Evaluation of a comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance protocol in young adults late after the arterial switch operation for d-transposition of the great arteries

Greater than the sum of its parts: multimodality imaging in adults with congenital heart disease

As the population of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) grows, there also grows an expanded need for non-invasive surveillance methods to guide management and intervention. A multimodal imaging approach layers complementary insights from echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other modalities into a clinician's view of patient physiology. Merely applying strategies from acquired adult cardiac disease would be inadequate and potentially misleading. As data amasses in this small but growing population, investigators in the field of ACHD have discovered population-specific imaging biomarkers that identify deterioration and pivotal time points where intervention may reduce morbidity and mortality. Moreover, due to the variety of physiologies and the modest number of ACHD patients relative to that of adults with acquired heart disease, multicenter registries will be key in advancing research. The integration of well-defined imaging variables into these databases can help identify important biomarkers. Emerging technologies like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and artificial intelligence (AI) are also primed to enhance imaging capabilities and clinical workflows, though require careful adaption as ACHD patients are not meaningfully represented in the training data for these technologies. Ultimately, a multimodal imaging approach is essential for optimizing care for ACHD patients, enabling personalized medicine where interventions can be performed before clinical deterioration occurs.

The association between myocardial ischemia and myocardial dysfunction in adult patients with systemic right ventricle - A single centre multimodality study

BACKGROUND

The exact interaction of factors leading to myocardial dysfunction and fibrosis of the systemic right ventricle (SRV) is not completely understood. Myocardial ischemia and injury associated with a supply-demand mismatch of the pressure overloaded SRV are thought to play an important role, however studies confirming this are lacking.

METHODS

Adult SRV patients were included in this single centre cohort study. All patients underwent a comprehensive diagnostic and imaging workup. A two-day stress-rest SPECT was performed to assess myocardial perfusion. SRV ischemia was defined as decreased segmental tracer uptake during exercise with significant improvement at rest. Contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was also performed in a subgroup of patients without contraindication, to assess focal myocardial fibrosis. Differences between patients with and without SRV ischemia were assessed.

RESULTS

Twenty-three SRV patients (15 with transposition of the great arteries after atrial switch procedure and 8 with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries; 5 (22%) females; mean age 38 ± 11 years) were included. Seven (30%) patients had SRV ischemia on SPECT. Late gadolinium enhancement on CMR was more common in patients with SRV ischemia (p = 0.002). However, there was no association between SRV ischemia and different echocardiographic or CMR parameters of SRV systolic function, laboratory markers (high-sensitivity troponin I and NT-proBNP) and exercise capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our multimodality study showed that SRV ischemia in adult SRV patients was associated with more focal myocardial fibrosis, but not with functional or imaging markers of SRV function.

Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance/European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging/American Society of Echocardiography/Society for Pediatric Radiology/North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Guidelines for the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease : Endorsed by The American Heart Association

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been utilized in the management and care of pediatric patients for nearly 40 years. It has evolved to become an invaluable tool in the assessment of the littlest of hearts for diagnosis, pre-interventional management and follow-up care. Although mentioned in a number of consensus and guidelines documents, an up-to-date, large, stand-alone guidance work for the use of CMR in pediatric congenital 36 and acquired 35 heart disease endorsed by numerous Societies involved in the care of these children is lacking. This guidelines document outlines the use of CMR in this patient population for a significant number of heart lesions in this age group and although admittedly, is not an exhaustive treatment, it does deal with an expansive list of many common clinical issues encountered in daily practice.

Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance/European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging/American Society of Echocardiography/Society for Pediatric Radiology/North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Guidelines for the Use of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Pediatric Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease: Endorsed by The American Heart Association

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance has been utilized in the management and care of pediatric patients for nearly 40 years. It has evolved to become an invaluable tool in the assessment of the littlest of hearts for diagnosis, pre-interventional management and follow-up care. Although mentioned in a number of consensus and guidelines documents, an up-to-date, large, stand-alone guidance work for the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pediatric congenital 36 and acquired 35 heart disease endorsed by numerous Societies involved in the care of these children is lacking. This guidelines document outlines the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in this patient population for a significant number of heart lesions in this age group and although admittedly, is not an exhaustive treatment, it does deal with an expansive list of many common clinical issues encountered in daily practice.

Imaging the delayed complications of childhood Kawasaki disease

This review will discuss the long-term complications of Kawasaki disease with a particular focus on imaging surveillance of the coronary arteries in adolescence and adult life. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each modality will be illustrated with practical examples, demonstrating that, in many cases, a multimodality imaging strategy may be required.

The Coronary Arteries in Adults after the Arterial Switch Operation: A Systematic Review

Coronary artery status in adults long after the arterial switch operation (ASO) is unclear. We conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of coronary complications during adulthood and to evaluate the value of routine coronary imaging in adults after ASO, in light of current guidelines. Articles were screened for the inclusion of adult ASO patients and data on coronary complications and findings of coronary imaging were collected. A total of 993 adults were followed with a median available follow-up of only 2.0 years after reaching adulthood. Myocardial ischemia was suspected in 17/192 patients (8.9%). The number of coronary interventions was four (0.4%), and coronary death was reported in four (0.4%) patients. A lack of ischemia-related symptoms cannot be excluded because innervation studies indicated deficient cardiac innervation after ASO, although data is limited. Anatomical high-risk features found by routine coronary computed tomography (cCT) included stenosis (4%), acute angle (40%), kinking (24%) and inter-arterial course (11%). No coronary complications were reported during pregnancy (n = 45), although, remarkably, four (9%) patients developed heart failure. The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines state that routine screening for coronary pathologies is questionable. Based on current findings and in line with the 2018 American ACC/AHA guidelines a baseline assessment of the coronary arteries in all ASO adults seems justifiable. Thereafter, an individualized coronary follow-up strategy is advisable at least until significant duration of follow-up is available.

Ventricular and atrial function and deformation is largely preserved after arterial switch operation

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that ventricular and atrial function are different between patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) after arterial switch operation (ASO) and healthy controls.

METHODS

103 consecutive patients with TGA (median age: 16.7 years, 4.3-39.6 years, 71.8% male) were compared with 77 controls (median age: 15.4 years, 6.3-43.2 years, 66.2% male). Biventricular and biatrial function were assessed using standard cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques and feature tracking. Group comparison was performed with conventional non-parametrical statistics and machine learning methods to find the variables most discriminative between patients and controls. These variables were used to build a multivariable logistic regression model to assess the case-control status.

RESULTS

Markers of left and right ventricular function (LV; RV) (ejection fraction, MAPSE, TAPSE, LV long-axis strain) as well as LV global longitudinal (-20.7 (-24.1; -17.9) vs -23.7 (-26.1; -21.6), p<0.001), circumferential (-29.4 (-32.2; -26.5) vs -30.5 (-33.6; 29), p=0.001) and atrial longitudinal strain (left atrium (LA): 23.3 (18.6; 28.8) vs 36.7 (30.7; 44), p<0001; right atrium: 21.7 (18.2; 27.8) vs 34.9 (26.9; 40.3), p<0.001) were reduced in patients compared with controls using non-parametrical testing. The logistic regression model including the most discriminative variables from univariate and machine learning analysis demonstrated significant differences between patients and controls only for TAPSE and LA global longitudinal strain.

CONCLUSIONS

Biventricular and biatrial function are largely preserved after ASO for TGA. Using a comprehensive CMR protocol along with statistical machine learning methods and a regression approach, only RV longitudinal function and LA function are significantly impaired.

Analysis of the 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD)

Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) continues to rapidly increase worldwide. With an estimated 1.5 million adults with ACHD in the USA alone, there is a growing need for better education in the management of these complex patients and multiple knowledge gaps exist. This manuscript comprehensively reviewed the recent (2020) updated European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of ACHD created by the Task Force for the management of adult congenital heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology, with perioperative implications for the adult cardiac anesthesiologist and intensivist who may be called upon to manage these complex patients.

SCMR Position Paper (2020) on clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance

The Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) last published its comprehensive expert panel report of clinical indications for CMR in 2004. This new Consensus Panel report brings those indications up to date for 2020 and includes the very substantial increase in scanning techniques, clinical applicability and adoption of CMR worldwide. We have used a nearly identical grading system for indications as in 2004 to ensure comparability with the previous report but have added the presence of randomized controlled trials as evidence for level 1 indications. In addition to the text, tables of the consensus indication levels are included for rapid assimilation and illustrative figures of some key techniques are provided.

Left ventricular remodelling in long-term survivors after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries

Aims

The objective of this study was to quantify imaging markers of myocardial fibrosis and assess myocardial function in long-term transposition of the great arteries survivors after the arterial switch operation (ASO).

Methods and results

Paediatric ASO patients were prospectively studied by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, including first-pass myocardial perfusion, late gadolinium enhancement, and T1 relaxometry, as well as echocardiography for left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function including strain analysis, with comparison to healthy controls. Thirty ASO patients (mean age 15.4 ± 2.9 years vs. 14.1 ± 2.6 years in 28 controls, P = 0.04) were included. Patients had normal LV ejection fraction (EF) (57 ± 5% vs. 59 ± 5%, P = 0.07), but end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were increased (104 ± 20 mL/m2 vs. 89 ± 10 mL/m2, P < 0.01 and 46 ± 13 mL/m2 vs. 36 ± 7 mL/m2, P < 0.01, respectively). Longitudinal strain at two-, three-, and four-chamber levels of the LV were lower in ASO patients (-19.0 ± 2.6% vs. -20.9 ± 2.3%, P = 0.006, -17.7 ± 2.0% vs. -19.1 ± 2.4%, P = 0.02, and -18.9 ± 1.9% vs. -20.1 ± 1.7%, P = 0.01, respectively), while circumferential strain was higher at all short-axis levels (-24.6 ± 2.3% vs. -19.3 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001 at the mid-ventricular level). LV native T1 times were higher in ASO patients (1042 ± 27 ms vs. 1011 ± 27 ms, P < 0.01) and correlated with LV mass/volume ratio (R = 0.60, P < 0.001). Myocardial scarring or myocardial perfusion defects were not observed in our cohort.

Conclusion

Children and adolescents after ASO have normal LV systolic function, in line with their overall good clinical health. At a myocardial level however, imaging markers of diffuse myocardial fibrosis are elevated, along with an altered LV contraction pattern. Whether these abnormalities will progress into future clinically significant dysfunction and whether they are harbingers of adverse outcomes remains to be studied.

Interpretation and Reporting of Coronary Arteries in Transposition of the Great Arteries: Cross-sectional Imaging Perspective

Knowledge of coronary artery nomenclature in transposition of the great arteries is essential, given the increasing population of adults with congenital heart disease and greater utilization of imaging in these patients. This article reviews appropriate terminology for describing coronary artery anatomy, commonly encountered coronary artery patterns, and postoperative coronary complications in the setting of transposition of the great arteries.

Myocardial Stress Perfusion MRI: Experience in Pediatric and Young-Adult Patients Following Arterial Switch Operation Utilizing Regadenoson

Dextro-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) is one of the most common cyanotic heart lesions. The arterial switch operation (ASO) is the preferred surgical palliation for D-TGA. One of the primary concerns following the ASO is complications arising from the coronary artery transfer. There is a need for myocardial perfusion assessment within ASO patients. There is no report on the utility of regadenoson as a stress agent in children following ASO. Our objective was to observe the safety and feasibility of regadenoson as a pharmacologic stressor for perfusion cardiac MR in a pilot cohort of pediatric and young-adult patients who have undergone ASO. We reviewed our initial experience with regadenoson stress cardiac MR in 36 pediatric and young-adult patients 15.1 ± 4.5 years (range 0.2-22 years) with history of ASO. The weight was 61.6 ± 21.5 kg (range 3.8-93 kg). All patients underwent cardiac MR because of concern for ischemia. Subjects' heart rate and blood pressure were monitored and pharmacologic stress was induced by injection of regadenoson. We evaluated their hemodynamic response and adverse effects using changes in vital signs and onset of symptoms. A pediatric cardiologist and radiologist qualitatively assessed myocardial perfusion and viability images. All stress cardiac MR examinations were completed without adverse events. Resting heart rate was 72 ± 13 beats per minute (bpm) and rose to peak of 120 ± 17 bpm (95 ± 50% increase, p < 0.005) with regadenoson. Image quality was considered good or diagnostic in all cases. A total of 11/36 (31%) patients had a perfusion defect on the stress FPP images. 14 of the 36 patients (39%) underwent cardiac catheterization within 6 months of the CMR and the findings showed excellent agreement. Regadenoson may be a useful coronary hyperemia agent to utilize for pediatric patients following arterial switch procedure when there is concern for ischemia. The ability to administer as a single bolus with one IV makes it advantageous in pediatrics. In a limited number of cases, regadenoson stress perfusion showed excellent agreement with cardiac catheterization.

Can visual analogue scale be used in radiologic subjective image quality assessment?

BACKGROUND

Assessment of qualitative or subjective image quality in radiology is traditionally performed using a fixed-point scale even though reproducibility has proved challenging.

OBJECTIVE

Image quality of 3-T coronary magnetic resonance (MR) angiography was evaluated using three scoring methods, hypothesizing that a continuous scoring scale like visual analogue scale would improve the assessment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adolescents corrected for transposition of the great arteries with arterial switch operation, ages 9-15 years (n=12), and healthy, age-matched controls (n=12), were examined with 3-D steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging. Image quality of the coronary artery origin was evaluated by using a fixed-point scale (1-4), visual analogue scale of 10 cm and a visual analogue scale with reference points (figurative visual analogue scale). Satisfactory image quality was set to a fixed-point scale 3=visual analogue scale/figurative visual analogue scale 6.6 cm. Statistical analysis was performed using Cohen kappa coefficient and agreement index.

RESULTS

The mean interobserver scores for the fixed-point scale, visual analogue scale and figurative visual analogue scale were, respectively, in the left main stem 2.8, 5.7, 7.0; left anterior descending artery 2.8, 4.7, 6.6; circumflex artery 2.5, 4.5, 6.2, and right coronary artery 3.2, 6.3, 7.7. Scoring with a fixed-point scale gave an intraobserver κ of 0.52-0.77 while interobserver κ was lacking. For visual analogue scale and figurative visual analogue scale, intraobserver agreement indices were, respectively, 0.08-0.58 and 0.43-0.71 and interobserver agreement indices were up to 0.5 and 0.65, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Qualitative image quality evaluation with coronary 3-D steady-state free precession MR angiography, using a visual analogue scale with reference points, had better reproducibility compared to a fixed-point scale and visual analogue scale. Image quality, being a continuum, may be better determined by this method.

Myocardial Architecture, Mechanics, and Fibrosis in Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common category of birth defect, affecting 1% of the population and requiring cardiovascular surgery in the first months of life in many patients. Due to advances in congenital cardiovascular surgery and patient management, most children with CHD now survive into adulthood. However, residual and postoperative defects are common resulting in abnormal hemodynamics, which may interact further with scar formation related to surgical procedures. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become an important diagnostic imaging modality in the long-term management of CHD patients. It is the gold standard technique to assess ventricular volumes and systolic function. Besides this, advanced CMR techniques allow the acquisition of more detailed information about myocardial architecture, ventricular mechanics, and fibrosis. The left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle have unique myocardial architecture that underpins their mechanics; however, this becomes disorganized under conditions of volume and pressure overload. CMR diffusion tensor imaging is able to interrogate non-invasively the principal alignments of microstructures in the left ventricular wall. Myocardial tissue tagging (displacement encoding using stimulated echoes) and feature tracking are CMR techniques that can be used to examine the deformation and strain of the myocardium in CHD, whereas 3D feature tracking can assess the twisting motion of the LV chamber. Late gadolinium enhancement imaging and more recently T1 mapping can help in detecting fibrotic myocardial changes and evolve our understanding of the pathophysiology of CHD patients. This review not only gives an overview about available or emerging CMR techniques for assessing myocardial mechanics and fibrosis but it also describes their clinical value and how they can be used to detect abnormalities in myocardial architecture and mechanics in CHD patients.

Evaluation of athletes with complex congenital heart disease

As a result of improvements in congenital heart surgery, there are more adults alive today with congenital heart disease (CHD) than children. Individuals with cardiac birth defects may be able to participate in physical activities but require proper cardiovascular evaluation. The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology released guidelines in 2015 for athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. The guidelines express that although restriction from competitive athletics may be indicated for some, the majority of individuals with CHD can and should engage in some form of physical activity. This case study demonstrates the importance of combining all aspects of history, physical examination, ECG, and imaging modalities to evaluate cardiac anatomy and function in young athletes with complex CHD.

Myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance: initial experience in a pediatric and young adult population using regadenoson

BACKGROUND

Dipyridamole and adenosine are traditional pharmacological stressors for myocardial perfusion. Regadenoson, a selective adenosine A2A agonist, has a lower side effect profile with lower incidence of bronchospasm and bradycardia. There is a growing need for myocardial perfusion assessment within pediatrics. There is no report on the utility of regadenoson as a stress agent in children.

OBJECTIVE

To observe the safety and feasibility of regadenoson as a pharmacologic stressor for perfusion cardiac MR in a pilot cohort of pediatric patients weighing more than 40 kg who have congenital heart disease and pediatric acquired heart disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We reviewed our initial experience with regadenoson stress cardiac MR in 31 pediatric patients 15.8 ± 1.7 years (range 12-22 years) with congenital heart disease and acquired heart disease. Mean patient weight was 60 ± 15 kg (range of 40-93 kg). All patients underwent cardiac MR because of concern for ischemia. The cohort included a heterogeneous group of patients at a pediatric institution with potential risk for ischemia. Subjects' heart rate and blood pressure were monitored and pharmacologic stress was induced by injection of 400 mcg of regadenoson. We evaluated their hemodynamic response and adverse effects using changes in vital signs and onset of symptoms. A pediatric cardiologist and radiologist qualitatively assessed myocardial perfusion and viability images.

RESULTS

One child was unable to complete the stress perfusion portion of the examination, but did complete the remaining portion of the CMR. Resting heart rate was 72 ± 14 beats per minute (bpm) and rose to peak of 124 ± 17 bpm (95 ± 50% increase, P < 0.005) with regadenoson. Image quality was considered good or diagnostic in all cases. Three patients had irreversible perfusion defects. Four patients had reversible perfusion defects. Nine of the patients underwent cardiac catheterization with angiography and the findings showed excellent agreement.

CONCLUSION

Regadenoson might be a safe and feasible pharmacologic stress agent for use in cardiac MR in older pediatric patients with congenital heart disease and acquired heart disease. The ease of use as a bolus and the advantage of a prolonged hyperemia make its use appealing in pediatrics. In a limited number of cases, regadenoson stress perfusion showed excellent agreement with cardiac catheterization. Regadenoson might be a viable pharmacologic stress agent in this population.

Stress perfusion magnetic resonance imaging to detect coronary artery lesions in children

BACKGROUND

Stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is used widely in adult ischemic heart disease, but data in children is limited. We sought to evaluate feasibility, accuracy and prognostic value of stress CMR in children with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).

METHODS

Stress CMR was reviewed from two pediatric centers over 5 years using a standard pharmacologic protocol. Wall motion abnormalities, perfusion deficits and late enhancement were correlated with coronary angiogram (CAG) when available, and clinical status at 1 year follow-up for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; coronary revascularization, non-fatal myocardial infarction and death due to CAD) was recorded.

RESULTS

Sixty-four stress perfusion CMR studies in 48 children (10.9 ± 4.8 years) using adenosine; 59 (92%) and dipyridamole; 5 (8%), were reviewed. Indications were Kawasaki disease (39%), post arterial switch operation (12.5%), post heart transplantation (12.5%), post anomalous coronary artery repair (11%), chest pain (11%), suspected myocarditis or CAD (3%), post coronary revascularization (3%), and others (8%). Twenty-six studies were performed under sedation. Of all studies performed, 66% showed no evidence of ischemia or infarction, 28% had perfusion deficits and 6% had late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) without perfusion deficit. Compared to CAG, the positive predictive value (PPV) of stress CMR was 80% with negative predictive value (NPV) of 88%. At 1 year clinical follow-up, the PPV and NPV of stress CMR to predict MACE were 78 and 98%.

CONCLUSION

Stress-perfusion CMR, in combination with LGE and wall motion-analysis is a feasible and an accurate method of diagnosing CAD in children. In difficult cases, it also helps guide clinical intervention by complementing conventional CAG with functional information.

Review of Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2015

There were 116 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2015, which is a 14 % increase on the 102 articles published in 2014. The quality of the submissions continues to increase. The 2015 JCMR Impact Factor (which is published in June 2016) rose to 5.75 from 4.72 for 2014 (as published in June 2015), which is the highest impact factor ever recorded for JCMR. The 2015 impact factor means that the JCMR papers that were published in 2013 and 2014 were cited on average 5.75 times in 2015. The impact factor undergoes natural variation according to citation rates of papers in the 2 years following publication, and is significantly influenced by highly cited papers such as official reports. However, the progress of the journal's impact over the last 5 years has been impressive. Our acceptance rate is <25 % and has been falling because the number of articles being submitted has been increasing. In accordance with Open-Access publishing, the JCMR articles go on-line as they are accepted with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. For this reason, the Editors have felt that it is useful once per calendar year to summarize the papers for the readership into broad areas of interest or theme, so that areas of interest can be reviewed in a single article in relation to each other and other recent JCMR articles. The papers are presented in broad themes and set in context with related literature and previously published JCMR papers to guide continuity of thought in the journal. We hope that you find the open-access system increases wider reading and citation of your papers, and that you will continue to send your quality papers to JCMR for publication.

Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Findings Late After the Arterial Switch Operation

Background—

Despite its robust diagnostic capabilities in adolescents and adult patients after the arterial switch operation, little information is available on the cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in this population.

Methods and Results—

The cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings of 220 consecutive patients evaluated in our center were retrospectively reviewed (median age at cardiovascular magnetic resonance, 15.4 years; 66.8% male sex). Compared with published normal values, left and right ventricular end-diastolic volume z scores were mildly enlarged (0.48±1.76 and 0.33±1.5; P =0.0003 and 0.0038, respectively), with 26% of patients having left ventricular dilatation and 20% having right ventricular dilatation. Left ventricular dysfunction was present in 21.5% of patients (mild in most), and only 5.1% of patients had mild right ventricular dysfunction. Myocardial scar was found in 1.8% of patients. Dilatation of the neoaortic root was common (76%), and root z score increased at an average rate of 0.03 points per year. By multivariable analysis, neoaortic root dilatation was associated with worse neoaortic valve regurgitation (OR, 5.29; P =0.0016). The diameters of the thoracic aorta distal to the root were near-normal in most patients, whereas the neomain pulmonary artery was typically oval shaped with decreased anteroposterior and normal lateral diameters.

Conclusions—

Although the majority of arterial switch operation patients have normal ventricular size and function and myocardial scar is rare, an important minority exhibits ventricular enlargement or dysfunction. Neoaortic root dilatation, which is present in most patients and progresses over time, is strongly associated with significant neoaortic valve regurgitation. The findings of this study provide reference values against which arterial switch operation patients can be compared with their peers.

Specifics of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in children

This review points out three specific features of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children: the small size of the heart modifies the usual balance between signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution; the higher and more variable heart rate limits tissue characterization and temporal resolution; and motion artefacts (notably respiratory motions) must be dealt with. In the second part of this review, we present the current and future practices of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in children, based on the experience of all French paediatric cardiac MRI centres.

Review of Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2014

There were 102 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2014, which is a 6% decrease on the 109 articles published in 2013. The quality of the submissions continues to increase. The 2013 JCMR Impact Factor (which is published in June 2014) fell to 4.72 from 5.11 for 2012 (as published in June 2013). The 2013 impact factor means that the JCMR papers that were published in 2011 and 2012 were cited on average 4.72 times in 2013. The impact factor undergoes natural variation according to citation rates of papers in the 2 years following publication, and is significantly influenced by highly cited papers such as official reports. However, the progress of the journal's impact over the last 5 years has been impressive. Our acceptance rate is <25% and has been falling because the number of articles being submitted has been increasing. In accordance with Open-Access publishing, the JCMR articles go on-line as they are accepted with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. For this reason, the Editors have felt that it is useful once per calendar year to summarize the papers for the readership into broad areas of interest or theme, so that areas of interest can be reviewed in a single article in relation to each other and other recent JCMR articles. The papers are presented in broad themes and set in context with related literature and previously published JCMR papers to guide continuity of thought in the journal. We hope that you find the open-access system increases wider reading and citation of your papers, and that you will continue to send your quality papers to JCMR for publication.