine compared with water-treated female mice (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that repeated neonatal sucrose treatment has long-term sex-specific effects on growth and liver methionine and choline metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Y Ramírez-Contreras
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arya E Mehran
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ei-Xia Mussai
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Andre Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Manon Ranger
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Nursing, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liisa Holsti
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Carbohydrate Intake in Early Childhood and Body Composition and Metabolic Health: Results from the Generation R Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071940. [PMID: 32629760 PMCID: PMC7399886 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High sugar intake in childhood has been linked to obesity. However, the role of macronutrient substitutions and associations with metabolic health remain unclear. We examined associations of carbohydrate intake and its subtypes with body composition and metabolic health among 3573 children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Intake of total carbohydrate, monosaccharides and disaccharides, and polysaccharides at age 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. We repeatedly measured children’s height and weight to calculate BMI between their ages of 1 and 10 years. At ages 6 and 10 years, fat and fat-free mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry and blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin were obtained. For all outcomes, we calculated age and sexspecific SD-scores. In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models, we found no associations of intake of carbohydrates or its subtypes with children’s BMI or body composition. A higher intake of monosaccharides and disaccharides was associated with higher triglyceride concentrations (0.02 SDS per 10 g/day, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04). Higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake was also associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (−0.03 SDS, 95% CI: −0.04; −0.01), especially when it replaced polysaccharides. Overall, our findings suggest associations of higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intake in early childhood with higher triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, but do not support associations with body composition.
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Eny KM, Jeyakumar N, Dai DWH, Maguire JL, Parkin PC, Birken CS. Sugar-containing beverage consumption and cardiometabolic risk in preschool children. Prev Med Rep 2020; 17:101054. [PMID: 32021763 PMCID: PMC6994294 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sugar-containing beverages (SCBs) including 100% fruit juice, fruit drinks and soda substantially contribute to total caloric intake in young children. The objective of this study was to examine whether consumption of SCB is associated with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in preschool children, along with whether 100% fruit juice and sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) is associated with CMR. Study Design We used a repeated measures study design examining SCB consumption and CMR outcomes measured concurrently in children 3-6 years of age participating in TARGet Kids!, a primary-care, practice-based research network in Canada (2008-2017). To account for within-person variability, multivariable linear regression models using generalized estimating equation was used to examine the association between SCB consumption and CMR score and the individual CMR score components including systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides, and glucose. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic, familial and child-related covariates, higher SCB consumption was associated with elevated CMR score [0.05 (95% CI -0.0001 to 0.09), p = 0.05], including lower HDL-c [-0.02 mmol/L (95% CI -0.03 to -0.01), p = 0.01] and higher triglycerides [0.02 mmol/L (95% CI 0.004 to 0.04), p = 0.02]. When examined separately, higher 100% fruit juice [-0.02 mmol/L (95% CI -0.03 to -0.003), p = 0.02] and SSB[-0.03 mmol/L (95% CI -0.06 to -0.001), p = 0.04] consumption were each associated with lower HDL-c. Conclusion Higher SCB consumption was associated with small elevations of CMR in preschool children. Our findings support recommendations to limit overall intake of SCBs in early childhood, in effort to reduce the potential long-term burden of CMR.
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Key Words
- 100% fruit juice
- AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics
- CMR, cardiometabolic risk
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- GEE, Generalized estimating equations
- HDL-c, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- HDL-cholesterol
- NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- SBP, Systolic blood pressure
- SCB, Sugar-containing beverage
- SSB, Sugar-sweetened beverage
- Sugar-sweetened beverages
- TG, triglycerides
- Triglycerides
- WC, waist circumference
- zBMI, Body mass index z-score
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Eny
- Nutrigenomix Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patricia C Parkin
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe current findings on sugar intake in children worldwide, including sugar sources and their impact on child health focusing on cardiometabolic alterations usually associated to obesity. RECENT FINDINGS In children less than 4 years, intakes of added sugars across countries ranged from 9.8 to 11.2% of total energy; in children 4-10 years, it ranged from less than 3-18%; and in adolescents, it ranged from 13.6 to 16.6%. For most countries, intakes of added sugars were greater than the recommended upper limit of 10% of total energy for children and adolescents and less or around 10% in infants. In most studies, soft drinks and fruit-based drinks accounted for the greatest proportion of the added sugars intake, followed by milk products and sweet bakery products. High added sugar intake has been associated with increased obesity risk and fat deposition in the liver, contributing to dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and cardio-metabolic risk. SUMMARY As a high added sugar intake is associated with cardio-metabolic conditions in children and adolescents, the current scenario supports the need for stronger targeted long-term policies that prevent the excessive sugar intake in young populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Iris Rupérez
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Food and Agriculture Institute of Aragón (IA2), Health Research Institute of Aragón (ISS Aragón), Zaragoza
| | - María Isabel Mesana
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Food and Agriculture Institute of Aragón (IA2), Health Research Institute of Aragón (ISS Aragón), Zaragoza
| | - Luis Alberto Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Food and Agriculture Institute of Aragón (IA2), Health Research Institute of Aragón (ISS Aragón), Zaragoza
- CIBER Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology (CIBEROBN). Madrid, Spain
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10
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Michaelsen KF, Grummer-Strawn L, Bégin F. Emerging issues in complementary feeding: Global aspects. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2018; 13 Suppl 2. [PMID: 29032617 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complementary feeding period (6-24 months) is a window of opportunity for preventing stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity and for improving long-term development and health. Because WHO published its guiding principles for complementary feeding in 2003, new knowledge and evidence have been generated in the area of child feeding. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the emerging issues in complementary feeding and potential implications on the guidelines revision. Evidence on the effect of the quality and quantity of protein and fat intake on child growth during the complementary feeding period is summarized. The increased availability of sugar-containing beverages and unhealthy snack foods and its negative effect on young child's diet is described. Negative effects of nonresponsive feeding and force feeding are also discussed, although few scientific studies have addressed these issues. There are several emerging research areas that are likely to provide a better understanding of how complementary feeding influences growth, development, and health. These include the effect of the young child's diet on body composition, gastrointestinal microbiota, and environmental enteric dysfunction. However, at present, findings from these research areas are not likely to influence guidelines. Several emerging issues will be relevant to address when complementary feeding guidelines will be updated. With the increasing prevalence of obesity globally, it is important that guidelines on complementary feeding address both prevention of undernutrition and prevention of overweight, obesity, and noncommunicable diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurence Grummer-Strawn
- Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - France Bégin
- Nutrition Section, Programme Division, UNICEF Headquarters, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Leermakers ETM, van den Hooven EH, Franco OH, Jaddoe VWV, Moll HA, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Voortman T. A priori and a posteriori derived dietary patterns in infancy and cardiometabolic health in childhood: The role of body composition. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1589-1595. [PMID: 28830701 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cardiometabolic risk has its origins in early life. However, it is unclear whether diet during early childhood is associated with cardiometabolic health, and what the role is of obesity. We aimed to study whether overall diet during early childhood is associated with cardiometabolic health and to examine if difference in body composition explain this association. METHODS We examined associations of different types of dietary patterns in infancy with cardiometabolic health at school age among 2026 Dutch children participating in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Food intake at the age of 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Three dietary pattern approaches were used: 1) An a priori-defined diet quality score; 2) dietary patterns based on variation in food intake, derived from principal component analysis (PCA); and 3) dietary patterns based on variations in fat and fat-free mass index, derived with reduced-rank regression (RRR). At the children's age of 6 years, we measured their body composition, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of insulin, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol, which we combined in a cardiometabolic risk-factor score. RESULTS We observed that, after adjustment for confounders, children with higher adherence to a 'Health-conscious' PCA-derived pattern had a lower cardiometabolic risk-factor score (-0.07 SD (95%CI -0.12; -0.02) per SD). This association did not change after adjustment for fat and fat-free mass index. The RRR-derived dietary patterns based on variations in body composition were not associated with the cardiometabolic risk-factor score. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that diet in early childhood may affect cardiometabolic health independent of differences in body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth T M Leermakers
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edith H van den Hooven
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden University College, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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