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Liu S, Geng J, Chen W, Zong Y, Zhao Y, Du R, He Z. Isolation, structure, biological activity and application progress of ginseng polysaccharides from the Araliaceae family. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133925. [PMID: 39032904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Phytopolysaccharides are a class of natural macromolecules with a range of biological activities. Ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng, and Panax notoginseng are all members of the Araliaceae family. They are known to contain a variety of medicinal properties and are typically rich in a wide range of medicinal values. Polysaccharides represent is one of the principal active ingredients in the aforementioned plants. However, there is a paucity of detailed reports on the separation methods, structural characteristics and comparison of various pharmacological effects of these polysaccharides. This paper presents a review of the latest research reports on ginseng, red ginseng, American ginseng and ginseng polysaccharides. The differences in extraction, separation, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of the four polysaccharides are compared and clarified. Upon examination of the current research literature, it becomes evident that the extraction and separation processes of the four polysaccharides are highly similar. Modern pharmacological studies have corroborated the multiple biological activities of these polysaccharides. These activities encompass a range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant stress injury, fatigue reduction, tumor inhibition, depression alleviation, regulation of intestinal flora, immunomodulation, diabetes management, central nervous system protection, anti-aging, and improvement of skin health. This paper presents a review of studies on the extraction, purification, characterization, and bioactivities of four natural plant ginseng polysaccharides. Furthermore, the review presents the most recent research findings on their pharmacological activities. The information provides a theoretical basis for the future application of natural plant polysaccharides and offers a new perspective for the in-depth development of the medicinal value of ginseng in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianan Geng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer of China, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Hong GH, Lee SY, Kim IA, Suk J, Baeg C, Kim JY, Lee S, Kim KJ, Kim KT, Kim MG, Park KY. Effect of Heat-Treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 on the Immune System Including Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1339. [PMID: 38732587 PMCID: PMC11085399 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 (HT-nF1) increases immune cell activation and the production of various immunomodulators (e.g., interleukin (IL)-12) as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) G, which plays an important role in humoral immunity, and IgA, which activates mucosal immunity. To determine the effect of HT-nF1 intake on improving immune function, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 100 subjects with normal white blood cell counts. The HT-nF1 group was administered capsules containing 5 × 1011 cells of HT-nF1 once a day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of HT-nF1 intake, significant changes in IL-12 were observed in the HT-nF1 group (p = 0.045). In particular, the change in natural killer (NK) cell activity significantly increased in subjects with low secretory (s) IgA (≤49.61 μg/mL) and low NK activity (E:T = 10:1) (≤3.59%). These results suggest that HT-nF1 has no safety issues and improves the innate immune function by regulating T helper (Th)1-related immune factors. Therefore, we confirmed that HT-nF1 not only has a positive effect on regulating the body's immunity, but it is also a safe material for the human body, which confirms its potential as a functional health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hye Hong
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - So-Young Lee
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - In Ah Kim
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Jangmi Suk
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Chaemin Baeg
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Sehee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Min Gee Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Kun-Young Park
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
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Zhang J, Feng J, Huang Y, Zhou B, Li B, Zhang R. Ginseng Polysaccharide Enhances the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1833. [PMID: 38140237 PMCID: PMC10747565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic remarkably accelerated vaccine research progress. The role of adjuvants in enhancing vaccine immune intensity and influencing immune types has been considered. Ginseng polysaccharide (GPS) has been demonstrated to have strong immunoregulatory properties. It is important to explore the feasibility of adding GPS to vaccine adjuvant components to improve the immune response effect of RBD vaccines. Here, we prepared a SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen using the Escherichia coli expression system and determined that subcutaneous administration of GPS at a dose of 40 mg/kg could effectively activate dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MΦ) in mice. Compared with the RBD group, the RBD+GPS triggered stronger and persistent antibody responses. It is also notable that higher levels of RBD-specific IgG and IgA were distributed in the lungs of RBD+GPS-immunized BALB/c mice. In addition, the RBD+GPS also resulted in lower percentages of IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells and higher percentages of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells and CD8+ Tcm cells. These results suggest that GPS could be a promising vaccine immuno-enhancer for SARS-CoV-2 RBD subunit vaccines to establish stronger systemic and pulmonary mucosal protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bing Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.H.); (B.Z.)
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Xu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Fan G. Managing metabolic diseases: The roles and therapeutic prospects of herb-derived polysaccharides. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114538. [PMID: 36931026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases have become a public health problem worldwide. Effective, novel and natural therapies are urgently needed to treat metabolic diseases. As natural bioactive compounds, polysaccharides have many physiological and medicinal properties. Recently, herb-derived polysaccharides have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of metabolic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review comprehensively summarizes the pharmacological progress and clinical evidence of herb-derived polysaccharides in the treatment of three metabolic diseases, namely type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity, and more importantly, discusses the molecular mechanism involved. Existing evidence has proved that herb-derived polysaccharides can maintain glucose homeostasis, promote insulin secretion, improve insulin resistance, reduce weight gain and hepatic steatosis, inhibit lipogenesis, alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve gut microbiota disorders in rodents with metabolic diseases. Notably, so far, human clinical trials of herb-derived polysaccharides for these three metabolic diseases remain rare. All in all, herb-derived polysaccharides may have good potential as drug candidates for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to further validate its effectiveness and safety in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Gang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Tao R, Lu K, Zong G, Xia Y, Han H, Zhao Y, Wei Z, Lu Y. Ginseng polysaccharides: Potential antitumor agents. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:9-22. [PMID: 36644386 PMCID: PMC9834022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a famous herbal medicine in China and Asia, ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is also known as the "King of All Herbs" and has long been used in medicine and healthcare. In addition to the obvious biological activities of ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) exhibit excellent antitumor, antioxidant stress, and immunomodulatory effects. In particular, GPs can exert an antitumor effect and is a potential immunomodulator. However, due to the complexity and diversity in the structures and components of GPs, their specific physicochemical properties, and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this article, we have summarized the factors influencing the antitumor activity of GPs and their mechanism of action, including the stimulation of the immune system, regulation of the gut microbiota, and direct action on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Keqin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gangfan Zong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawen Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongkuan Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Yang L, Gu T, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Peng L. Plant polysaccharides as novel biomaterials for microcapsule construction and therapeutics delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122137. [PMID: 36029991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides derived from medicinal plants, that are Dendrobium (DPS), Lycium barbarum (LBP), Ginseng (GPS), and Poria Cocos (PCP) were firstly combined with sodium alginate (SA) to construct microcapsules and improved the morphology, encapsulation efficiency, Biocompatibility and protective capability in drug loading. Diverse typical therapeutics, including VO2@ZIF67 nanoparticles, small molecule drugs salvianolic acid B (SaB)/ginsenoside (Rg1), probiotic Bacillus bifidus, and biomacromolecules SDF-1 were wrapped into 1.5 % GPS-0.5 % SA model microcapsules, respectively. Better mobility and formability were significantly observed, and showed 75 % survival rate of probiotics in simulated gastric juice and around 99 % encapsulation efficiency which is higher than single 2 % SA microcapsules. The microcapsules also obtained a delayed release and a higher cell index for SDF-1, which indicated better stability, biocompatibility and protective effect than single 2 % SA microcapsules. This study provides a strategy in developing plant derived polysaccharides as novel materials for the construction and improvement of traditional microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Tingwei Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yuda Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yongping Zhang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China
| | - Lihua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China.
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Ma Q, Zhai R, Xie X, Chen T, Zhang Z, Liu H, Nie C, Yuan X, Tu A, Tian B, Zhang M, Chen Z, Li J. Hypoglycemic Effects of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice via Modulating Gut Microbiota. Front Nutr 2022; 9:916271. [PMID: 35845787 PMCID: PMC9280299 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.916271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) in alleviating type 2 diabetes through intestinal flora modulation. A high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) was applied to create a diabetic model. The results indicated that LBP effectively alleviated the symptoms of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance in diabetic mice. A high dosage of LBP exerted better hypoglycemic effects than low and medium dosages. In diabetic mice, LBP significantly boosted the activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px and reduced inflammation. The analysis of 16S rDNA disclosed that LBP notably improved the composition of intestinal flora, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Intestinimonas, Mucispirillum, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-009 and decreasing the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Dubosiella, Romboutsia. LBP significantly improved the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in diabetic mice, which corresponded to the increase in the beneficial genus. According to Spearman’s correlation analysis, Cetobacterium, Streptococcus, Ralstonia. Cetobacterium, Ruminiclostridium, and Bifidobacterium correlated positively with insulin, whereas Cetobacterium, Millionella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Streptococcus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_009 correlated negatively with HOMA-IR, HDL-C, ALT, AST, TC, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings suggested that the mentioned genus may be beneficial to diabetic mice’s hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia. The up-regulation of peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and insulin were remarkably reversed by LBP in diabetic mice. The real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis illustrated that LBP distinctly regulated the glucose metabolism of diabetic mice by activating the IRS/PI3K/Akt signal pathway. These results indicated that LBP effectively alleviated the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of diabetic mice by modulating intestinal flora.
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KIM H, CHO SM, KIM WJ, HONG KB, SUH HJ, YU KW. Red ginseng polysaccharide alleviates cytotoxicity and promotes anti-inflammatory activity of ginsenosides. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.52220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon KIM
- Kyung Hee University Skin Biotechnology Center, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Woo Jung KIM
- Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kwang-Won YU
- Korea National University of Transportation, Republic of Korea
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The Dietary Intake of Carrot-Derived Rhamnogalacturonan-I Accelerates and Augments the Innate Immune and Anti-Viral Interferon Response to Rhinovirus Infection and Reduces Duration and Severity of Symptoms in Humans in a Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124395. [PMID: 34959949 PMCID: PMC8704532 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections are an important health concern. Traditionally, polysaccharide-enriched extracts from plants, containing immunomodulatory rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-1), were used prophylactically. We established the effects of dietary supplementation with carrot-derived RG-I (cRG-I, 0–0.3–1.5 g/day) in 177 healthy individuals (18–65 years) on symptoms following infection with rhinovirus strain 16 (RV16). Primary outcomes were changes in severity and duration of symptoms, and viral load in nasal lavage. Secondary outcomes were changes in innate immune and anti-viral responses, reflected by CXCL10 and CXCL8 levels and cell differentials in nasal lavage. In a nested cohort, exploratory transcriptome analysis was conducted on nasal epithelium. Intake of cRG-I was safe, well-tolerated and accelerated local cellular and humoral innate immune responses induced by RV16 infection, with the strongest effects at 1.5 g/d. At 0.3 g/d, a faster interferon-induced response, induction of the key anti-viral gene EIF2AK2, faster viral clearance, and reduced symptom severity (−20%) and duration (−25%) were observed. Anti-viral responses, viral clearance and symptom scores at 1.5 g/d were in between those of 0 and 0.3 g/d, suggesting a negative feedback loop preventing excessive interferon responses. Dietary intake of cRG-I accelerated innate immune and antiviral responses, and reduced symptoms of an acute respiratory viral infection.
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Chen W, Yao P, Vong CT, Li X, Chen Z, Xiao J, Wang S, Wang Y. Ginseng: A bibliometric analysis of 40-year journey of global clinical trials. J Adv Res 2021; 34:187-197. [PMID: 35024190 PMCID: PMC8655123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng has a long history of widespread use and remarkable effects as traditional medicine, adjuvant and dietary supplement. The therapeutic value, diverse functionalities and rapid development of ginseng have driven a significant increase in the number of ginseng clinical trials, ranging from its use in various ailments, formulation to safety concerns. Despite the persistent interest in ginseng clinical research, the medical effectiveness of ginseng is inconclusive and there is a lack of bibliometric analysis of the hundreds of ginseng clinical trials. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an extensive overview of ginseng clinical trials over the past 40 years (1979-2018) in combination with a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The annual clinical trial analysis of time distribution, country and institution network analysis for space cooperation, statistical analysis for various functions, as well as efficiency and effect size were performed for global ginseng clinical trials. Besides, preparation categories, administration routes, and the safety of ginseng clinical trials were also investigated. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The 40-year journey of ginseng clinical trials has experienced emerging, boom, and stable or transitional stages. The global network of ginseng clinical trials has relevant regional distribution in Asia, North America and Europe. South Korea makes a great contribution to building up large research clusters and strong cooperation links. Universities are the key contributors to ginseng clinical trials. The development of ginseng products could be focused on the clinical trial in diseases with higher effectiveness or effect size, such as sexual function and cognitive & behavior and require rigorous investigations and evidence to evaluate safety. More attention should be paid to different effects from different preparations. We believe this review will provide new insights into the understanding of global ginseng clinical trials and identifies potential future perspectives for research and development of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Peifen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiuzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhejie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
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Qi H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Huang Q, Li J, Chen J, Wang M, Zhao D, Wang Z, Li X. Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress. Molecules 2021; 26:4997. [PMID: 34443587 PMCID: PMC8400370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
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12
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Rajanna M, Bharathi B, Shivakumar BR, Deepak M, Prashanth D, Prabakaran D, Vijayabhaskar T, Arun B. Immunomodulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract in healthy adults - An open-label study. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 12:529-534. [PMID: 34376353 PMCID: PMC8377179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees has been well-researched for its immunomodulatory effects. Objective(s) To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of standardized A. paniculata extract (SAPE) in healthy adults. Materials and methods The study was an open-label, single-centre study conducted for 30 days. Thirty participants with absolute lymphocyte counts of 1000–4000 cells/mm3 were enrolled and were instructed to ingest 200 mg of SAPE daily for 30 days. The participants visited the clinic at baseline, and days 3, 7, and 30. Immune cells such as NK cell (CD3-CD16+CD56+), T cells (CD3+), T helper cells (CD3+CD4+), T cytotoxic cells (CD3+CD8+) were measured using flow cytometry. Serum cytokines that include interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured using ELISA. The SAPE used in this study was a standardized proprietary extract (AP-Bio®/KalmCold®) developed from the leaf extracts of A. paniculata. Results SAPE increased T cells, T helper cells and significantly increased IFN-γ, IL-4, and decreased IL-2 at day 30. A subgroup analysis of participants with absolute lymphocyte counts of 1000–3000 cells/mm3 indicated that there is a significant increase in the T cells, T helper cells at day 7 and 30 and significant increase in IFN-γ, IL-4 and decrease in IL-2 at day 30. There was no treatment related adverse effects following SAPE intake for 30 days. Conclusion Supplementation of SAPE resulted in immunomodulatory effects evidenced by its effects on immune cells and cytokines and it was found to be safe and tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajanna
- Surya Medical Centre, Bangalore, 560084, India
| | - B Bharathi
- Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, 560100, India.
| | | | - M Deepak
- Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, 560100, India
| | | | - D Prabakaran
- In Vitro Research Solutions (iVRS) Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, 560092, India
| | - T Vijayabhaskar
- In Vitro Research Solutions (iVRS) Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, 560092, India
| | - B Arun
- In Vitro Research Solutions (iVRS) Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, 560092, India
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13
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Ali SA, Singh G, Datusalia AK. Potential therapeutic applications of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators: Pre-clinical and clinical evidences. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3702-3731. [PMID: 33734511 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and infectious diseases are the major public health issues and have gained great attention in the last few years for the search of new agents with therapeutic benefits on the host immune functions. In recent years, natural products (NPs) have been studied broadly for their multi-targeted activities under pathological conditions. Interestingly, several attempts have been made to outline the immunomodulatory properties of NPs. Research on in-vitro and in-vivo models have shown the immunomodulatory activity of NPs, is due to their antiinflammatory property, induction of phagocytosis and immune cells stimulation activity. Moreover, studies on humans have suggested that phytomedicines reduce inflammation and could provide appropriate benefits either in single form or complex combinations with other agents preventing disease progression, subsequently enhancing the efficacy of treatment to combat multiple malignancies. However, the exact mechanism of immunomodulation is far from clear, warranting more detailed investigations on their effectiveness. Nevertheless, the reduction of inflammatory cascades is considered as a prime protective mechanism in a number of inflammation regulated autoimmune diseases. Altogether, this review will discuss the biological activities of plant-derived secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, polysaccharides and so forth, against various diseases and their potential use as an immunomodulatory agent under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
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14
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McKay S, Oranje P, Helin J, Koek JH, Kreijveld E, van den Abbeele P, Pohl U, Bothe G, Tzoumaki M, Aparicio-Vergara M, Mercenier A, Schols H, Albers R. Development of an Affordable, Sustainable and Efficacious Plant-Based Immunomodulatory Food Ingredient Based on Bell Pepper or Carrot RG-I Pectic Polysaccharides. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030963. [PMID: 33809720 PMCID: PMC8002328 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of acute respiratory infections and their impact on quality of life underlies the need for efficacious solutions that are safe, sustainable and economically viable. Polysaccharides in several (traditional) plant extracts have been shown to be immunostimulatory, and some studies suggest beneficial effects against respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to (i) identify the active polysaccharide constituents from affordable and renewable crops (bell pepper and carrot) using activity-guided fractionation, (ii) evaluate in vitro effects on innate immune responses (phagocytosis and cytokine secretion), microbiota modulation and production of short chain fatty acids, followed by (iii) the evaluation of effects of a bell pepper extract enriched for the active component in a human proof of concept study. We identified rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) as the nutricophore responsible for the immunostimulatory activity with substantial structural and functional equivalence between bell pepper (bp) and carrot (c). The in vitro studies showed that bpRG-I and cRG-I comprise similar immune- and microbiota modulatory potential and the human study demonstrated that bpRG-I was well tolerated and enhanced innate immune responsiveness in vivo. This is an important step towards testing the efficacy of RG-I from bpRG-I or cRG-I in an infection trial in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue McKay
- Suze Consulting, Voorweg 65, 3233 SJ Oostvoorne, The Netherlands;
| | - Paul Oranje
- IMcoMET BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jari Helin
- Glykos Finland Oy, Viikinkaari 6, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jean H. Koek
- Unilever, Foods Innovation Centre, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ellen Kreijveld
- Rijk Zwaan, Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, P.O. Box 40, 2678 KX De Lier, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Ute Pohl
- Analyze & Realize GmbH, Waldseeweg 6, 13467 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Gordana Bothe
- Analyze & Realize GmbH, Waldseeweg 6, 13467 Berlin, Germany; (U.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Tzoumaki
- Nutrileads BV, Bronland 12-N, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (M.A.-V.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Annick Mercenier
- Nutrileads BV, Bronland 12-N, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (M.A.-V.); (A.M.)
| | - Henk Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ruud Albers
- Nutrileads BV, Bronland 12-N, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (M.A.-V.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Guo M, Shao S, Wang D, Zhao D, Wang M. Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Food Funct 2020; 12:494-518. [PMID: 33331377 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has a long history of medicinal use and can treat a variety of diseases. P. ginseng contains a variety of active ingredients, such as saponins, polypeptides, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. Among them, saponins have always been considered as the main components responsible for its pharmacological activities. However, more and more studies have shown that polysaccharides play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of ginseng. Modern biological and medical studies have found that ginseng polysaccharides have complex structural characteristics and diverse biological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-radiation functions, among others. Additionally, the structural characteristics of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their activity. In this review, the research background, extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides from different parts of P. ginseng (roots, flowers stems and leaves, and berries) under different growth conditions (artificially cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng, and wild ginseng) are summarized. The structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed. Meanwhile, their biological activities were introduced, and some possible mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides was discussed. Some research perspectives for the study of ginseng polysaccharides were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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16
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Chen RR, Li YJ, Chen JJ, Lu CL. A review for natural polysaccharides with anti-pulmonary fibrosis properties, which may benefit to patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116740. [PMID: 32829859 PMCID: PMC7340049 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a lung disease with highly heterogeneous and mortality rate, but its therapeutic options are now still limited. Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been characterized by WHO as a pandemic, and the global number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has been more than 8.0 million. It is strongly supported for that PF should be one of the major complications in COVID-19 patients by the evidences of epidemiology, viral immunology and current clinical researches. The anti-PF properties of naturally occurring polysaccharides have attracted increasing attention in last two decades, but is still lack of a comprehensively understanding. In present review, the resources, structural features, anti-PF activities, and underlying mechanisms of these polysaccharides are summarized and analyzed, which was expected to provide a scientific evidence supporting the application of polysaccharides for preventing or treating PF in COVID-19 patients.
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17
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Liu H, Lu X, Hu Y, Fan X. Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng explain why they differ in therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105263. [PMID: 33127555 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng (Meyer) and Panax notoginseng (Burkill), belonging to the family Araliaceae, are used worldwide as medicinal and functional herbs. Numerous publications over the past decades have revealed that both P. notoginseng and P. ginseng contain important bioactive ingredients such as ginsenosides and exert multiple pharmacological effects on nervous system and immune diseases. However, based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, their applications clearly differ as ginseng reinforces vital energy and notoginseng promotes blood circulation. In this article, we review the similarities and differences between ginseng and notoginseng in terms of their chemical composition and pharmacological effects. Their chemical comparisons indicate that ginseng contains more polysaccharides and amino acids, while notoginseng has more saponins, volatile oil, and polyacetylenes. Regarding pharmacological effects, ginseng exhibits better protective effects on cardiovascular disease, nerve disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus, whereas notoginseng displays a superior protective effect on cerebrovascular disease. The evidence presented in this review facilitates further research and clinical applications of these two herbs, and exploration of the relationship between the chemical components and disease efficacy may be the critical next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Fan S, Zhang Z, Su H, Xu P, Qi H, Zhao D, Li X. Panax ginseng clinical trials: Current status and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110832. [PMID: 33059260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax Ginseng has been widely used in Asian for thousand years. In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng, more and more ginseng clinical trials (GCTs) have been conducted recently. However, there is a lack of an extensive review summarizing the current status for the quality and quantity of ginseng clinical researches until now. Therefore, clinical trials for ginseng were retrieved from International Clinical Trials Registration Platform and collected through the system retrieval method of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in PubMed, the Web of Science, the Korean Studies Information Service System, and SCOPUS database. We summarized the clinical characteristics of 152 registered ginseng clinical trials (R-GCTs) and119 published ginseng clinical trials (P-GCTs), such as source register, recruitment status, primary purpose, duration, sample size, conditions, and outcomes. Among them, ginseng has mainly been studied in clinical trials in the single-center and less than 200 subjects. In the most GCTs, healthy subjects and patients with various conditions, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are administrated with ginseng, ginsenosides or the prescriptions containing ginseng for less than 3 months to investigate the protective and therapeutic functions of ginseng. 95 (79.8 %) published articles showed that ginseng has plenty of positive effects. This review could assist the basic researchers and clinical doctors to understand current status and problem of ginseng clinical research, and perhaps could benefit for the reasonable and accurate design of future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Fan
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hang Su
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Neurology Department, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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19
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Jean Baptiste S, Le THY, Le TKV, Vu DN, Nguyen DD. Anti-cancer Immune-modulatory Activities of Panax Genus Extracts and Bioactive Compounds. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1817065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi Hoang Yen Le
- Fungal Technology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T. K. V. Le
- Faculty of Medicinal Processing, National Institution of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Nhan Vu
- Institute of Chemistry, Military Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Doan Nguyen
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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20
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Hong JT, Lee MJ, Yoon SJ, Shin SP, Bang CS, Baik GH, Kim DJ, Youn GS, Shin MJ, Ham YL, Suk KT, Kim BS. Effect of Korea red ginseng on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an association of gut microbiota with liver function. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:316-324. [PMID: 33841012 PMCID: PMC8020261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korea Red Ginseng (KRG) has been used as remedies with hepato-protective effects in liver-related condition. Microbiota related gut-liver axis plays key roles in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. We evaluated the effect of KRG on gut-liver axis in patients with nonalcoholic statohepatitis by the modulation of gut-microbiota. Methods A total of 94 patients (KRG: 45 and placebo: 49) were prospectively randomized to receive KRG (2,000 mg/day, ginsenoside Rg1+Rb1+Rg3 4.5mg/g) or placebo during 30 days. Liver function test, cytokeraton 18, and fatigue score were measured. Gut microbiota was analyzed by MiSeq systems based on 16S rRNA genes. Results In KRG group, the mean levels (before vs. after) of aspartate aminotransferase (53 ± 19 vs. 45 ± 23 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (75 ± 40 vs. 64 ± 39 IU/L) and fatigue score (33 ± 13 vs. 26 ± 13) were improved (p < 0.05). In placebo group, only fatigue score (34 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 15) was ameliorated (p < 0.05). The changes of phyla were not statistically significant on both groups. In KRG group, increased abundance of Lactobacillus was related with improved alanine aminotransferase level and increased abundance of Clostridium and Intestinibacter was associated with no improvement after KRG supplementation. In placebo group, increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae could be related with aggravation of liver enzyme (p < 0.05). Conclusion KRG effectively improved liver enzymes and fatigue score by modulating gut-microbiota in patients with fatty liver disease. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of improvement of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ClnicalTrials.gov NCT03945123 (www.ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Taek Hong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Pyo Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seok Bang
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Ho Baik
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lim Ham
- Department of Nursing, Daewon University College, Jaecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wang J, Li Y, Luo P, Chen Y, Xi Q, Wu H, Zhao W, Shu G, Wang S, Gao P, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Wang L. Oral supplementation with ginseng polysaccharide promotes food intake in mice. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01340. [PMID: 31392839 PMCID: PMC6749478 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ginseng polysaccharide (GPS, same as Panax polysaccharide) is a kind of polysaccharide extracted from ginseng. It has been reported that GPS has the ability to activate innate immunity, regulates blood sugar balance, and improves antioxidant capacity, but the effect on feeding behavior and its mechanism remains unclear. METHOD To investigate the possible effect of GPS on feeding behavior of animals, mice were supplied with GPS in water, and food intake, hedonic feeding behavior, anxiety-like behavior, expression of appetite-regulation peptides in the central nervous system and glucose-related hormone levels in the serum of mice were measured. RESULTS Ginseng polysaccharide significantly increased the average daily food intake in mice and promoted hedonic eating behavior. Meanwhile, the levels of serum glucose and glucagon were significantly reduced by GPS, and GPS promoted hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression, inhibited proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression, and reduced dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) levels in the midbrain. We also found that the anxiety level of mice was significantly lower after GPS intake. In conclusion, oral supplementation with GPS promoted food intake in mice, most likely through the regulation of circulating glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhuang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Zhao B, Lv C, Lu J. Natural occurring polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer: A review of isolation, structures, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:324-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Ding L, Cheng P, Wang L, Hu J, Zhang YX, Cai GW, Huang GY, Gao S. The protective effects of polysaccharide extract from Xin-Ji-Er-Kang formula on Ang II-induced HUVECs injury, L-NAME-induced hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:127. [PMID: 31196042 PMCID: PMC6567637 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Xin-Ji-Er-Kang (XJEK) is a Chinese herbal formula, which has been reported to exert effective protection against cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and myocarditis. Methods Cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) and different concentrations of aqueous layer extracts (AqE). Subsequently nitric oxide (NO) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression levels were detected. In addition, fifty Kunming mice were randomized into control, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), L-NAME+AqE, L-NAME+XJEK and L-NAME+fosinopril treatment groups. Following 8 weeks of treatment, the cardiac hemodynamic index was measured, relaxation of the aorta was examined and pathological changes were observed. Colorimetric analysis and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were applied to determine the relevant indicators in plasma and cardiac tissues. Results The in vitro study results demonstrated that AqE could preserve endothelial function (NO, 21.05 ± 2.03 vs. 8.64 ± 0.59; eNOS, 1.08 ± 0.17 vs.0.73 ± 0.06). In addition, the in vivo results demonstrated that compared with the control group, treatment with AqE could enhance a high hemodynamic state (left ventricular systolic pressure, 116.76 ± 9.96 vs.114.5 ± 15.16), improve endothelial function (NO, 7.98 ± 9.64 vs. 1.66 ± 3.11; eNOS, 19.78 ± 3.18 vs.19.38 ± 3.85), suppress oxidative stress (OS) (superoxide dismutase, 178.17 ± 13.78 vs. 159.38 ± 18.86; malondialdehyde, 0.77 ± 0.13 vs.1.25 ± 0.36) and reverse cardiovascular remodeling. Conclusion Polysaccharide from XJEK exerts protective effects against Ang II-induced injury in HUVECs and L-NAME-induced hypertension in mice and the underlying mechanism may be attributed to improving endothelial dysfunction, OS and the inflammation status in mice.
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Riaz M, Rahman NU, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaffar HZ, Manea R. Ginseng: A dietary supplement as immune-modulator in various diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Yang Y, Ren C, Zhang Y, Wu X. Ginseng: An Nonnegligible Natural Remedy for Healthy Aging. Aging Dis 2017; 8:708-720. [PMID: 29344412 PMCID: PMC5758347 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an irreversible physiological process that affects all humans. Numerous theories have been proposed to regarding the process from a Western medicine perspective; however, ancient Chinese medicine practices and theories have increasingly gained attention, particularly ginseng, a grass that has been studied for the anti-aging properties of its active constituents. This review seeks to analyze current data on ginseng and its anti-aging properties. The plant species, characteristics, and active ingredients will be introduced. The main part of this review is focused on ginseng and its active components with regards to their effects on prolonging lifespan, the regulation of multiple organ systems including cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and skin, as well as the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The molecular mechanisms of these properties elucidated via various studies are summarized as further evidence of the anti-aging effects of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Herbal Formula Science, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Herbal Formula Science, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - XiaoDan Wu
- Department of Herbal Formula Science, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
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26
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OCF can repress tumor metastasis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition involved in PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174021. [PMID: 28301605 PMCID: PMC5354425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A component formula with definite compositions provides a new approach to treat various diseases. Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax ginseng are widely used in China because of their antitumor properties. In the previous study, the optimizing component formula (OCF), prepared with salvianolic acids, ginsenosides, and ginseng polysaccharides (5, 10, and 5 mg·L−1, respectively) extracted from S. miltiorrhiza and P. ginseng on the basis of IC50 in lung cancer A549 cells and damage minimization on human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Currently, we also have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of OCF on A549 cell migration and invasion in vitro. According to Lewis lung cancer cells (LLC) allograft in C57BL/6 mice and A549 xenograft in nude mice experiment, we found that the anti-tumor and anti-metastasis effects of OCF treatment were related to the inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further studies showed that the inhibitory effect of OCF on EMT was associated with the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. Therefore, all studies revealed that OCF could prevent cancer progression and tumor metastasis by inhibiting EMT involved PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in lung cancer cells.
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27
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Sun Y, Guo M, Feng Y, Zheng H, Lei P, Ma X, Han X, Guan H, Hou D. Effect of ginseng polysaccharides on NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3773-3777. [PMID: 28105109 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice. Cyclophosphamide (Cy) was used to construct an immunosuppressed mouse model. The mice in each group were submitted to gavages with 200 or 400 mg/kg GPS every day for 10 days. Magnetic-activated cell sorting was used to isolate spleen NK cells, and the NK cell cytotoxicity, blood distribution, expression levels of perforin and granzyme, and the mRNA expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ were detected. Compared with the normal control group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the blood, and the expression levels of perforin, granzyme and IFN-γ mRNA in the Cy model group were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In addition, compared with the Cy model group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the whole blood, and the expression levels of perforin and granzyme in the NK cells in the Cy + low-dose GPS and Cy + high-dose GPS groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). However, the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ in the NK cells did not significantly change (P>0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the whole blood, and the expression levels of perforin in the Cy + low-dose GPS and the Cy + high-dose GPS groups were significantly lower (P<0.05). However, the expression levels of granzyme in the NK cells was not significantly different, as compared with the normal control group (P>0.05). These results suggested that GPS promotes NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice by increasing the number of NK cells in the whole blood and upregulating the expression of perforin and granzyme. Thus, the present study investigated the molecular mechanism underlying NK cell activation by GPS, the research showed that GPS have a wide application prospects in the treatment of cancer and immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Sun
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Mofei Guo
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Feng
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiande Ma
- Experiment and Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Guan
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Diandong Hou
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
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Hong M, Lee YH, Kim S, Suk KT, Bang CS, Yoon JH, Baik GH, Kim DJ, Kim MJ. Anti-inflammatory and antifatigue effect of Korean Red Ginseng in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:203-10. [PMID: 27616896 PMCID: PMC5005313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a well-known natural product with anticarcinogenic and antioxidant effects. We evaluated the antifatigue effect of KRG in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Eighty patients with NAFLD were prospectively randomized to receive 3 wk of KRG or placebo in addition to counseling on healthy eating and regular exercise. Liver function test, proinflammatory cytokines, adiponectin, antioxidant activity, and fatigue score were measured and compared according to the body mass index between the KRG and placebo groups. Results The liver function tests were significantly improved after 3 wk of treatment in both groups. The mean levels (at baseline and after treatment) of tumor necrosis factor-α were 108.0 pg/mL ± 54.8 pg/mL and 92.7 pg/mL ± 39.0 pg/mL (p = 0.018) in the KRG group and 123.1 pg/mL ± 42.1 pg/mL and 127.5 pg/mL ± 62.2 pg/mL (p = 0.694) in the placebo group, respectively. There was a significant difference in change of adiponectin levels between the KRG (7,751.2 pg/mL ± 3,108.1 pg/mL and 8,197.3 pg/mL ± 2,714.5 pg/mL) and placebo groups (7,711.6 pg/mL ± 3,041.3 pg/mL and 7,286.1 pg/mL ± 5,188.7 pg/mL, p = 0.027). In patients with overweight, the fatigue score was significantly decreased in the KRG group (35.0 ± 13.2 and 24.5 ± 8.9, p = 0.019). Conclusion Our results show that KRG might be effective in reducing proinflammatory cytokine and fatigue in overweight patients with NAFLD, in addition to improvements in adiponectin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meegun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Hyeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seungwoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chang Seok Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jai Hoon Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gwang Ho Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Myong Jo Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Nagahama K, Eto N, Shimojo T, Kondoh T, Nakahara K, Sakakibara Y, Fukui K, Suiko M. Effect of kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia) pericarp on natural killer cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1327-36. [PMID: 25849817 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1025033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in innate immune defense against infectious disease and cancer. A reduction of NK activity is likely to be associated with increased risk of these types of disease. In this study, we investigate the activation potential of kumquat pericarp acetone fraction (KP-AF) on NK cells. It is shown to significantly increase IFN-γ production and NK cytotoxic activity in human KHYG-1 NK cells. Moreover, oral administration of KP-AF significantly improves both suppressed plasma IFN-γ levels and NK cytotoxic activity per splenocyte in restraint-stressed mice. These results indicate that raw kumquat pericarp activates NK cells in vitro and in vivo. To identify the active constituents, we also examined IFN-γ production on KHYG-1 cells by the predicted active components. Only β-cryptoxanthin increased IFN-γ production, suggesting that NK cell activation effects of KP-AF may be caused by carotenoids such as β-cryptoxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Nagahama
- a Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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Banerjee S, Parasramka M, Paruthy SB. Polysaccharides in Cancer Prevention: From Bench to Bedside. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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31
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Banerjee S, Parasramka M, Paruthy SB. Polysaccharides in Cancer Prevention: From Bench to Bedside. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_26-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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