1
|
Shikalov A, Koman I, Kogan NM. Targeted Glioma Therapy-Clinical Trials and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:100. [PMID: 38258110 PMCID: PMC10820492 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of glioma, with a median survival of 14.6 months post-diagnosis. Understanding the molecular profile of such tumors allowed the development of specific targeted therapies toward GBM, with a major role attributed to tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Targeted therapeutics are drugs that work by specific binding to GBM-specific or overexpressed markers on the tumor cellular surface and therefore contain a recognition moiety linked to a cytotoxic agent, which produces an antiproliferative effect. In this review, we have summarized the available information on the targeted therapeutics used in clinical trials of GBM and summarized current obstacles and advances in targeted therapy concerning specific targets present in GBM tumor cells, outlined efficacy endpoints for major classes of investigational drugs, and discussed promising strategies towards an increase in drug efficacy in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalya M. Kogan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Personalized and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (A.S.); (I.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dewdney B, Jenkins MR, Best SA, Freytag S, Prasad K, Holst J, Endersby R, Johns TG. From signalling pathways to targeted therapies: unravelling glioblastoma's secrets and harnessing two decades of progress. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37857607 PMCID: PMC10587102 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a rare, and highly lethal form of brain cancer, poses significant challenges in terms of therapeutic resistance, and poor survival rates for both adult and paediatric patients alike. Despite advancements in brain cancer research driven by a technological revolution, translating our understanding of glioblastoma pathogenesis into improved clinical outcomes remains a critical unmet need. This review emphasises the intricate role of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms, and metabolic functions in glioblastoma tumourigenesis and therapeutic resistance. We also discuss the extensive efforts over the past two decades that have explored targeted therapies against these pathways. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-toxin conjugates or CAR T cell therapies, offer potential by specifically targeting proteins on the glioblastoma cell surface. Combination strategies incorporating protein-targeted therapy and immune-based therapies demonstrate great promise for future clinical research. Moreover, gaining insights into the role of cell-of-origin in glioblastoma treatment response holds the potential to advance precision medicine approaches. Addressing these challenges is crucial to improving outcomes for glioblastoma patients and moving towards more effective precision therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Krishneel Prasad
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El Atat O, Naser R, Abdelkhalek M, Habib RA, El Sibai M. Molecular targeted therapy: A new avenue in glioblastoma treatment. Oncol Lett 2022; 25:46. [PMID: 36644133 PMCID: PMC9811647 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also referred to as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is grade IV astrocytoma characterized by being fast-growing and the most aggressive brain tumor. In adults, it is the most prevalent type of malignant brain tumor. Despite the advancements in both diagnosis tools and therapeutic treatments, GBM is still associated with poor survival rate without any statistically significant improvement in the past three decades. Patient's genome signature is one of the key factors causing the development of this tumor, in addition to previous radiation exposure and other environmental factors. Researchers have identified genomic and subsequent molecular alterations affecting core pathways that trigger the malignant phenotype of this tumor. Targeting intrinsically altered molecules and pathways is seen as a novel avenue in GBM treatment. The present review shed light on signaling pathways and intrinsically altered molecules implicated in GBM development. It discussed the main challenges impeding successful GBM treatment, such as the blood brain barrier and tumor microenvironment (TME), the plasticity and heterogeneity of both GBM and TME and the glioblastoma stem cells. The present review also presented current advancements in GBM molecular targeted therapy in clinical trials. Profound and comprehensive understanding of molecular participants opens doors for innovative, more targeted and personalized GBM therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oula El Atat
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayan Naser
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Maya Abdelkhalek
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Ralph Abi Habib
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon,Correspondence to: Professor Mirvat El Sibai, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Koraytem Street, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang G, Wang W. Advanced Cell Therapies for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904133. [PMID: 36052072 PMCID: PMC9425637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sheer ubiquity of Gioblastoma (GBM) cases would lead you to believe that there should have been many opportunities for the discovery of treatments to successfully render it into remission. Unfortunately, its persistent commonality is due in large part to the fact that it is the most treatment-resistant tumors in adults. That completely changes the treatment plan of attack. Long established and accepted treatment therapies such as surgical resection, radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy, (and any combination thereof) have only confirmed that the disease lives up to its treatment-resistant reputation. To add to the seemingly insurmountable task of finding a cure, GBM has also proven to be a very stubborn and formidable opponent to newer immunotherapies. Across the board, regardless of the therapy combination, the five-year survival rate of GBM patients is still very poor at a heartbreaking 5.6%. Obviously, the present situation cannot be tolerated or deemed acceptable. The grave situation calls for researchers to be more innovative and find more efficient strategies to discover new and successful strategies to treat GBM. Inspired by researchers worldwide attempting to control GBM, we provide in this review a comprehensive overview of the many diverse cell therapies currently being used to treat GBM. An overview of the treatments include: CAR T cells, CAR NK cells, gamma-delta T cells, NKT cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, as well stem cell-based strategies. To give you the complete picture, we will discuss the efficacy, safety, and developmental stages, the mechanisms of action and the challenges of each of these therapies and detail their potential to be the next-generation immunotherapeutic to eliminate this dreadful disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wang
- BlueRock Therapeutics, Department of Process Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Metagenomi Inc., Department of Cell Therapy, Emeryville, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Land CA, Musich PR, Haydar D, Krenciute G, Xie Q. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in glioblastoma: charging the T cells to fight. J Transl Med 2020; 18:428. [PMID: 33176788 PMCID: PMC7659102 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain cancer that invades normal brain tissue and impedes surgical eradication, resulting in early local recurrence and high mortality. In addition, most therapeutic agents lack permeability across the blood brain barrier (BBB), further reducing the efficacy of chemotherapy. Thus, effective treatment against GBM requires tumor specific targets and efficient intracranial drug delivery. With the most recent advances in immunotherapy, genetically engineered T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are becoming a promising approach for treating cancer. By transducing T lymphocytes with CAR constructs containing a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) recognition domain linked to the constant regions of a signaling T cell receptor, CAR T cells may recognize a predefined TAA with high specificity in a non-MHC restricted manner, and is independent of antigen processing. Active T cells can travel across the BBB, providing additional advantage for drug delivery and tumor targeting. Here we review the CAR design and technical innovations, the major targets that are in pre-clinical and clinical development with a focus on GBM, and multiple strategies developed to improve CAR T cell efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Land
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Phillip R. Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Dalia Haydar
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Giedre Krenciute
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qin Y, Musket A, Kou J, Preiszner J, Tschida BR, Qin A, Land CA, Staal B, Kang L, Tanner K, Jiang Y, Schweitzer JB, Largaespada DA, Xie Q. Overexpression of HGF/MET axis along with p53 inhibition induces de novo glioma formation in mice. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa067. [PMID: 32642717 PMCID: PMC7332240 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation leads to invasive tumor growth in different types of cancer. Overexpression of MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) occurs more frequently in glioblastoma (GBM) than in low-grade gliomas. Although we have shown previously that HGF-autocrine activation predicts sensitivity to MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in GBM, whether it initiates tumorigenesis remains elusive. Methods Using a well-established Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon strategy, we injected human HGF and MET cDNA together with a short hairpin siRNA against Trp53 (SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53) into the lateral ventricle of neonatal mice to induce spontaneous glioma initiation and characterized the tumors with H&E and immunohistochemistry analysis. Glioma sphere cells also were isolated for measuring the sensitivity to specific MET TKIs. Results Mixed injection of SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53 plasmids induced de novo glioma formation with invasive tumor growth accompanied by HGF and MET overexpression. While glioma stem cells (GSCs) are considered as the tumor-initiating cells in GBM, both SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53 tumor sections and glioma spheres harvested from these tumors expressed GSC markers nestin, GFAP, and Sox 2. Moreover, specific MET TKIs significantly inhibited tumor spheres' proliferation and MET/MAPK/AKT signaling. Conclusions Overexpression of the HGF/MET axis along with p53 attenuation may transform neural stem cells into GSCs, resulting in GBM formation in mice. These tumors are primarily driven by the MET RTK pathway activation and are sensitive to MET TKIs. The SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53 spontaneous mouse glioma model provides a useful tool for studying GBM tumor biology and MET-targeting therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna Musket
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jianqun Kou
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Johanna Preiszner
- Department of Pathology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barbara R Tschida
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anna Qin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig A Land
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ben Staal
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Liang Kang
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Kirk Tanner
- National Brain Tumor Society, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - John B Schweitzer
- Department of Pathology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - David A Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu G, Yin C, Wu F, Jiang L, Zheng Z, Xu D, Zhou J, Jiang X, Liu Q, Meng F. Gene mutation profile and risk stratification in AML1‑ETO‑positive acute myeloid leukemia based on next‑generation sequencing. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2333-2344. [PMID: 31638252 PMCID: PMC6826310 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutations play an important role in the development and progression of AML1-ETO-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AE-AML). Nevertheless, the gene mutation profile in this subtype of leukemia remains unclear. In addition, the clinical and prognostic effects of different mutant genes may be underestimated. In the present study, gene sequencing was conducted at diagnosis and relapse with next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 64 patients with newly diagnosed AE-AML, and 44/64 (68.8%) patients were found to present with a median of 2 (1–10) recurrent mutations at diagnosis and 6/11 (54.5%) cases were found to present with genetic alterations at relapse. c-KIT mutation was the most common in this cohort, with an incidence of 27/64 (42.2%) at diagnosis, followed by ASXL1 (n=10, 15.6%), MET (n=8, 12.5%), MLH1 (n=6, 9.4%), TET2 (n=5, 7.8%), and FBXW7, TP53 and DNMT3A (n=5, 7.8%). Survival analysis showed that c-KIT (exon 8, 17) but not exon 10 adversely affected survival. In addition, ASXL1 and TP53 were poor impact factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P<0.05), and ASXL1, MET, FBXW7 and TP53 had a negative impact on overall survival (OS) (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that c-KIT (exon 8, 17) [RFS: hazard ratio (HR) 3.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54–7.34, P=0.002; OS: HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.20–6.71, P=0.018] and ASXL1 mutations (RFS: HR 3.13, 95% CI 1.34–7.32, P=0.009; OS: HR 3.94, 95% CI 1.62–9.61, P=0.003) were independent adverse factors for survival. Further, co-mutation of these two genes showed even worse effect on disease outcome. Collectively, additional gene mutations play critical role in AE-AML. C-KIT and ASXL1 mutations are the two most common mutations in this subtype of leukemia. C-KIT (exon 8, 17) but not exon 10, and also the ASXL1 mutation poorly affect the disease outcome of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guopan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Changxin Yin
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fuqun Wu
- Hematopathy Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxin Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jiaheng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xuejie Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng F, Guo D. MET in glioma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:270. [PMID: 31221203 PMCID: PMC6585013 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas represent the most common type of malignant brain tumor, among which, glioblastoma remains a clinical challenge with limited treatment options and dismal prognosis. It has been shown that the dysregulated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK, including EGFR, MET, PDGFRα, ect.) signaling pathways have pivotal roles in the progression of gliomas, especially glioblastoma. Increasing evidence suggests that expression levels of the RTK MET and its specific stimulatory factors are significantly increased in glioblastomas compared to those in normal brain tissues, whereas some negative regulators are found to be downregulated. Mutations in MET, as well as the dysregulation of other regulators of cross-talk with MET signaling pathways, have also been identified. MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play a critical role in the proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, stem cell characteristics, and therapeutic resistance and recurrence of glioblastomas. Therefore, combined targeted therapy for this pathway and associated molecules could be a novel and attractive strategy for the treatment of human glioblastoma. In this review, we highlight progress made in the understanding of MET signaling in glioma and advances in therapies targeting HGF/MET molecules for glioma patients in recent years, in addition to studies on the expression and mutation status of MET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kou J, Musich PR, Staal B, Kang L, Qin Y, Yao ZQ, Zhang B, Wu W, Tam A, Huang A, Hao HX, Vande Woude GF, Xie Q. Differential responses of MET activations to MET kinase inhibitor and neutralizing antibody. J Transl Med 2018; 16:253. [PMID: 30208970 PMCID: PMC6134500 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant MET tyrosine kinase signaling is known to cause cancer initiation and progression. While MET inhibitors are in clinical trials against several cancer types, the clinical efficacies are controversial and the molecular mechanisms toward sensitivity remain elusive. METHODS With the goal to investigate the molecular basis of MET amplification (METamp) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) autocrine-driven tumors in response to MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and neutralizing antibodies, we compared cancer cells harboring METamp (MKN45 and MHCCH97H) or HGF-autocrine (JHH5 and U87) for their sensitivity and downstream biological responses to a MET-TKI (INC280) and an anti-MET monoclonal antibody (MetMab) in vitro, and for tumor inhibition in vivo. RESULTS We find that cancer cells driven by METamp are more sensitive to INC280 than are those driven by HGF-autocrine activation. In METamp cells, INC280 induced a DNA damage response with activation of repair through the p53BP1/ATM signaling pathway. Although MetMab failed to inhibit METamp cell proliferation and tumor growth, both INC280 and MetMab reduced HGF-autocrine tumor growth. In addition, we also show that HGF stimulation promoted human HUVEC cell tube formation via the Src pathway, which was inhibited by either INC280 or MetMab. These observations suggest that in HGF-autocrine tumors, the endothelial cells are the secondary targets MET inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that METamp and HGF-autocrine activation favor different molecular mechanisms. While combining MET TKIs and ATM inhibitors may enhance the efficacy for treating tumors harboring METamp, a combined inhibition of MET and angiogenesis pathways may improve the therapeutic efficacy against HGF-autocrine tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Kou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Ben Staal
- Center of Cell and Cancer Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Liang Kang
- Center of Cell and Cancer Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yuan Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Boheng Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weizhong Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Angela Tam
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alan Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - George F Vande Woude
- Center of Cell and Cancer Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA. .,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou K, Yao H, Zhang X, Liu J, Qi Z, Xie X, Xu X, Zhou Y, Yu Z, Wang Z, Che Y, Huang Y. Next generation sequencing and molecular imaging identify EGFR mutation and amplification in a glioblastoma multiforme patient treated with an EGFR inhibitor: a case report. Oncotarget 2018; 8:50305-50313. [PMID: 28611289 PMCID: PMC5564850 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and amplifications are frequently reported in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. In this case report, we utilize next-generation sequencing (NGS) and EGFR molecular imaging to investigate intratumoral heterogeneity in a male patient presenting with GBM. Further, we describe the patient's clinical course as well as outcomes of targeted EGFR therapy with erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). NGS demonstrated the presence of an EGFR mutation and amplification in our patient. Molecular imaging revealed a heterogeneous expression pattern of EGFR in the frontal and temporal lobes. This patient briefly responded to erlotinib therapy. However, the patient relapsed and died from progressive neurological deterioration. Partial response and acquired secondary resistance may be attributed to intratumoral heterogeneity. Combination of NGS and EGFR molecular imaging may be helpful in understanding intratumoral molecular heterogeneity and may aid in developing individualized GBM treatments, thereby improving outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Jingjiang People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueshun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jingjiang People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Yulun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guastella AR, Michelhaugh SK, Klinger NV, Fadel HA, Kiousis S, Ali-Fehmi R, Kupsky WJ, Juhász C, Mittal S. Investigation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the intrinsic tumoral component of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in primary brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:239-249. [PMID: 29667084 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is mounting evidence supporting the role of tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the pathogenesis of primary brain tumors. Under normal physiological conditions, the KP is the major catabolic pathway for the essential amino acid tryptophan. However, in cancer cells, the KP becomes dysregulated, depletes local tryptophan, and contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. METHODS We examined the protein expression levels (in 73 gliomas and 48 meningiomas) of the KP rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1, IDO2, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), as well as, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a carcinogenic transcription factor activated by KP metabolites. In addition, we utilized commercially available small-molecules to pharmacologically modulate IDO1, IDO2, TDO2, and AhR in patient-derived glioma and meningioma cell lines (n = 9 each). RESULTS We observed a positive trend between the grade of the tumor and the average immunohistochemical staining score for IDO1, IDO2, and TDO2, with TDO2 displaying the strongest immunostaining. AhR immunostaining was present in all grades of gliomas and meningiomas, with the greatest staining intensity noted in glioblastomas. Immunocytochemical staining showed a positive trend between nuclear localization of AhR and histologic grade in both gliomas and meningiomas, suggesting increased AhR activation with higher tumor grade. Unlike enzyme inhibition, AhR antagonism markedly diminished patient-derived tumor cell viability, regardless of tumor type or grade, following in vitro drug treatments. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that AhR may offer a novel and robust therapeutic target for a patient population with highly limited treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Guastella
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Neil V Klinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hassan A Fadel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sam Kiousis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rouba Ali-Fehmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - William J Kupsky
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
DiCara DM, Chirgadze DY, Pope AR, Karatt-Vellatt A, Winter A, Slavny P, van den Heuvel J, Parthiban K, Holland J, Packman LC, Mavria G, Hoffmann J, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, McCafferty J. Characterization and structural determination of a new anti-MET function-blocking antibody with binding epitope distinct from the ligand binding domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9000. [PMID: 28827556 PMCID: PMC5567289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and motility factor Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, the product of the MET proto-oncogene, promote invasion and metastasis of tumor cells and have been considered potential targets for cancer therapy. We generated a new Met-blocking antibody which binds outside the ligand-binding site, and determined the crystal structure of the Fab in complex with its target, which identifies the binding site as the Met Ig1 domain. The antibody, 107_A07, inhibited HGF/SF-induced cell migration and proliferation in vitro and inhibited growth of tumor xenografts in vivo. In biochemical assays, 107_A07 competes with both HGF/SF and its truncated splice variant NK1 for MET binding, despite the location of the antibody epitope on a domain (Ig1) not reported to bind NK1 or HGF/SF. Overlay of the Fab-MET crystal structure with the InternalinB-MET crystal structure shows that the 107_A07 Fab comes into close proximity with the HGF/SF-binding SEMA domain when MET is in the “compact”, InternalinB-bound conformation, but not when MET is in the “open” conformation. These findings provide further support for the importance of the “compact” conformation of the MET extracellular domain, and the relevance of this conformation to HGF/SF binding and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M DiCara
- MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.,Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, 94080, USA
| | - Dimitri Y Chirgadze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Anthony R Pope
- IONTAS Ltd, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Anja Winter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Peter Slavny
- IONTAS Ltd, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Joop van den Heuvel
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kothai Parthiban
- IONTAS Ltd, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jane Holland
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Len C Packman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Georgia Mavria
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jens Hoffmann
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ermanno Gherardi
- MRC Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK. .,Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK. .,Division of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, 1 via A Ferrata, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - John McCafferty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK. .,IONTAS Ltd, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van den Heuvel CNAM, Navis AC, de Bitter T, Amiri H, Verrijp K, Heerschap A, Rex K, Dussault I, Caenepeel S, Coxon A, Span PN, Wesseling P, Hendriks W, Leenders WPJ. Selective MET Kinase Inhibition in MET-Dependent Glioma Models Alters Gene Expression and Induces Tumor Plasticity. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1587-1597. [PMID: 28751462 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) MET represents a promising tumor target in a subset of glioblastomas. Most RTK inhibitors available in the clinic today, including those inhibiting MET, affect multiple targets simultaneously. Previously, it was demonstrated that treatment with cabozantinib (MET/VEGFR2/RET inhibitor) prolonged survival of mice carrying orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of the MET-addicted glioblastoma model E98, yet did not prevent development of recurrent and cabozantinib-resistant tumors. To exclude VEGFR2 inhibition-inflicted blood-brain barrier normalization and diminished tumor distribution of the drug, we have now investigated the effects of the novel MET-selective inhibitor Compound A in the orthotopic E98 xenograft model. In vitro, Compound A proved a highly potent inhibitor of proliferation of MET-addicted cell lines. In line with its target selectivity, Compound A did not restore the leaky blood-brain barrier and was more effective than cabozantinib in inhibiting MET phosphorylation in vivo Compound A treatment significantly prolonged survival of mice carrying E98 tumor xenografts, but did not prevent eventual progression. Contrasting in vitro results, the Compound A-treated xenografts displayed high levels of AKT phosphorylation despite the absence of phosphorylated MET. Profiling by RNA sequencing showed that in vivo transcriptomes differed significantly from those in control xenografts.Implications: Collectively, these findings demonstrate the plasticity of paracrine growth factor receptor signaling in vivo and urge for prudency with in vitro drug-testing strategies to validate monotherapies. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1587-97. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna C Navis
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa de Bitter
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kiek Verrijp
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Rex
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Isabelle Dussault
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Sean Caenepeel
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Angela Coxon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Paul N Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radiotherapy and Oncoimmunology Laboratory, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wiljan Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - William P J Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Touat M, Idbaih A, Sanson M, Ligon KL. Glioblastoma targeted therapy: updated approaches from recent biological insights. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:1457-1472. [PMID: 28863449 PMCID: PMC5834086 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (WHO grade IV astrocytoma) is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults, representing a highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms that are among the most aggressive and challenging cancers to treat. An improved understanding of the molecular pathways that drive malignancy in glioblastoma has led to the development of various biomarkers and the evaluation of several agents specifically targeting tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. A number of rational approaches are being investigated, including therapies targeting tumor growth factor receptors and downstream pathways, cell cycle and epigenetic regulation, angiogenesis and antitumor immune response. Moreover, recent identification and validation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers have allowed implementation of modern trial designs based on matching molecular features of tumors to targeted therapeutics. However, while occasional targeted therapy responses have been documented in patients, to date no targeted therapy has been formally validated as effective in clinical trials. The lack of knowledge about relevant molecular drivers in vivo combined with a lack of highly bioactive and brain penetrant-targeted therapies remain significant challenges. In this article, we review the most promising biological insights that have opened the way for the development of targeted therapies in glioblastoma, and examine recent data from clinical trials evaluating targeted therapies and immunotherapies. We discuss challenges and opportunities for the development of these agents in glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Touat
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Villejuif
| | - A. Idbaih
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - M. Sanson
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - K. L. Ligon
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Near infrared fluorescent imaging of brain tumor with IR780 dye incorporated phospholipid nanoparticles. J Transl Med 2017; 15:18. [PMID: 28114956 PMCID: PMC5260002 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Near-IR fluorescence (NIRF) imaging is becoming a promising approach in preclinical tumor detection and clinical image-guided oncological surgery. While heptamethine cyanine dye IR780 has excellent tumor targeting and imaging potential, its hydrophobic property limits its clinical use. In this study, we developed nanoparticle formulations to facilitate the use of IR780 for fluorescent imaging of malignant brain tumor. Methods Self-assembled IR780-liposomes and IR780-phospholipid micelles were prepared and their NIRF properties were characterized. The intracellular accumulation of IR780-nanoparticles in glioma cells were determined using confocal microscopy. The in vivo brain tumor targeting and NIRF imaging capacity of IR780-nanoparticles were evaluated using U87MG glioma ectopic and orthotopic xenograft models and a spontaneous glioma mouse model driven by RAS/RTK activation. Results The loading of IR780 into liposomes or phospholipid micelles was efficient. The particle diameter of IR780-liposomes and IR780-phospholipid micelles were 95 and 26 nm, respectively. While stock solutions of each preparation were maintained at ready-to-use condition, the IR780-phospholipid micelles were more stable. In tissue culture cells, IR780-nanoparticles prepared by either method accumulated in mitochondria, however, in animals the IR780-phospholipid micelles showed enhanced intra-tumoral accumulation in U87MG ectopic tumors. Moreover, IR780-phospholipid micelles also showed preferred intracranial tumor accumulation and potent NIRF signal intensity in glioma orthotopic models at a real-time, non-invasive manner. Conclusion The IR780-phospholipid micelles demonstrated tumor-specific NIRF imaging capacity in glioma preclinical mouse models, providing great potential for clinical imaging and image-guided surgery of brain tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1115-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|