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Wehn AC, Krestel E, Harapan BN, Klymchenko A, Plesnila N, Khalin I. To see or not to see: In vivo nanocarrier detection methods in the brain and their challenges. J Control Release 2024; 371:216-236. [PMID: 38810705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have a great potential to significantly improve the delivery of therapeutics to the brain and may also be equipped with properties to investigate brain function. The brain, being a highly complex organ shielded by selective barriers, requires its own specialized detection system. However, a significant hurdle to achieve these goals is still the identification of individual nanoparticles within the brain with sufficient cellular, subcellular, and temporal resolution. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on detection systems for tracking nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier and within the brain. We discuss commonly employed in vivo and ex vivo nanoparticle identification and quantification methods, as well as various imaging modalities able to detect nanoparticles in the brain. Advantages and weaknesses of these modalities as well as the biological factors that must be considered when interpreting results obtained through nanotechnologies are summarized. Finally, we critically evaluate the prevailing limitations of existing technologies and explore potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Clarissa Wehn
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Munich Medical Center, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Eva Krestel
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany.
| | - Biyan Nathanael Harapan
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Munich Medical Center, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, CNRS UMR 7213, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin - CS 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), 14 074 Bd Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France.
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Sha L, Yong X, Shao Z, Duan Y, Hong Q, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Chen L. Targeting adverse effects of antiseizure medication on offspring: current evidence and new strategies for safety. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:141-156. [PMID: 36731825 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2176751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For women with epilepsy of reproductive age, antiseizure medications (ASMs) are associated with an increased risk of offspring malformations. There are safety concerns for most anti-seizure medications in the perinatal period, and there is a clear need to identify safe medications. ASMs must transport through biological barriers to exert toxic effects on the fetus, and transporters play essential roles in trans-barrier drug transport. Therefore, it is vital to understand the distribution and properties of ASM-related transporters in biological barriers. AREAS COVERED This study reviews the structure, transporter distribution, and properties of the blood-brain, placental, and blood-milk barrier, and summarizes the existing evidence for the trans-barrier transport mechanism of ASMs and standard experimental models of biological barriers. EXPERT OPINION Ideal ASMs in the perinatal period should have the following characteristics: 1) Increased transport through the blood-brain barrier, and 2) Reduced transport of the placental and blood-milk barriers. Thus, only low-dose or almost no antiseizure medication could enter the fetus's body, which could decrease medication-induced fetal abnormalities. Based on the stimulated structure and molecular docking, we propose a development strategy for new ASMs targeting transporters of biological barriers to improve the perinatal treatment of female patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihao Sha
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yifei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan
| | - Qiulei Hong
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan
| | - Yunwu Zhang
- The current form, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan
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Zhao J, Wang C, Sun W, Li C. Tailoring Materials for Epilepsy Imaging: From Biomarkers to Imaging Probes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203667. [PMID: 35735191 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excising epileptic foci (EF) is the most efficient approach for treating drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). However, owing to the vast heterogeneity of epilepsies, EF in one-third of patients cannot be accurately located, even after exhausting all current diagnostic strategies. Therefore, identifying biomarkers that truly represent the status of epilepsy and fabricating probes with high targeting specificity are prerequisites for identifying the "concealed" EF. However, no systematic summary of this topic has been published. Herein, the potential biomarkers of EF are first summarized and classified into three categories: functional, molecular, and structural aberrances during epileptogenesis, a procedure of nonepileptic brain biasing toward epileptic tissue. The materials used to fabricate these imaging probes and their performance in defining the EF in preclinical and clinical studies are highlighted. Finally, perspectives for developing the next generation of probes and their challenges in clinical translation are discussed. In general, this review can be helpful in guiding the development of imaging probes defining EF with improved accuracy and holds promise for increasing the number of DRE patients who are eligible for surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangheng Road 826, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangheng Road 826, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 20 Handan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wanbing Sun
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangheng Road 826, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Huang R, Zhou X, Chen G, Su L, Liu Z, Zhou P, Weng J, Min Y. Advances of functional nanomaterials for magnetic resonance imaging and biomedical engineering applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1800. [PMID: 35445588 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials have been widely used in biomedical fields due to their good biocompatibility, excellent physicochemical properties, easy surface modification, and easy regulation of size and morphology. Functional nanomaterials for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can target specific sites in vivo and more easily detect disease-related specific biomarkers at the molecular and cellular levels than traditional contrast agents, achieving a broad application prospect in MRI. This review focuses on the basic principles of MRI, the classification, synthesis and surface modification methods of contrast agents, and their clinical applications to provide guidance for designing novel contrast agents and optimizing the contrast effect. Furthermore, the latest biomedical advances of functional nanomaterials in medical diagnosis and disease detection, disease treatment, the combination of diagnosis and treatment (theranostics), multi-model imaging and nanozyme are also summarized and discussed. Finally, the bright application prospects of functional nanomaterials in biomedicine are emphasized and the urgent need to achieve significant breakthroughs in the industrial transformation and the clinical translation is proposed. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guiyuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lanhong Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoji Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peijie Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Gorji A. Neuroinflammation: The Pathogenic Mechanism of Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105744. [PMID: 35628553 PMCID: PMC9147744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-(251)-835-5564
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
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Xinghua T, Xiaoxia C, Xinjuan L, Huan C, Jing G, Zhenguo L. The TLR4 mediated inflammatory signal pathway might be involved in drug resistance in drug-resistant epileptic rats. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 365:577802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Han L, Jiang C. Evolution of blood-brain barrier in brain diseases and related systemic nanoscale brain-targeting drug delivery strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2306-2325. [PMID: 34522589 PMCID: PMC8424230 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) strictly controls matter exchange between blood and brain, and severely limits brain penetration of systemically administered drugs, resulting in ineffective drug therapy of brain diseases. However, during the onset and progression of brain diseases, BBB alterations evolve inevitably. In this review, we focus on nanoscale brain-targeting drug delivery strategies designed based on BBB evolutions and related applications in various brain diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury and brain tumor. The advances on optimization of small molecules for BBB crossing and non-systemic administration routes (e.g., intranasal treatment) for BBB bypassing are not included in this review.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AMT, alpha-methyl-l-tryptophan
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- BACE1, β-secretase 1
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- BTB, blood–brain tumor barrier
- Blood–brain barrier
- Brain diseases
- Brain-targeting
- CMT, carrier-mediated transportation
- DTPA-Gd, Gd-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid
- Drug delivery systems
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- GLUT1, glucose transporter-1
- Gd, gadolinium
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- KATP, ATP-sensitive potassium channels
- KCa, calcium-dependent potassium channels
- LAT1, L-type amino acid transporter 1
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LDLR, LDL receptor
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function associated antigen-1
- LRP1, LDLR-related protein 1
- MFSD2A, major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a
- MMP9, metalloproteinase-9
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PEG, polyethyleneglycol
- PEG-PLGA, polyethyleneglycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen
- RAGE, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products
- RBC, red blood cell
- RMT, receptor-mediated transcytosis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TJ, tight junction
- TfR, transferrin receptor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZO1, zona occludens 1
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 512 65882089.
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Shende P, Trivedi R. Nanotheranostics in epilepsy: A perspective for multimodal diagnosis and strategic management. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Vile Parle (W) Mumbai India
| | - Riddhi Trivedi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Vile Parle (W) Mumbai India
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Yu N, Lin XJ, Di Q. How to Find Candidate Drug-targets for Antiepileptogenic Therapy? Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:624-635. [PMID: 31989901 PMCID: PMC7457424 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128124338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although over 25 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have become currently available for clinical use, the incidence of epilepsy worldwide and the proportions of drug-resistant epilepsy among them are not significantly reduced during the past decades. Traditional screens for AEDs have been mainly focused on their anti-ictogenic roles, and their efficacies primarily depend on suppressing neuronal excitability or enhancing inhibitory neuronal activity, almost without the influence on the epileptogenesis or with inconsistent results from different studies. Epileptogenesis refers to the pathological process of a brain from its normal status to the alterations with the continuous prone of unprovoked spontaneous seizures after brain insults, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, CNS infectious, and autoimmune disorders, and even some specific inherited conditions. Recently growing experimental and clinical studies have discovered the underlying mechanisms for epileptogenesis, which are multi-aspect and multistep. These findings provide us a number of interesting sites for antiepileptogenic drugs (AEGDs). AEGDs have been evidenced as significantly roles of postponing or completely blocking the development of epilepsy in experimental models. The present review will introduce potential novel candidate drug-targets for AEGDs based on the published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Jian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Di
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
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Guigou C, Lalande A, Millot N, Belharet K, Bozorg Grayeli A. Use of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers in Brain and Ear: State of the Art and Challenges. Brain Sci 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 33799690 PMCID: PMC7998448 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery and distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and the inner ear represent a challenge for the medical and scientific world, especially because of the blood-brain and the blood-perilymph barriers. Solutions are being studied to circumvent or to facilitate drug diffusion across these structures. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which can be coated to change their properties and ensure biocompatibility, represents a promising tool as a drug carrier. They can act as nanocarriers and can be driven with precision by magnetic forces. The aim of this study was to systematically review the use of SPIONs in the CNS and the inner ear. A systematic PubMed search between 1999 and 2019 yielded 97 studies. In this review, we describe the applications of the SPIONS, their design, their administration, their pharmacokinetic, their toxicity and the methods used for targeted delivery of drugs into the ear and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Guigou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France;
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Alain Lalande
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Nadine Millot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France;
| | - Karim Belharet
- Laboratoire PRISME, JUNIA Campus Centre, 36000 Châteauroux, France;
| | - Alexis Bozorg Grayeli
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France;
- ImVia Laboratory, EA 7535, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France;
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Feng L, Wang H, Xue X. Recent Progress of Nanomedicine in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy, Nankai University Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road Tianjin 300353 P. R. China
| | - Heping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy, Nankai University Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road Tianjin 300353 P. R. China
| | - Xue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy, Nankai University Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road Tianjin 300353 P. R. China
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Han H, Eyal S, Portnoy E, Mann A, Shmuel M, Benifla M, Ekstein D, Polyak B. Monocytes as Carriers of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tracking Inflammation in the Epileptic Rat Brain. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:637-644. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190619122456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Inflammation is a hallmark of epileptogenic brain tissue. Previously, we have
shown that inflammation in epilepsy can be delineated using systemically-injected fluorescent and magnetite-
laden nanoparticles. Suggested mechanisms included distribution of free nanoparticles across a
compromised blood-brain barrier or their transfer by monocytes that infiltrate the epileptic brain.
Objective:
In the current study, we evaluated monocytes as vehicles that deliver nanoparticles into the
epileptic brain. We also assessed the effect of epilepsy on the systemic distribution of nanoparticleloaded
monocytes.
Methods:
The in vitro uptake of 300-nm nanoparticles labeled with magnetite and BODIPY (for optical
imaging) was evaluated using rat monocytes and fluorescence detection. For in vivo studies we used the
rat lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. In vivo nanoparticle distribution was evaluated
using immunohistochemistry.
Results:
89% of nanoparticle loading into rat monocytes was accomplished within 8 hours, enabling
overnight nanoparticle loading ex vivo. The dose-normalized distribution of nanoparticle-loaded monocytes
into the hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus of rats with spontaneous seizures was 176-fold and
380-fold higher compared to the free nanoparticles (p<0.05). Seizures were associated with greater
nanoparticle accumulation within the liver and the spleen (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
Nanoparticle-loaded monocytes are attracted to epileptogenic brain tissue and may be used
for labeling or targeting it, while significantly reducing the systemic dose of potentially toxic compounds.
The effect of seizures on monocyte biodistribution should be further explored to better
understand the systemic effects of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Han
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emma Portnoy
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aniv Mann
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Shmuel
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mony Benifla
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dana Ekstein
- Department of Neurology, Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boris Polyak
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Abad Tan S, Zoidl G, Ghafar-Zadeh E. A Multidisciplinary Approach Toward High Throughput Label-Free Cytotoxicity Monitoring of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E52. [PMID: 31185664 PMCID: PMC6631604 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: This paper focuses on cytotoxicity examination of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) using different methods, including impedance spectroscopy. Recent advances of SPIONs for clinical and research applications have triggered the need to understand their effects in cells. Despite the great advances in adapting various biological and chemical methods to assess in-vitro toxicity of SPIONs, less attention has been paid on the development of a high throughput label-free screening platform to study the interaction between the cells and nanoparticles including SPIONs. In this paper, we have taken the first step toward this goal by proposing a label-free impedimetric method for monitoring living cells treated with SPIONs. We demonstrate the effect of SPIONs on the adhesion, growth, proliferation, and viability of neuroblastoma 2A (N2a) cells using impedance spectroscopy as a label-free method, along with other standard microscopic and cell viability testing methods as control methods. Our results have shown a decreased viability of the cells as the concentration of SPIONs increases with percentages of 59%, 47%, and 40% for 100 µg/mL (C4), 200 µg/mL (C5), 300 µg/mL (C6), respectively. Although all SPIONs concentrations have allowed the growth of cells within 72 hours, C4, C5, and C6 showed slower growth compared to the control (C1). The growth and proliferation of N2a cells are faster in the absence or low concentration of SPIONS. The percent coefficient of variation (% CV) was used to compare cell concentrations obtained by TBDE assay and a Scepter cell counter. Results also showed that the lower the SPIONs concentration, the lower the impedance is expected to be in the sensing electrodes without the cells. Meanwhile, the variation of surface area (∆S) was affected by the concentration of SPIONs. It was observed that the double layer capacitance was almost constant because of the higher attachment of cells, the lower surface area coated by SPIONs. In conclusion, impedance changes of electrodes exposed to the mixture of cells and SPIONs offer a wide dynamic range (>1 MΩ using Electric Cell-substrate Impedance electrodes) suitable for cytotoxicity studies. Based on impedance based, viability testing and microscopic methods' results, SPIONs concentrations higher than 100 ug/mL and 300 ug/mL cause minor and major effects, respectively. We propose that a high throughput impedance-based label-free platform provides great advantages for studying SPIONs in a cell-based context, opening a window of opportunity to design and test the next generation of SPIONs with reduced toxicity for biomedical or medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Abad Tan
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Ontario, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Department of Biology, York University, Ontario, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, Ontario, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, York University, Ontario, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Ontario, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Department of Biology, York University, Ontario, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Ontario, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
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