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Chávez-Guevara IA, Peric R, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Ramos-Jiménez A. Reliability of the Metabolic Response During Steady-State Exercise at FATmax in Young Men with Obesity. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:766-774. [PMID: 38324773 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2311641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: In this study we evaluated the reliability of blood lactate levels (BLa), energy expenditure and substrate utilization during prolonged exercise at the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (FATmax). Furthermore, we investigated the accuracy of a single graded exercise test (GXT) for predicting energy metabolism at FATmax. Methods: Seventeen young men with obesity (26 ± 6 years; 36.4 ± 7.2 %body fat) performed a GXT on a treadmill in a fasted state (10-12 h) for the assessment of FATmax and cardiorespiratory fitness. Afterward, each subject performed two additional prolonged FATmax trials (102 ± 11 beats·min-1; 60-min) separated by 7 days. Indirect calorimetry was used for the assessment of energy expenditure and substrate utilization kinetics whereas capillary blood samples were taken for the measurement of BLa. Results: The BLa (limits of agreement (LoA): -1.2 to 0.8 mmol∙L-1; p = 1.0), fat utilization (LoA: -8.0 to 13.4 g∙h-1; p = 0.06), and carbohydrate utilization (LoA: -27.6 to 22.4 g∙h-1; p = 0.41) showed a good agreement whereas a modest systematic bias was found for energy expenditure (LoA: -16811 to 33355 kJ∙h-1; p < 0.05). All the aforementioned parameters showed a moderate to good reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.67-0.92). The GXT overestimated fat (~46%) and carbohydrate (~26%) utilization as well as energy expenditure (36%) during steady-state exercise at FATmax. Conversely the GXT underestimated BLa (~28%). Conclusion: a single GXT cannot be used for an accurate prediction of energy metabolism during prolonged exercise in men with obesity. Thus, an additional steady-state FATmax trial (40-60 min) should be performed for a tailored and precise exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratko Peric
- Orthopedic Clinic Orthosport
- University of Split
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Chávez-Guevara IA, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Ramos-Jiménez A, Brun JF. Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2023; 53:2399-2416. [PMID: 37584843 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity. METHODS A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%[Formula: see text]O2peak]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HRpeak]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax. RESULTS Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (n = 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (n = 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (n = 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40-60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg-1·min-1; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min-1. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L-1 while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h-1 and 42.8-60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (R2 = 0.85; p < 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (p < 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HRpeak. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax. CONCLUSION Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57-64% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chávez-Guevara
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, EFFECTS-262 Research Group, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jean Frederic Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHRU Montpellier, PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Beyond the Calorie Paradigm: Taking into Account in Practice the Balance of Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081605. [PMID: 35458167 PMCID: PMC9027421 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature shows that exercise is not simply a way to generate a calorie deficit as an add-on to restrictive diets but exerts powerful additional biological effects via its impact on mitochondrial function, the release of chemical messengers induced by muscular activity, and its ability to reverse epigenetic alterations. This review aims to summarize the current literature dealing with the hypothesis that some of these effects of exercise unexplained by an energy deficit are related to the balance of substrates used as fuel by the exercising muscle. This balance of substrates can be measured with reliable techniques, which provide information about metabolic disturbances associated with sedentarity and obesity, as well as adaptations of fuel metabolism in trained individuals. The exercise intensity that elicits maximal oxidation of lipids, termed LIPOXmax, FATOXmax, or FATmax, provides a marker of the mitochondrial ability to oxidize fatty acids and predicts how much fat will be oxidized over 45–60 min of low- to moderate-intensity training performed at the corresponding intensity. LIPOXmax is a reproducible parameter that can be modified by many physiological and lifestyle influences (exercise, diet, gender, age, hormones such as catecholamines, and the growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor I axis). Individuals told to select an exercise intensity to maintain for 45 min or more spontaneously select a level close to this intensity. There is increasing evidence that training targeted at this level is efficient for reducing fat mass, sparing muscle mass, increasing the ability to oxidize lipids during exercise, lowering blood pressure and low-grade inflammation, improving insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, reducing blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, and decreasing the circulating cholesterol level. Training protocols based on this concept are easy to implement and accept in very sedentary patients and have shown an unexpected efficacy over the long term. They also represent a useful add-on to bariatric surgery in order to maintain and improve its weight-lowering effect. Additional studies are required to confirm and more precisely analyze the determinants of LIPOXmax and the long-term effects of training at this level on body composition, metabolism, and health.
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Robles-González L, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Ruiz-Moreno C, Muñoz A, Del-Coso J, R. Ruiz J, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Inter-Day Reliability of Resting Metabolic Rate and Maximal Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Healthy Men Using the Ergostik Gas Analyzer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124308. [PMID: 34959860 PMCID: PMC8708346 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The attainment of high inter-day reliability is crucial to determine changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) after an intervention. This study aimed to analyze the inter-day reliability of RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax in healthy adults using the Ergostik gas analyzer. Fourteen healthy men (age: 24.4 ± 5.0 years, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max): 47.5 ± 11.9 mL/kg/min) participated in a repeated-measures study. The study consisted of two identical experimental trials (Day 1 and Day 2) in which the participants underwent an indirect calorimetry assessment at resting and during an incremental exercise test. Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. There were no significant differences when comparing RMR (1999.3 ± 273.9 vs. 1955.7 ± 362.6 kcal/day, p = 0.389), RER (0.87 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05, p = 0.143), MFO (0.32 ± 0.20 vs. 0.31 ± 0.20 g/min, p = 0.776) and Fatmax (45.0 ± 8.6 vs. 46.4 ± 8.4% VO2max, p = 0.435) values in Day 1 vs. Day 2. The inter-day coefficient of variation for RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax were 4.85 ± 5.48%, 3.22 ± 3.14%, 7.78 ± 5.51%, and 6.51 ± 8.04%, respectively. In summary, the current results show a good inter-day reliability when RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax are determined in healthy men using the Ergostik gas analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Robles-González
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Juan Del-Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Autonomic and Perceptual Responses to Induction of a Ketogenic Diet in Free-Living Endurance Athletes: A Randomized, Crossover Trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1603-1609. [PMID: 33873154 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considerable interindividual heterogeneity has been observed in endurance performance responses following induction of a ketogenic diet (KD). It is plausible that a physiological stress response in the period following the dramatic dietary shift associated with transition to a KD may explain this heterogeneity. METHODS In a randomized, crossover study design, 8 trained male runners completed an incremental exercise test and ran to exhaustion at 70%VO2max before and after a 31-day rigorously controlled habitual diet or KD intervention, and recorded heart rate variability (root mean square of the sum of successive differences in R-R intervals [rMSSD]) upon waking each morning along with the recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes each week. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. RESULTS A significant reduction in rMSSD was observed in the KD (-9.77 [4.03] ms, P = .02), along with an increase in day-to-day variability in rMSSD (2.1% [1.0%], P = .03). The reduction in rMSSD in the KD for the subgroup of individuals exhibiting impaired exercise capacity following induction of the KD approached significance (Δ -22 [15] ms, P = .06, N = 4); whereas no effect was observed in those who exhibited unchanged exercise capacity (Δ 5 [18] ms, P = .61, N = 4). No main effects were observed for recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest those working with endurance athletes transitioning onto a KD may consider using noninvasive, inexpensive resting heart rate variability measures to gain individual-level insights into the likely short-term effects on exercise capacity.
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Astorino TA, De Revere JL. Effect of Ethnicity on Changes in Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidation in Response to Short-Term High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084314. [PMID: 33921694 PMCID: PMC8072605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compared changes in substrate metabolism with high intensity interval training (HIIT) in women of different ethnicities. Twelve Caucasian (C) and ten Hispanic women (H) (age = 24 ± 5 yr) who were inactive completed nine sessions of HIIT at 85 percent peak power output (%PPO). Pre-training, changes in fat oxidation (FOx) and carbohydrate oxidation (CHOOx) during progressive cycling were measured on two days to compute the minimum difference (MD). This test was repeated after the last training session. Between baseline tests, estimates of FOx and CHOOx were not different (p > 0.05) and were highly related (intraclass correlation coefficient equal to 0.72 to 0.88), although the coefficient of variation of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) was equal to 30%. Training significantly increased MFO (p = 0.03) in C (0.19 ± 0.06 g/min to 0.21 ± 0.06 g/min, d = 0.66) and H (0.16 ± 0.03 g/min to 0.19 ± 0.03 g/min, d = 1.3) that was similar (p = 0.92) between groups. There was a significant interaction for FOx (p = 0.003) as it was only increased in H versus C, although both groups exhibited reduced CHO oxidation (p = 0.002) with training. Use of MD revealed that only 3 of 22 women show meaningful increases in MFO (>0.08 g/min). The preliminary data reveals that a small dose of low-volume HIIT does not alter fat and CHO oxidation and there is little effect of ethnicity on the response to training.
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Jendricke P, Kohl J, Centner C, Gollhofer A, König D. Influence of Specific Collagen Peptides and Concurrent Training on Cardiometabolic Parameters and Performance Indices in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Nutr 2020; 7:580918. [PMID: 33330579 PMCID: PMC7710701 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.580918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to examine the effects of concurrent training (CT) combined with specific collagen peptides (SCP) intake on cardiometabolic parameters and performance indices in women. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial recreationally active women (n = 59) completed a 12-week CT training (3 day/week) and ingested 15 g of SCP (treatment group [TG]) or placebo (control group [CG]) on a daily basis. Running distance as a marker of endurance performance (time trial), velocity and heart rate at the lactate and anaerobic threshold (incremental running test) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA]) were measured. BIA measurements included determination of fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM). Additionally, muscular strength (one-repetition-maximum [1RM]) and muscular endurance (60% of 1RM) were assessed. After 12-weeks, TG had a higher increase in running distance (1,034 ± 643 m) compared to the CG (703 ± 356 m) indicated by a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05). Velocity at lactate and anaerobic threshold improved in both groups over time (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between groups. Similarly, heart rate at lactate threshold decreased over time (p < 0.001), with no time × group interaction. TG declined more in heart rate at anaerobic threshold (−8 ± 14 bpm) than the CG (−1 ± 7 bpm), which resulted in a significant interaction effect (p < 0.01). FM decreased over time in TG and CG (p < 0.001), with no group differences. On contrary, TG had a higher increase in FFM (0.8 ± 0.9 kg) compared to the CG (0.3 ± 1.0 kg) (time × group interaction: p < 0.05). Both, 1RM and muscular endurance improved over time (p < 0.001), with no significant group differences. In conclusion, supplementation of SCP in combination with CT resulted in a significant increase in endurance performance compared to the control group. This might potentially be a consequence of improved structural and cardiometabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jendricke
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Sports Science, Institute for Nutrition and Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Edinburgh RM, Thomas MP, Haralabidis N, Williams S, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. The day-to-day reliability of peak fat oxidation and FAT MAX. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1745-1759. [PMID: 32488584 PMCID: PMC7340634 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies exploring the reliability of peak fat oxidation (PFO) and the intensity that elicits PFO (FATMAX) are often limited by small samples. This study characterised the reliability of PFO and FATMAX in a large cohort of healthy men and women. METHODS Ninety-nine adults [49 women; age: 35 (11) years; [Formula: see text]O2peak: 42.2 (10.3) mL·kg BM-1·min-1; mean (SD)] completed two identical exercise tests (7-28 days apart) to determine PFO (g·min-1) and FATMAX (%[Formula: see text]O2peak) by indirect calorimetry. Systematic bias and the absolute and relative reliability of PFO and FATMAX were explored in the whole sample and sub-categories of: cardiorespiratory fitness, biological sex, objectively measured physical activity levels, fat mass index (derived by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and menstrual cycle status. RESULTS No systematic bias in PFO or FATMAX was found between exercise tests in the entire sample (- 0.01 g·min-1 and 0%[Formula: see text]O2peak, respectively; p > 0.05). Absolute reliability was poor [within-subject coefficient of variation: 21% and 26%; typical errors: ± 0.06 g·min-1 and × / ÷ 1.26%[Formula: see text]O2peak; 95% limits of agreement: ± 0.17 g·min-1 and × / ÷ 1.90%[Formula: see text]O2peak, respectively), despite high (r = 0.75) and moderate (r = 0.45) relative reliability for PFO and FATMAX, respectively. These findings were consistent across all sub-groups. CONCLUSION Repeated assessments are required to more accurately determine PFO and FATMAX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark P. Thomas
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | | | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - James A. Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
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Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Naudí A, Serrano JC. Efficacy of Panax ginseng supplementation on blood lipid profile. A meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical randomized trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112090. [PMID: 31315027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is a widely used ingredient in several traditional Chinese medicine formulation, mainly as a prophylactic and restorative agent. Ginseng's Chinese traditional formulations have shown protective effects against atherosclerosis, suggesting that ginseng may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate whether the supplementation with Panax ginseng (PG) has an effect on blood lipid profile in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A meta-analysis and a systematic review were conducted to evaluate the effects of PG on blood lipid profile. RESULTS A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, from which 10 studies were performed in volunteers with at least one component of metabolic syndrome, 3 in postmenopausal women, 2 in healthy volunteers and 3 with other types of inclusion criteria. The doses employed ranged from 0.2 to 20 g/day (median 3 g/day, 95% CI 1.7, 5.8), while the treatment time ranged from 2 to 12 weeks (median 8 weeks, 95% CI 6, 9). Few studies reported the composition of the PG extract employed. The main ginsenosides reported were Rb1 and Rg1 (content ranging from Rb1 0.023-6.44 mg/g and Rg1 0.028-3.21 mg/g). Significant modification in blood profile was described in 7 studies, in which 5 studies observed a reduction in total cholesterol, 4 in LDL-cholesterol, and 2 in triacylglycerides. The meta-analysis of 10 studies in volunteers with parameters related with metabolic syndrome describes that PG may induce a mean difference compared to a placebo of -2.30 (95% CI -3.79,-0.80) and -1.47 (95% CI -1.90,-1.05) mg/dL per g/day of PG in the levels of total and LDL-cholesterol, with no significant effects in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerides. CONCLUSIONS PG extract may induce an improvement in blood lipid profile mainly by a reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose Ce Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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Hansen MT, Rømer T, Frandsen J, Larsen S, Dela F, Helge JW. Determination and validation of peak fat oxidation in endurance-trained men using an upper body graded exercise test. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1677-1690. [PMID: 31309617 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peak fat oxidation rate (PFO) and the intensity that elicits PFO (Fatmax ) are commonly determined by a validated graded exercise test (GE) on a cycling ergometer with indirect calorimetry. However, for upper body exercise fat oxidation rates are not well elucidated and no protocol has been validated. Thus, our aim was to test validity and inter-method reliability for determination of PFO and Fatmax in trained men using a GE protocol applying double poling on a ski-ergometer. PFO and Fatmax were assessed during two identical GE tests (GE1 and GE2) and validated against separated short continuous exercise bouts (SCE) at 35%, 50%, and 65% of V̇O2peak on the ski-ergometer in 10 endurance-trained men (V̇O2peak : 65.1 ± 1.0 mL·min-1 ·kg-1 , mean ± SEM). Between GE tests no differences were found in PFO (GE1: 0.42 ± 0.03; GE2: 0.45 ± 0.03 g·min-1 , P = .256) or Fatmax (GE1: 41 ± 2%; GE2: 43 ± 3% of V̇O2peak , P = .457) and the intra-individual coefficient of variation (CV) was 8 ± 2% and 11 ± 2% for PFO and Fatmax , respectively. Between GE and SCE tests, PFO (GEavg : 0.44 ± 0.03; SCE; 0.47 ± 0.06 g·min-1 , P = .510) was not different, whereas a difference in Fatmax (GEavg : 42 ± 2%; SCE: 52 ± 4% of V̇O2peak , P = .030) was observed with a CV of 17 ± 4% and 15 ± 4% for PFO and Fatmax , respectively. In conclusion, GE has a high day-to-day reliability in determination of PFO and Fatmax in trained men, whereas it is unclear if PFO and Fatmax determined by GE reflect continuous exercise in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Thunestvedt Hansen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tue Rømer
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Frandsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sanchez-Delgado G, Alcantara JM, Martinez-Tellez B, Acosta FM, Helge JW, Ruiz JR. Impact of data analysis methods for maximal fat oxidation estimation during exercise in sedentary adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1230-1239. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1595160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Departament of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Juan M.A. Alcantara
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
- Department of Medicine, division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Francisco M. Acosta
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada
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12
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Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Edinburgh RM, Betts JA, Stokes KA, Gonzalez JT. Evaluation of a graded exercise test to determine peak fat oxidation in individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1288-1297. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The maximal capacity to utilise fat (peak fat oxidation, PFO) may have implications for health and ultra-endurance performance and is commonly determined by incremental exercise tests employing 3-min stages. However, 3-min stages may be insufficient to attain steady-state gas kinetics, compromising test validity. We assessed whether 4-min stages produce steady-state gas exchange and reliable PFO estimates in adults with peak oxygen consumption < 40 mL·kg−1·min−1. Fifteen participants (9 females) completed a graded test to determine PFO and the intensity at which this occurred (FATMAX). Three short continuous exercise sessions (SCE) were then completed in a randomised order, involving completion of the graded test to the stage (i) preceding, (ii) equal to (SCEequal), or (iii) after the stage at which PFO was previously attained, whereupon participants then continued to cycle for 10 min at that respective intensity. Expired gases were sampled at minutes 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10. Individual data showed steady-state gas exchange was achieved within 4 min during SCEequal. Mean fat oxidation rates were not different across time within SCEequal nor compared with the graded test at FATMAX (both p > 0.05). However, the graded test displayed poor surrogate validity (SCEequal, minutes 3–4 vs. 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10) and day-to-day reliability (minutes 3–4, SCEequal vs. graded test) to determine PFO, as evident by correlations (range: 0.47–0.83) and typical errors and 95% limits of agreement (ranges: 0.03–0.05 and ±0.09–0.15 g·min−1, respectively). In conclusion, intraindividual variation in PFO is substantial despite 4-min stages establishing steady-state gas exchange in individuals with low fitness. Individual assessment of PFO may require multiple assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Robert M. Edinburgh
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - James A. Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Keith A. Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Javier T. Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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13
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Maunder E, Plews DJ, Kilding AE. Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values. Front Physiol 2018; 9:599. [PMID: 29875697 PMCID: PMC5974542 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a short-duration step protocol and continuous indirect calorimetry, whole-body rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation can be estimated across a range of exercise workloads, along with the individual maximal rate of fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity at which MFO occurs (Fatmax). These variables appear to have implications both in sport and health contexts. After discussion of the key determinants of MFO and Fatmax that must be considered during laboratory measurement, the present review sought to synthesize existing data in order to contextualize individually measured fat oxidation values. Data collected in homogenous cohorts on cycle ergometers after an overnight fast was synthesized to produce normative values in given subject populations. These normative values might be used to contextualize individual measurements and define research cohorts according their capacity for fat oxidation during exercise. Pertinent directions for future research were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Ishihara K, Taniguchi H. Fat max as an index of aerobic exercise performance in mice during uphill running. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193470. [PMID: 29474428 PMCID: PMC5825145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise performance has been used as a representative index in experimental animal models in the field of health sciences, exercise physiology, comparative physiology, food function or nutritional physiology. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Fatmax (the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation) as an additional index of endurance exercise performance that can be measured during running at submaximal exercise intensity in mice. We measured both Fatmax and Vo2 peak of trained ICR mice that voluntary exercised for 8 weeks and compared them with a sedentary group of mice at multiple inclinations of 20, 30, 40, and 50° on a treadmill. The Vo2 at Fatmax of the training group was significantly higher than that of the sedentary group at inclinations of 30 and 40° (P < 0.001). The running speed at Fatmax of the training group was significantly higher than that of the sedentary group at inclinations of 20, 30, and 40° (P < 0.05). Blood lactate levels sharply increased in the sedentary group (7.33 ± 2.58 mM) compared to the training group (3.13 ± 1.00 mM, P < 0.01) when running speeds exceeded the Fatmax of sedentary mice. Vo2 at Fatmax significantly correlated to Vo2 peak, running time to fatigue, and lactic acid level during running (P < 0.05) although the reproducibility of Vo2 peak was higher than that of Vo2 at Fatmax. In conclusion, Fatmax can be used as a functional assessment of the endurance exercise performance of mice during submaximal exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Changes in fat oxidation in response to various regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:51-63. [PMID: 29124325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased whole-body fat oxidation (FOx) has been consistently demonstrated in response to moderate intensity continuous exercise training. Completion of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and its more intense form, sprint interval training (SIT), has also been reported to increase FOx in different populations. An explanation for this increase in FOx is primarily peripheral adaptations via improvements in mitochondrial content and function. However, studies examining changes in FOx are less common in response to HIIT or SIT than those determining increases in maximal oxygen uptake which is concerning, considering that FOx has been identified as a predictor of weight gain and glycemic control. In this review, we explored physiological and methodological issues underpinning existing literature concerning changes in FOx in response to HIIT and SIT. Our results show that completion of interval training increases FOx in approximately 50% of studies, with the frequency of increased FOx higher in response to studies using HIIT compared to SIT. Significant increases in β-HAD, citrate synthase, fatty acid binding protein, or FAT/CD36 are likely responsible for the greater FOx seen in these studies. We encourage scientists to adopt strict methodological procedures to attenuate day-to-day variability in FOx, which is dramatic, and develop standardized procedures for assessing FOx, which may improve detection of changes in FOx in response to HIIT.
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16
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Dandanell S, Præst CB, Søndergård SD, Skovborg C, Dela F, Larsen S, Helge JW. Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation in individuals with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:405-412. [PMID: 28177732 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (FatMax) are commonly determined by indirect calorimetry during graded exercise tests in both obese and normal-weight individuals. However, no protocol has been validated in individuals with obesity. Thus, the aims were to develop a graded exercise protocol for determination of FatMax in individuals with obesity, and to test validity and inter-method reliability. Fat oxidation was assessed over a range of exercise intensities in 16 individuals (age: 28 (26-29) years; body mass index: 36 (35-38) kg·m-2; 95% confidence interval) on a cycle ergometer. The graded exercise protocol was validated against a short continuous exercise (SCE) protocol, in which FatMax was determined from fat oxidation at rest and during 10 min of continuous exercise at 35%, 50%, and 65% of maximal oxygen uptake. Intraclass and Pearson correlation coefficients between the protocols were 0.75 and 0.72 and within-subject coefficient of variation (CV) was 5 (3-7)%. A Bland-Altman plot revealed a bias of -3% points of maximal oxygen uptake (limits of agreement: -12 to 7). A tendency towards a systematic difference (p = 0.06) was observed, where FatMax occurred at 42 (40-44)% and 45 (43-47)% of maximal oxygen uptake with the graded and the SCE protocol, respectively. In conclusion, there was a high-excellent correlation and a low CV between the 2 protocols, suggesting that the graded exercise protocol has a high inter-method reliability. However, considerable intra-individual variation and a trend towards systematic difference between the protocols reveal that further optimization of the graded exercise protocol is needed to improve validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Dandanell
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- b Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Boslev Præst
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- b Department for Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Metropolitan University College, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Dam Søndergård
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Camilla Skovborg
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
- c Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- a Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Xlab, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Denmark
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17
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Astorino TA, Edmunds RM, Clark A, Gallant R, King L, Ordille GM, Heath B, Montell M, Bandong J. Change in maximal fat oxidation in response to different regimes of periodized high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:745-755. [PMID: 28251399 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased capacity for fat oxidation (FatOx) is demonstrated in response to chronic endurance training as well as high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study examined changes in maximal fat oxidation (MFO) in response to 20 sessions of periodized HIIT in an attempt to identify if various regimes of HIIT similarly augment capacity for FatOx. METHODS Thirty-nine habitually active men and women (mean age and VO2max = 22.5 ± 4.4 year and 40.0 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min) completed training and 32 men and women with similar physical activity and fitness level served as non-exercising controls (CON). Training consisted of ten sessions of progressive low-volume HIIT on the cycle ergometer after which participants completed an additional ten sessions of sprint interval training (SIT), high-volume HIIT, or periodized HIIT, whose assignment was randomized. Before and throughout training, MFO, FatOx, and carbohydrate oxidation (CHOOx) were assessed during progressive cycling to exhaustion. RESULTS Compared to CON, there was no effect of HIIT on MFO (p = 0.11). Small increases (p = 0.03) in FatOx were evident in response to HIIT leading to an additional 4.3 g of fat oxidized, although this value may not be clinically meaningful. CONCLUSIONS Our results refute the widely reported increases in capacity for FatOx demonstrated with HIIT, which is likely due to marked day-to-day variability in determinations of MFO and exercise fat oxidation as well as the heterogeneity of our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA.
| | - Ross M Edmunds
- Department of Physical Therapy, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Amy Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Rachael Gallant
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Leesa King
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Gina M Ordille
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Brendyn Heath
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Montell
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Jason Bandong
- Department of Kinesiology, CSU-San Marcos, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, USA
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