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Czaja-Stolc S, Chatrenet A, Potrykus M, Ruszkowski J, Torreggiani M, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Dębska-Ślizień A, Piccoli GB, Małgorzewicz S. Adipokines and Myokines as Markers of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Patients Receiving Kidney Replacement Therapy: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2480. [PMID: 39125361 PMCID: PMC11314363 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to an elevated risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia, contributing to the intricate network of CKD-related metabolic disorders. Adipokines and myokines are markers and effectors of sarcopenia and nutritional status. The aim of this study was to assess whether the adipokine-myokine signature in patients on kidney replacement therapy could help identify malnutrition and sarcopenia. The study involved three groups: 84 hemodialysis (HD) patients, 44 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and 52 kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Mean age was 56.1 ± 16.3 years. Malnutrition was defined using the 7-Point Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and the Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS). Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on reduced handgrip strength (HGS) and diminished muscle mass. Concentrations of adipokines and myokines were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 32.8% of all study participants were identified as malnourished and 20.6% had sarcopenia. For malnutrition, assessed using the 7-Point SGA, in ROC analysis albumin (area under the curve (AUC) 0.67 was the best single biomarker identified. In dialysis patients, myostatin (AUC 0.79) and IL-6 (AUC 0.67) had a high discrimination value for sarcopenia, and we were able to develop a prediction model for sarcopenia, including age, albumin, adiponectin, and myostatin levels, with an AUC of 0.806 (95% CI: 0.721-0.891). Adipokines and myokines appear to be useful laboratory markers for assessing malnutrition and sarcopenia. The formula we propose could contribute to a better understanding of sarcopenia and potentially lead to more effective interventions and management strategies for dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Czaja-Stolc
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.C.-S.); (S.M.)
| | - Antoine Chatrenet
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France; (A.C.); (M.T.); (G.B.P.)
- APCoSS—Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IFEPSA), UCO, 49136 Angers, France
| | - Marta Potrykus
- Department of Oncological, Transplant, and General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Ruszkowski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.R.); (A.D.-Ś.)
| | - Massimo Torreggiani
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France; (A.C.); (M.T.); (G.B.P.)
| | | | - Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.R.); (A.D.-Ś.)
| | - Giorgina Barbara Piccoli
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, 72037 Le Mans, France; (A.C.); (M.T.); (G.B.P.)
- Department of Nephrology, University of Angers, 49035 Angers, France
| | - Sylwia Małgorzewicz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.C.-S.); (S.M.)
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Hager A, Mazurak V, Noga M, Gilmour SM, Mager DR. Skeletal muscle fibre morphology in childhood-insights into myopenia in pediatric liver disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:730-750. [PMID: 37319441 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
TAKE-HOME MESSAGE Skeletal muscle morphology in healthy children changes with age. Liver disease may preferentially affect type II fibres in adults with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). More research is needed on the effects of ESLD on muscle morphology in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hager
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle Noga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Susan M Gilmour
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition/Transplant Services, The Stollery Children's Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Diana R Mager
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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3
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Processes in Doping System: Quantification Reports in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed martial arts (MMA) has always been surrounded by controversy due to the unusual muscle development of its participants, so it is crucial to know the strategies that have been implemented to reduce doping cases. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the various cases of doping detected by USADA in UFC MMA participants. In addition, strategies that are being developed to reduce cases of positive doping are proposed. From the UFC USADA database, doping cases were extracted, obtaining the substance or substances involved; the formula, physiological effect and the athletes involved; the dates of the sampling; if it was out of competition or in-competition and the sanction time. The substances that were most involved were found to be Ostarine (22), Clomiphene (9), Diuretics (10) and Stanozolol (9). Some sanctions were diminished because they were treated with contamination of supplements (cases of Ostarine) and cases of contamination of meat (Clomiphene). When contaminated supplements were reported, they were added to the list of high-risk supplements maintained as part of USADA’s online dietary supplement safety education and awareness resource—Supplement 411. There were also cases in which positive doping could be avoided through the early report of therapeutic use exemptions. The methodology that the USADA has implemented allows us to register the athletes with positive doping, check the risk of the supplements before being bought and provide a teaching portal. These efforts are necessary to implement in all countries in which MMA is practiced, avoiding the participation of doped martial artists.
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Kruszewski M, Aksenov MO. Association of Myostatin Gene Polymorphisms with Strength and Muscle Mass in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the MSTN rs1805086 Mutation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2055. [PMID: 36360291 PMCID: PMC9690375 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism (rs1805086), c.458A>G, p.Lys(K)153Arg(R), (K153R) of the myostatin gene (MSTN) has been associated with a skeletal muscle phenotype (hypertrophic response in muscles due to strength training). However, there are not enough reliable data to demonstrate whether MSTN rs1805086 K and R allelic variants are valid genetic factors that can affect the strength phenotype of athletes' skeletal muscles. The aim is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of MSTN rs1805086 polymorphism with the strength phenotype of athletes. This study analyzed 71 research articles on MSTN and performed a meta-analysis of MSTN K153R rs1805086 polymorphism in strength-oriented athletes and a control (non-athletes) group. It was found that athletes in the strength-oriented athlete group had a higher frequency of the R minor variant than that in the control group (OR = 2.02, P = 0.05). Thus, the obtained results convincingly demonstrate that there is an association between the studied polymorphism and strength phenotype of athletes; therefore, further studies on this association are scientifically warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kruszewski
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Individual Sports, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maksim Olegovich Aksenov
- Academic Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Physical Education Theory, Faculty of Physical Training, Sport and Tourism, Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude 670000, Russia
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Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J, Mazur J, Klemarczyk W, Rowicka G, Ołtarzewski M, Strucińska M, Chełchowska M. Does a Vegetarian Diet Affect the Levels of Myokine and Adipokine in Prepubertal Children? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173995. [PMID: 34501443 PMCID: PMC8432473 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myokines are cytokines secreted by muscle and exert autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. Myokines mediate communication between muscle and other organs, including adipose tissue. The aim of the study was to assess serum myokines and their relationships with adipokines and anthropometric and nutritional parameters in children following vegetarian and omnivorous diets. One hundred and five prepubertal children were examined. Among them there were 55 children on a vegetarian diet and 50 children on an omnivorous diet. Concentrations of myokines (myostatin, irisin) and adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, omentin, visfatin) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We observed comparable median values of serum myokines and adipokines (except of leptin concentration) in both of the studied groups of children. We also found several correlations between myokine and adipokine levels and certain nutritional parameters. Serum myostatin was positively correlated with omentin levels in vegetarians and omnivores (p = 0.002). Serum irisin was positively associated with omentin (p = 0.045) levels in omnivores and inversely with visfatin concentration (p = 0.037) in vegetarians. Myostatin concentration was negatively correlated with the percentage of energy from protein (p = 0.014), calcium (p = 0.046), and vitamin A (p = 0.028) intakes in vegetarians and with dietary vitamin C (p = 0.041) and vitamin E (p = 0.021) intakes in omnivores. In multivariate regression analyses, positive correlations of serum myostatin with omentin levels were revealed in both study groups (β = 0.437, p < 0.001 for vegetarians; and β = 0.359, p = 0.001 for omnivores). Consuming a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet did not influence serum levels of myokines (myostatin, irisin) and adipokines such as adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin in prepubertal children. However, leptin levels were significantly lower in vegetarians compared with omnivores. The observed significant positive correlations between myostatin and omentin concentrations might suggest tissue cross-talk between skeletal muscle and fat tissue. Further studies, carried out in a larger group of children following different dietary patterns, could be important to fully understand the relations between muscle, adipose tissues, and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (M.O.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-3277-260; Fax: +48-22-3277-161
| | - Joanna Gajewska
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (M.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Joanna Mazur
- Department of Humanization in Medicine and Sexology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-726 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Witold Klemarczyk
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (G.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Grażyna Rowicka
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (G.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariusz Ołtarzewski
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (M.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Małgorzata Strucińska
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (W.K.); (G.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Magdalena Chełchowska
- Department of Screening Tests and Metabolic Diagnostics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (M.O.); (M.C.)
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von Palffy S, Landberg N, Sandén C, Zacharaki D, Shah M, Nakamichi N, Hansen N, Askmyr M, Lilljebjörn H, Rissler M, Karlsson C, Scheding S, Richter J, Eaves CJ, Bhatia R, Järås M, Fioretos T. A high-content cytokine screen identifies myostatin propeptide as a positive regulator of primitive chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Haematologica 2020; 105:2095-2104. [PMID: 31582541 PMCID: PMC7395258 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.220434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly expressed cytokines in the bone marrow (BM) niche are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of survival and expansion of leukemic stem cells. To identify regulators of primitive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, we performed a high-content cytokine screen using primary CD34+ CD38low chronic phase CML cells. Out of the 313 unique human cytokines evaluated, 11 were found to expand cell numbers ≥2-fold in a 7-day culture. Focusing on novel positive regulators of primitive CML cells, the myostatin antagonist myostatin propeptide gave the largest increase in cell expansion and was chosen for further studies. Herein, we demonstrate that myostatin propeptide expands primitive CML and normal BM cells, as shown by increased colony-forming capacity. For primary CML samples, retention of CD34-expression was also seen after culture. Furthermore, we show expression of MSTN by CML mesenchymal stromal cells, and that myostatin propeptide has a direct and instant effect on CML cells, independent of myostatin, by demonstrating binding of myostatin propeptide to the cell surface and increased phosphorylation of STAT5 and SMAD2/3. In summary, we identify myostatin propeptide as a novel positive regulator of primitive CML cells and corresponding normal hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia von Palffy
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Landberg
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Sandén
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Zacharaki
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mansi Shah
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Naoto Nakamichi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nils Hansen
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Askmyr
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lilljebjörn
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne Rissler
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Scheding
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Richter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marcus Järås
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abe T, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Loenneke JP. Why is low body fat rarely seen in large-sized male athletes? Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23399. [PMID: 32022361 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unknown why low body fat is rarely seen in large-sized athletes (>100 kg body mass). The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between body mass and body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) in elite male athletes, and to discuss the possible reasons why low body fat is rarely seen in large-sized male athletes. METHODS A search using two electronic databases was conducted. Eighteen studies estimated body composition in elite athletes by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, totaling 2249 elite male athletes and 72 data points. RESULTS Our results indicated that low body fat (eg, less than 10% body fat) was rarely seen in large-sized male athletes over 100 kg body mass. The larger the body mass, the higher the fat-free mass, with fat-free mass leveling off when body mass exceeds approximately 120 kg. CONCLUSION Possible reasons for this are unknown but we provide some ideas for why this might occur. The two different stages to consider with respect to skeletal muscle growth: the amount of growth during development and the amount of growth as a result of long-term resistance training. In certain sporting events, a large body mass may be favored. However, the large-sized athletes have to balance any potential positive influence of body mass on sports performance with the potential negative factors associated with body fat accumulation. Further research is warranted, as there is currently limited evidence on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
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Toloza FJK, Mantilla-Rivas JO, Pérez-Matos MC, Ricardo-Silgado ML, Morales-Alvarez MC, Pinzón-Cortés JA, Pérez-Mayorga M, Arévalo-Garcia ML, Tolosa-González G, Mendivil CO. Plasma Levels of Myonectin But Not Myostatin or Fibroblast-Derived Growth Factor 21 Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in Adult Humans without Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29445355 PMCID: PMC5797732 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myokines are a group of protein mediators produced by skeletal muscle under stress or physical exertion. Even though their discovery and effects in cell culture and animal models of disease have elicited great enthusiasm, very little is known about their role in human metabolism. We assessed whether plasma concentrations of three known myokines [myonectin, myostatin, and fibroblast-derived growth factor 21 (FGF-21)] would be associated with direct and indirect indicators of insulin resistance (IR) in individuals who did not have a diagnosis of diabetes. METHODS We studied 81 adults of both sexes comprising a wide range of body adiposity and insulin sensitivity. All participants underwent a thorough clinical assessment and a 5-point oral glucose tolerance test with calculation of multiple IR and insulin sensitivity indices. Twenty-one of them additionally underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with determination of steady-state whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose disposal ("M"). We compared plasma myokine concentrations across quartiles of IR indices and clinical IR surrogates, and explored the correlation of each myokine with the M-value. RESULTS Plasma myonectin levels increased monotonically across quartiles of the incremental area under the insulin curve (higher values indicate more IR) (p-trend = 0.021) and decreased monotonically across quartiles of the insulin sensitivity index (ISI - higher values indicate less IR) (p-trend = 0.012). After multivariate adjustment for other relevant determinants of IR (body mass index, age, and sex), the negative association of myonectin with ISI persisted (standardized beta = -0.235, p = 0.023). Myostatin was not associated with any clinical IR indicator or direct IR index measure. In multivariate analyses, FGF-21 showed a trend toward a positive correlation with glucose disposal that did not reach statistical significance (standardized beta = 0.476, p = 0.091). CONCLUSION The secretion of myonectin may constitute an attempt at a compensatory mechanism against IR in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy J. K. Toloza
- Diabetes, Lipids and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jose O. Mantilla-Rivas
- Diabetes, Lipids and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria C. Pérez-Matos
- Diabetes, Lipids and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria L. Ricardo-Silgado
- Diabetes, Lipids and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha C. Morales-Alvarez
- Diabetes, Lipids and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo A. Pinzón-Cortés
- Diabetes, Lipids and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maritza Pérez-Mayorga
- Molecular Epidemiology of Endocrine Diseases Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Carlos O. Mendivil
- Diabetes, Lipids and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Section of Endocrinology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Carlos O. Mendivil, ,
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9
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:9-27. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
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