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Petrin AL, Machado-Paula LA, Hinkle A, Hovey L, Awotoye W, Chimenti M, Darbro B, Ribeiro-Bicudo LA, Dabdoub SM, Peter T, Breheny P, Murray J, Van Otterloo E, Rengasamy Venugopalan S, Moreno-Uribe LM. Whole genome sequencing of a family with autosomal dominant features within the oculoauriculovertebral spectrum. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.02.07.24301824. [PMID: 38370836 PMCID: PMC10871465 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.07.24301824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Background Oculoauriculovertebral Spectrum (OAVS) encompasses abnormalities on derivatives from the first and second pharyngeal arches including macrostomia, hemifacial microsomia, micrognathia, preauricular tags, ocular and vertebral anomalies. We present genetic findings on a three-generation family affected with macrostomia, preauricular tags and uni- or bilateral ptosis following an autosomal dominant pattern. Methods We generated whole genome sequencing data for the proband, affected parent and unaffected paternal grandparent followed by Sanger sequencing on 23 family members for the top 10 candidate genes: KCND2, PDGFRA, CASP9, NCOA3, WNT10A, SIX1, MTF1, KDR/VEGFR2, LRRK1, and TRIM2 We performed parent and sibling-based transmission disequilibrium tests and burden analysis via a penalized linear mixed model, for segregation and mutation burden respectively. Next, via bioinformatic tools we predicted protein function, mutation pathogenicity and pathway enrichment to investigate the biological relevance of mutations identified. Results Rare missense mutations in SIX1, KDR/VEGFR2, and PDGFRA showed the best segregation with the OAV phenotypes in this family. When considering any of the 3 OAVS phenotypes as an outcome, SIX1 had the strongest associations in parent-TDTs and sib-TDTs (p=0.025, p=0.052) (unadjusted p-values). Burden analysis identified SIX1 (RC=0.87) and PDGFRA (RC=0.98) strongly associated with OAVS severity. Using phenotype-specific outcomes, sib-TDTs identified SIX1 with uni- or bilateral ptosis (p=0.049) and ear tags (p=0.01), and PDGFRA and KDR/VEGFR2 with ear tags (both p<0.01). Conclusion SIX1, PDGFRA, and KDR/VEGFR2 are strongly associated to OAVS phenotypes. SIX1 has been previously associated with OAVS ear malformations and is co-expressed with EYA1 during ear development. Efforts to strengthen the genotype-phenotype co-relation underlying the OAVS are key to discover etiology, family counseling and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Petrin
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L A Machado-Paula
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Hinkle
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L Hovey
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W Awotoye
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M Chimenti
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - B Darbro
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - S M Dabdoub
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T Peter
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P Breheny
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Murray
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E Van Otterloo
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - L M Moreno-Uribe
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Zhang L, Liang L, Kasimu H, Li W, Liu M, Li H, He S. A 76-base pair duplication within the enhancer region of the HMX1 gene causes sheep microtia. Gene 2024; 909:148307. [PMID: 38395239 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Sheep congenital microtia is characterized by underdeveloped ears and provides an ideal basis for studying human microtia. This study identified the causal mutation and regulatory mechanisms underlying this disorder. Whole-genome association analysis was conducted using 23 ear tissue samples from sheep with microtia and 28 samples from normal-eared sheep. A significant correlation was found between microtia and a 76-base pair duplication in the enhancer region of the HMX1 gene. Further analysis of offspring phenotypes confirmed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Genotypic analysis showed that individuals that are homozygous for this duplication were earless, heterozygous individuals exhibited shortened ears, and wild-type individuals had normal ears. Moreover, luciferase assays confirmed that this duplication increased HMX1 gene expression, and duplication knock-in mice also exhibited shorter and narrower external ears compared to wild-type mice. Transcriptomic analysis further demonstrated that this duplication enhanced HMX1 gene expression in animal models. This study characterized the causal regulatory mutation underlying sheep microtia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830052, China; Key Laboratory of Ruminant Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Long Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Hailati Kasimu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Wenrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Haiying Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830052, China.
| | - Sangang He
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.
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Wang L, Sun H, Cao L, Wang J. Role of HOXA1-4 in the development of genetic and malignant diseases. Biomark Res 2024; 12:18. [PMID: 38311789 PMCID: PMC10840290 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The HOXA genes, belonging to the HOX family, encompass 11 members (HOXA1-11) and exert critical functions in early embryonic development, as well as various adult processes. Furthermore, dysregulation of HOXA genes is implicated in genetic diseases, heart disease, and various cancers. In this comprehensive overview, we primarily focused on the HOXA1-4 genes and their associated functions and diseases. Emphasis was placed on elucidating the impact of abnormal expression of these genes and highlighting their significance in maintaining optimal health and their involvement in the development of genetic and malignant diseases. Furthermore, we delved into their regulatory mechanisms, functional roles, and underlying biology and explored the therapeutic potential of targeting HOXA1-4 genes for the treatment of malignancies. Additionally, we explored the utility of HOXA1-4 genes as biomarkers for monitoring cancer recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haifeng Sun
- The Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhai Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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Klawatsch J, Papachristou D, Koutsouli P, Upadhyay M, Seichter D, Russ I, Mioč B, Simčič M, Bizelis I, Medugorac I. Genetic basis of ear length in sheep breeds sampled across the region from the Middle East to the Alps. Anim Genet 2024; 55:123-133. [PMID: 38069488 DOI: 10.1111/age.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Ear length in sheep (Ovis aries) shows a wide range of natural variation, from the absence of an outer ear structure (anotia), to small outer ears (microtia), to regular ear length. Up until now, the underlying genetics of this phenotype has been studied in four sheep breeds from China, Jordan and Italy. These studies revealed a broad range of genes significantly associated with ear length, potentially indicating genetic heterogeneity across breeds or geographic regions. In the current study, we performed genome-wide SNP genotyping and haplotype-based mapping, in a population of 340 individuals, to identify loci influencing ear length variation in additional sheep breeds from Slovenia, Croatia, Cyprus and Greece. Additionally, two previously described candidate variants were also genotyped in our mapping population. The mapping model without candidate variant genotypes revealed only one genome-wide significant signal, which was located next to HMX1 on OAR6. This region was previously described as being associated with ear length variation in the Altay and Awassi sheep breeds. The mapping model including the candidate duplication genotype near HMX1 as a fixed effect explained the phenotypic variance on OAR6 and revealed an additional genome-wide significant locus on OAR13 associated with ear length. Our results, combined with published evidence, suggest that a duplication in the evolutionarily conserved region near HMX1 is the major regulator of ear length in sheep breeds descended from a larger region from Central Asia, to the Middle East, Cyprus, Greece and to the Alps. This distribution suggests an ancient origin of the derived allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Klawatsch
- Population Genomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximillians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Tierzuchtforschung e.V. Munich, Grub, Germany
| | | | - Panagiota Koutsouli
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maulik Upadhyay
- Population Genomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximillians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ingolf Russ
- Tierzuchtforschung e.V. Munich, Grub, Germany
| | - Boro Mioč
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mojca Simčič
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iosif Bizelis
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ivica Medugorac
- Population Genomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximillians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gu L, Sun P, Pan B, Jiang H. Subtractive thinking: A novel combined application of antihelix reconstruction and outer helix reconstruction to treat mild cases of type I to II conchal microtia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 84:462-468. [PMID: 37418845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of mild cases of type Ⅰ to Ⅱ conchal microtia involves grafting cartilage to the affected ear to increase the cartilaginous area and transfer more skin to cover the larger cartilage. Herein, we performed a novel combined surgical procedure based on "subtractive thinking" that included antihelix reconstruction and outer helix reconstruction that was successful in patients with mild type I to II conchal microtia. METHODS From January 2018 to September 2022, 65 patients with mild, unilateral, type I to II conchal microtia were enrolled in this study. All patients were treated with a novel method at the Plastic Surgery Hospital of Peking Union Medical College. The perimeters, widths, and lengths of the healthy and affected ears were measured both preoperatively and postoperatively. Patients' levels of satisfaction were determined based on postoperative results. RESULTS The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 14.9 ± 2.65 months. All patients experienced no complications. Analysis revealed that our surgical method could effectively treat mild type I to II concha microtia irrespective of the auricular perimeter, width, and length (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the patient satisfaction rate was 100%. CONCLUSION The combined surgical procedure, which includes antihelix and outer helix reconstructions, is a viable method of reconstructing type I to II auricular concha microtia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luosha Gu
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Bada Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Bada Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Bada Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China.
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Bada Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100144, China.
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Huang X, Jia Y, Yang Y, Qu J, Pan B. Whole genome sequencing analysis of four patients: Are de novo copy number variations in non-coding region responsible for microtia with lung hypoplasia? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 171:111626. [PMID: 37329699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtia is a congenital malformation of the out ear, occurring either as an isolated defect or part of a specific pattern of multiple congenital anomalies. The etiology of microtia is poorly understood. Four patients with microtia and lung hypoplasia were reported by our team in a previous article. The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying genetic basis, mainly focusing on de novo copy number variations (CNVs) embedded in the noncoding region, in the four subjects. METHODS DNA samples from all four patients and their unaffected parents were extracted for whole-genome sequencing on the Illumina platform. All variants were obtained through data quality control, variant calling and bioinformatics analysis. De novo strategy was used to prioritize the variants, and candidate variants were verified by PCR amplification combined with Sanger sequencing and visual inspection of bam file. RESULTS Whole gene sequencing following bioinformatics analysis showed no potential de novo pathogenic variants in the coding region. Nonetheless, four de novo CNVs in the non-coding region, intronic or intergenic, were identified in each subject, ranging in size from 10 Kb to 12.5 Kb, and all are deletions. Case 1 had a de novo deletion of 10 Kb on chromosome10q22.3, located in the intronic region of the LRMDA gene. The other three cases all had a de novo deletion in intergenic regions, located on chromosome 20q11.21, 7q31.1 and 13q12.13, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study reported multiple long-lived cases of microtia with pulmonary hypoplasia and provided genome-wide genetic analysis focusing on de novo mutations. Whether the de novo CNVs identified are responsible for the rare phenotypes remains an open question. However, the results of our study provided a new perspective that the unsolved etiology of microtia might involve in non-coding sequences, which have long been ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100043, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100043, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Qu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100043, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Pan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100043, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Ma S, Li X, Cao R, Zhan G, Fu X, Xiao R, Yang Z. Developmentally regulated expression of integrin alpha-6 distinguishes neural crest derivatives in the skin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1140554. [PMID: 37255601 PMCID: PMC10225710 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1140554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest-derived cells play essential roles in skin function and homeostasis. However, how they interact with environmental cues and differentiate into functional skin cells remains unclear. Using a combination of single-cell data analysis, neural crest lineage tracing, and flow cytometry, we found that the expression of integrin α6 (ITGA6) in neural crest and its derivatives was developmentally regulated and that ITGA6 could serve as a functional surface marker for distinguishing neural crest derivatives in the skin. Based on the expression of ITGA6, Wnt1-Cre lineage neural crest derivatives in the skin could be categorized into three subpopulations, namely, ITGA6bright, ITGA6dim, and ITGA6neg, which were found to be Schwann cells, melanocytes, and fibroblasts, respectively. We further analyzed the signature genes and transcription factors that specifically enriched in each cell subpopulation, as well as the ligand or receptor molecules, mediating the potential interaction with other cells of the skin. Additionally, we found that Hmx1 and Lhx8 are specifically expressed in neural crest-derived fibroblasts, while Zic1 and homeobox family genes are expressed in mesoderm-derived fibroblasts, indicating the distinct development pathways of fibroblasts of different origins. Our study provides insights into the regulatory landscape of neural crest cell development and identifies potential markers that facilitate the isolation of different neural crest derivatives in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shize Ma
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqin Zhan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of External Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Celse T, Tingaud-Sequeira A, Dieterich K, Siegfried G, Lecaignec C, Bouneau L, Fannemel M, Salaun G, Laffargue F, Martinez G, Satre V, Vieville G, Bidart M, Soussi Zander C, Turesson AC, Splitt M, Reboul D, Chiesa J, Khau Van Kien P, Godin M, Gruchy N, Goel H, Palmer E, Demetriou K, Shalhoub C, Rooryck-Thambo C, Coutton C. OTX2 duplications: a recurrent cause of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum. J Med Genet 2022; 60:620-626. [DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundOculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) is the second most common cause of head and neck malformations in children after orofacial clefts. OAVS is clinically heterogeneous and characterised by a broad range of clinical features including ear anomalies with or without hearing loss, hemifacial microsomia, orofacial clefts, ocular defects and vertebral abnormalities. Various genetic causes were associated with OAVS and copy number variations represent a recurrent cause of OAVS, but the responsible gene often remains elusive.MethodsWe described an international cohort of 17 patients, including 10 probands and 7 affected relatives, presenting with OAVS and carrying a 14q22.3 microduplication detected using chromosomal microarray analysis. For each patient, clinical data were collected using a detailed questionnaire addressed to the referring clinicians. We subsequently studied the effects ofOTX2overexpression in a zebrafish model.ResultsWe defined a 272 kb minimal common region that only overlaps with theOTX2gene. Head and face defects with a predominance of ear malformations were present in 100% of patients. The variability in expressivity was significant, ranging from simple chondromas to severe microtia, even between intrafamilial cases. Heterologous overexpression ofOTX2in zebrafish embryos showed significant effects on early development with alterations in craniofacial development.ConclusionsOur results indicate that properOTX2dosage seems to be critical for the normal development of the first and second branchial arches. Overall, we demonstrated thatOTX2genomic duplications are a recurrent cause of OAVS marked by auricular malformations of variable severity.
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Tingaud-Sequeira A, Trimouille A, Sagardoy T, Lacombe D, Rooryck-Thambo C. Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum: new genes and literature review on a complex disease. J Med Genet 2022; 59:417-427. [PMID: 35110414 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) or Goldenhar syndrome is due to an abnormal development of first and second branchial arches derivatives during embryogenesis and is characterised by hemifacial microsomia associated with auricular, ocular and vertebral malformations. The clinical and genetic heterogeneity of this spectrum with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, render its molecular diagnosis difficult. Only a few recurrent CNVs and genes have been identified as causatives in this complex disorder so far. Prenatal environmental causal factors have also been hypothesised. However, most of the patients remain without aetiology. In this review, we aim at updating clinical diagnostic criteria and describing genetic and non-genetic aetiologies, animal models as well as novel diagnostic tools and surgical management, in order to help and improve clinical care and genetic counselling of these patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Tingaud-Sequeira
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Trimouille
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Sagardoy
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, de chirurgie cervico-faciale et d'ORL pédiatrique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck-Thambo
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U 1211 INSERM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France .,CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
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Si N, Zhang Z, Huang X, Wang C, Guo P, Pan B, Jiang H. De novo 22q11.2 deletions and auricular findings in two Chinese patients with microtia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 10:e1862. [PMID: 34971493 PMCID: PMC8801138 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital microtia is a common craniofacial malformation resulting from both environmental and genetic factors. Recurrent chromosomal imbalances were observed in patients with microtia. The 22q11.2 deletion is one of the most common microdeletions in human beings. The cell division cycle 45 gene (CDC45) embedded in the proximal 22q11.2 deleted region is involved in craniofacial development. However, only a few studies have focused on the 22q11.2 deletion as genetic etiology in microtia patients and studied its associated external ear deformity characteristics in detail. METHODS In this research, a total of 65 patients from north China with sporadic microtia were studied. Copy number variations of CDC45 were screened using AccuCopy assay. The 22q11.2 deletion harboring CDC45 was identified by whole-genome sequencing and targeted next-generation sequencing. A parental test was carried out to determine the origin of the deletion. RESULTS CDC45 copy number loss was identified in two patients with microtia. A set of qPCR assays demonstrated two patients carried a typical proximal 22q11.2 deletion between the low-copy repeats on chromosome 22q11.2 (LCR22A and LCR22D), encompassing CDC45. The 22q11.2 deletions were de novo in each patient. In-depth auricular phenotype assessment showed these two patients have a distinct concha-type ear malformation while other microtia patients have lobule-type microtia among the 65 microtia patient cohort in this study. CONCLUSION Here we present two additional Chinese microtia patients with de novo 22q11.2 proximal deletion harboring CDC45 and further report these patients' distinct ear malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Si
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zeya Zhang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chanchen Wang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Si N, Zhang Z, Meng X, Huang X, Wang C, Pan B. Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line from a congenital microtia patient with 4p16.1 microduplication involving the long-range enhancer of HMX1. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102357. [PMID: 34087987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital microtia is a malformation of the middle and external ear. Duplications involving the ECR, an ear-specific long-range enhancer of HMX1, lead to ear malformation in different species. Use of electroporation of episomal plasmids encodes OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, KLF4, and LMYC into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we generated an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) line of a microtia patient carrying the duplication involving ECR. The iPSCs express pluripotency markers, have the potential to differentiate into three germ layers, and show the normal karyotype. This patient-specific iPSC will be used for modeling the pathophysiology of ear malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Si
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Zeya Zhang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaolu Meng
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Changchen Wang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
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