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Gomes D, Correia M, Romão M, Passarinha L, Sousa A. Integrated approaches for the separation and purification of recombinant HPV16 E6 protein from Escherichia coli crude extracts. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Araujo-Arcos LE, Montaño S, Bello-Rios C, Garibay-Cerdenares OL, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Illades-Aguiar B. Molecular insights into the interaction of HPV-16 E6 variants against MAGI-1 PDZ1 domain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1898. [PMID: 35115618 PMCID: PMC8814009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic protein E6 from Human Papilloma Virus 16 (HPV-16) mediates the degradation of Membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted domain structure-1 (MAGI-1), throughout the interaction of its protein binding motif (PBM) with the Discs-large homologous regions 1 (PDZ1) domain of MAG1-1. Generic variation in the E6 gene that translates to changes in the protein’s amino acidic sequence modifies the interaction of E6 with the cellular protein MAGI-1. MAGI-1 is a scaffolding protein found at tight junctions of epithelial cells, where it interacts with a variety of proteins regulating signaling pathways. MAGI-1 is a multidomain protein containing two WW (rsp-domain-9), one guanylate kinase-like, and six PDZ domains. PDZ domains played an important role in the function of MAGI-1 and served as targets for several viral proteins including the HPV-16 E6. The aim of this work was to evaluate, with an in silico approach, employing molecular dynamics simulation and protein–protein docking, the interaction of the intragenic variants E-G350 (L83V), E-C188/G350 (E29Q/L83V), E-A176/G350 (D25N/L83V), E6-AAa (Q14H/H78Y/83V) y E6-AAc (Q14H/I27RH78Y/L83V) and E6-reference of HPV-16 with MAGI-1. We found that variants E-G350, E-C188/G350, E-A176/G350, AAa and AAc increase their affinity to our two models of MAGI-1 compared to E6-reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Esmeralda Araujo-Arcos
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, 80030, Culiacán Sinaloa, CP, México.
| | - Ciresthel Bello-Rios
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Olga Lilia Garibay-Cerdenares
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México.,CONACyT-Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39087, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autonóma de Guerrero, 39090, Chilpancingo, CP, México.
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Yang Z, Liu H, Song R, Lu W, Wang H, Gu S, Cao X, Chen Y, Liang J, Qin Q, Yang X, Feng D, He J. Reduced MAGI3 level by HPV18E6 contributes to Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation and cervical cancer progression. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3051-3062. [PMID: 34510826 PMCID: PMC8564337 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) has high carcinogenic power in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) development. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The carcinogenic properties of HPV18 require the PDZ‐binding motif of its E6 oncoprotein (HPV18 E6) to degrade its target PSD95/Dlg/ZO‐1 (PDZ) proteins. In this study, we demonstrated that the PDZ protein membrane‐associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 3 (MAGI3) inhibited the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, and subsequently cervical cancer (CC) cell migration and invasion, via decreasing β‐catenin levels. By reducing MAGI3 protein levels, HPV18 E6 promoted CC cell migration and invasion through activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Furthermore, HPV18 rather than HPV16 was preferentially associated with the downregulation of MAGI3 and activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in CC. These findings shed light on the mechanism that gives HPV18 its high carcinogenic potential in CC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoli Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenxiu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Siyu Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuedi Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yibin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jihuan Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qiong Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Duiping Feng
- Department of Interventional RadiologyFirst Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Junqi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and MetastasisCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Messa L, Celegato M, Bertagnin C, Mercorelli B, Alvisi G, Banks L, Palù G, Loregian A. The Dimeric Form of HPV16 E6 Is Crucial to Drive YAP/TAZ Upregulation through the Targeting of hScrib. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164083. [PMID: 34439242 PMCID: PMC8393709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding the mechanisms of action of HPV oncoproteins is pivotal for the rationale development of anti-cancer drugs to treat HPV-related malignancies. The aim of the present study was to explore more in detail the mechanism of action of the HPV16 oncoprotein E6 that directly fosters the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, a conserved cascade highly active in HPV-related cancers. We confirmed previous evidence about the importance of the PDZ-protein targeting in this process, highlighting here the importance of hScrib degradation, and discovered that the targeting of the Scribble module involves the dimeric form of HPV16 E6. The findings here presented extend our knowledge about the mechanism through which the oncoprotein E6 targets a PDZ-host factor to degradation in cancer cells. Abstract Human papillomavirus is the most common viral infectious agent responsible for cancer development in humans. High-risk strains are known to induce cancer through the expression of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7, yet we have only a partial understanding of the precise mechanisms of action of these viral proteins. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism through which the oncoprotein E6 alters the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway to trigger YAP/TAZ induction in cancer cells. By employing E6 overexpression systems combined with protein–protein interaction studies and loss-of-function approaches, we discovered that the E6-mediated targeting of hScrib, which supports YAP/TAZ upregulation, intimately requires E6 homodimerization. We show that the self-association of E6, previously reported only in vitro, takes place in the cytoplasm and, as a dimer, E6 targets the fraction of hScrib at the cell cortex for proteasomal degradation. Thus, E6 homodimerization emerges as an important event in the mechanism of E6-mediated hScrib targeting to sustain downstream YAP/TAZ upregulation, unraveling for the first time the key role of E6 homodimerization in the context of its transforming functions and thus paving the way for the possible development of E6 dimerization inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Messa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Marta Celegato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Chiara Bertagnin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Beatrice Mercorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (C.B.); (B.M.); (G.A.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8272363
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Zhang W, Shan H, Jiang K, Huang W, Li S. A novel intracellular nanobody against HPV16 E6 oncoprotein. Clin Immunol 2021; 225:108684. [PMID: 33549834 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer occurs as a result of the persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 exert different and concerted pro-tumor actions in cell transformation and malignance maintenance in various m echanisms. Nanobody expressed as "intracellular antibodies" (intrabodies) can target intracellular antigens to hamper their function efficaciously and specifically. In this work, phage-display approach was employed to select the high affinity HPV16 E6-specific nanobody, nanobody Nb9 against HPV16 E6 was selected. Nb9 has high affinity (Kaff =6.3 × 108 M-) and can specifically bind endogenous HPV16 E6 protein in HPV16 positive CaSki and SiHa cells. In Nb9 overexpressed SiHa and CaSki cells, nucleus localization of HPV16 E6 was inhibited, p53 inactivation was prevented and increased apoptosis was observed. Moreover, tumor growth was inhibited in mouse xenograft model. Taken together, our results suggested that nanobody Nb9 could be a useful inhibitor for HPV16 E6 function and particularly appropriate for the treatment of HPV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- The Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University Medical School, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haitao Shan
- The Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University Medical School, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kunpeng Jiang
- The Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University Medical School, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- The Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University Medical School, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Gahramanova M. THE USE OF HERBAL REMEDIES IN THE TREATMENT OF HEPATOBILIARY DISEASES: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech12.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kang XD, Zheng Y, Chen WG, Cheng M, Zhang D. Effects of HPV16E6 transfection on the biological behavior of Eca109 and Eca9706 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:1646-1654. [PMID: 29434860 PMCID: PMC5776922 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HPV16E6 gene integration on the biological behavior of Eca109 and Eca9706 cells. This was evaluated through positive liposome transfection of HPV16E6 into Eca109 cells and Eca9706 cells. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by calculating the ratio of fluorescent cells to total cells. After stable screening, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the target gene and HPV16E6mRNA inside the cells. The distribution of HPV16E6 in esophageal carcinoma cells was observed by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. A CCK-8 assay was performed to detect cell proliferation. The migration rate was measured by a wound healing assay, and a Transwell Matrigel invasion assay was used to detect invasive ability. The results of RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses indicated that HPV16E6 gene was expressed in the target group. The proliferation rates and clone group numbers were significantly higher in HPV16E6-transfected cell groups compared with nonsense-transfected (negative control) cell groups. The wound healing and Transwell invasion assays indicated that the migration rate and invasive ability were also significantly higher in the HPV16E6-transfected cell groups compared with negative control groups. In conclusion, Eca109 and Eca9706 cell lines with integration of HPV16E6 were successfully established in the present study. It was demonstrated that HPV16E6 expression enhanced the proliferation and migration of esophageal cancer cells. HPV16E6 may serve a key function in the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Dan Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Gang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
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Liu Y, Yuan X, Wang W, Wu Y, Wu L. High-affinity binding with specific peptides endows EuW10a good luminescence probe for HPV E6 detection. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03981j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EuW10is applied as a sensitive biological probe, which is the first fluorescence detector of HPV E6in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xinxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Weixian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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Sen P, Ganguly P, Ganguly N. Modulation of DNA methylation by human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:11-22. [PMID: 29285184 PMCID: PMC5738689 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double stranded circular DNA viruses that infect cutaneous and mucosal epithelial cells. Almost 99% of cervical cancer has a HPV infection. The early oncoproteins E6 and E7 are important in this cellular transformation process. Epigenetic mechanisms have long been known to result in decisive alterations in DNA, leading to alterations in DNA-protein interactions, alterations in chromatin structure and compaction and significant alterations in gene expression. The enzymes responsible for these epigenetic modifications are DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs), histone acetylases and deacetylases. Epigenetics has an important role in cancer development by modifying the cellular micro environment. In this review, the authors discuss the role of HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 in modulating the epigenetic mechanisms inside the host cell. The oncoproteins induce the expression of DNMTs which lead to aberrant DNA methylations and disruption of the normal epigenetic processes. The E7 oncoprotein may additionally directly bind and induce methyl transferase activity of the enzyme. These modulations lead to altered gene expression levels, particularly the genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle and cell adhesion. In addition, the present review discusses how epigenetic mechanisms may be targeted for possible therapeutic interventions for HPV mediated cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Sen
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Pooja Ganguly
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Niladri Ganguly
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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Recombinant heat shock protein 78 enhances enterovirus 71 propagation in Vero cells and is induced in SK-N-SH cells during the infection. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1649-1660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Xu ML, Kim SC, Kim HJ, Ju W, Kim YH, Kim HJ. Two-step chromatographic purification of glutathione S-transferase-tagged human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein and its application for serology. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 132:19-26. [PMID: 28089881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 protein is an oncoprotein with a pivotal role in cervical carcinogenesis. Expression and purification of HPV E6 from Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been difficult because of its strong hydrophobicity even when expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase (GST). There has been no protocol suggested for purifying GST-tagged HPV E6 protein with high purity so far. Herein, we provide efficient protocol for purifying GST-HPV16 E6 protein for the first time. In the current study, the GST-tagged protein was expressed in E. coli and a purification method was designed using cation-exchange chromatography followed by GST-affinity chromatography. Using physiological pH buffer during cell lysis and first cation-exchange chromatography significantly reduced yield of full-length GST-HPV16 E6 protein. It was found that using an alkaline buffer during cation-exchange chromatography was needed to obtain full length GST-HPV16 E6 protein. GST-HPV16 E6 protein recovered from the purification using alkaline condition retained its inherent p53-binding ability. Moreover, we were able to detect anti-HPV16 E6 antibodies with high sensitivity in sera from patients with cervical cancer using the GST-HPV16 E6 protein. It was found that the GST-HPV16 E6 protein could be used as a coating agent to enhance the sensitivity of detection of serum anti-HPV16 E6 antibodies when treated with ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). These results indicate that the two-step chromatographic purification allows obtaining high purity of GST-HPV16 E6 protein and the GST-HPV16 E6 is suitable to be used as an antigen of serology assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ling Xu
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Ju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Hwan Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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