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Yoo C, Xing D, Gonzalez DE, Jenkins V, Nottingham K, Dickerson B, Leonard M, Ko J, Lewis MH, Faries M, Kephart W, Purpura M, Jäger R, Wells SD, Liao K, Sowinski R, Rasmussen CJ, Kreider RB. Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2352779. [PMID: 38725238 PMCID: PMC11089923 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2352779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Intense exercise promotes fatigue and can impair cognitive function, particularly toward the end of competition when decision-making is often critical for success. For this reason, athletes often ingest caffeinated energy drinks prior to or during exercise to help them maintain focus, reaction time, and cognitive function during competition. However, caffeine habituation and genetic sensitivity to caffeine (CA) limit efficacy. Paraxanthine (PX) is a metabolite of caffeine reported to possess nootropic properties. This study examined whether ingestion of PX with and without CA affects pre- or post-exercise cognitive function. METHODS 12 trained runners were randomly assigned to consume in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner 400 mg of a placebo (PL); 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of CA; 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of PX (ENFINITY®, Ingenious Ingredients); or 200 mg PX + 200 mg of CA (PX+CA) with a 7-14-day washout between treatments. Participants donated fasting blood samples and completed pre-supplementation (PRE) side effects questionnaires, the Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test (PVTT). Participants then ingested the assigned treatment and rested for 60 minutes, repeated tests (PRE-EX), performed a 10-km run on a treadmill at a competition pace, and then repeated tests (POST-EX). Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS BCST correct responses in the PX treatment increased from PRE-EX to POST-EX (6.8% [1.5, 12.1], p = 0.012). The error rate in the PL (23.5 [-2.8, 49.8] %, p = 0.078) and CA treatment (31.5 [5.2, 57.8] %, p = 0.02) increased from PRE-EX values with POST-EX errors tending to be lower with PX treatment compared to CA (-35.7 [-72.9, 1.4] %, p = 0.059). POST-EX perseverative errors with PAR rules were significantly lower with PX treatment than with CA (-26.9 [-50.5, -3.4] %, p = 0.026). Vigilance analysis revealed a significant interaction effect in Trial #2 mean reaction time values (p = 0.049, η p 2 = 0.134, moderate to large effect) with POST-EX reaction times tending to be faster with PX and CA treatment. POST-EX mean reaction time of all trials with PX treatment was significantly faster than PL (-23.2 [-43.4, -2.4] %, p = 0.029) and PX+CA (-29.6 [-50.3, -8.80] %, p = 0.006) treatments. There was no evidence that PX ingestion adversely affected ratings of side effects associated with stimulant intake or clinical blood markers. CONCLUSIONS Results provide some evidence that pre-exercise PX ingestion improves prefrontal cortex function, attenuates attentional decline, mitigates cognitive fatigue, and improves reaction time and vigilance. Adding CA to PX did not provide additional benefits. Therefore, PX ingestion may serve as a nootropic alternative to CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongsung Yoo
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dante Xing
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Victoria Jenkins
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kay Nottingham
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Broderick Dickerson
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan Leonard
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joungbo Ko
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan H. Lewis
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mark Faries
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wesley Kephart
- University of Wisconsin – Whitewater, Department of Kinesiology, Whitewater, WI, USA
| | - Martin Purpura
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Ingenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Ingenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USA
| | | | - Kylin Liao
- Ingenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Sowinski
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rasmussen
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Presti N, Rideout TC, Temple JL, Bratta B, Hostler D. Recovery after Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Subjects Following a Vegetarian or Mixed Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:2711. [PMID: 39203847 PMCID: PMC11356960 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
It is unclear if following a vegetarian diet affects muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Sixteen vegetarians (VEG) and sixteen mixed dieters (MIX) performed a vertical jump, quadriceps femoris maximal isometric, and isokinetic concentric strength tests prior to and five days following the EIMD protocol. The quadriceps muscle was injured by performing eccentric contractions. Diet: MIX consumed more g/kg of animal protein (p < 0.001) and EAA (p < 0.05) except for isoleucine. VEG consumed more plant protein (p = 0.001). Isometric strength: MIX recovered post-day 2, VEG recovered post-day 4 (group (p = 0.07), time (p < 0.001)). Concentric contractions at 60 degrees per second: Both recovered post-day 1 (group (p = 0.27), time (p = 0.05)); 180 degrees per second: MIX recovered post-day 2, VEG recovered post-day 5 (group (p = 0.10), time (p < 0.001)); and 240 degrees per second: MIX recovered post-day 1, VEG did not recover by post-day 5 (group (p = 0.01), time (p < 0.001)). Vertical jump: Both recovered post-day 3 (group (p = 0.45), time (p < 0.001)). MIX recovered isometric strength 2 days faster, concentric strength was up to 5 days faster, and soreness was 1-4 days faster when compared to VEG. Both groups had similar recovery time for power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Presti
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Todd C. Rideout
- Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (T.C.R.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Jennifer L. Temple
- Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (T.C.R.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Brian Bratta
- Athletics Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Exercise and Nutrition Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
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Dickerson B, Maury J, Jenkins V, Nottingham K, Xing D, Gonzalez DE, Leonard M, Kendra J, Ko J, Yoo C, Johnson S, Pradelles R, Purpura M, Jäger R, Sowinski R, Rasmussen CJ, Kreider RB. Effects of Supplementation with Microalgae Extract from Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Mi136) to Support Benefits from a Weight Management Intervention in Overweight Women. Nutrients 2024; 16:990. [PMID: 38613023 PMCID: PMC11013338 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae like Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) contain the carotenoid, fucoxanthin, which has been purported to promote fat loss, lower blood lipids, and improve glucose management. This study examined whether dietary supplementation with microalgae extracts from PT containing 4.4 mg/d of fucoxanthin affects changes in body composition or health markers in overweight women during an exercise and diet intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 37 females (28.6 ± 7.9 years, 80.2 ± 14.9 kg, 29.6 ± 3.8 kg/m², 41.4 ± 4.2% fat) fasted for 12 h, donated a fasting blood sample, completed health and mood state inventories, and undertook body composition, health, and exercise assessments. In a counterbalanced, randomized, and double-blind manner, participants ingested a placebo (PL), or microalgae extract of Phaeodactylum tricornutum standardized to 4.4 mg of fucoxanthin (FX) for 12 weeks while participating in a supervised exercise program that included resistance-training and walking (3 days/week) with encouragement to accumulate 10,000 steps/day on remaining days of the week. The diet intervention involved reducing energy intake by about -300 kcal/d (i.e., ≈1400-1600 kcals/d, 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein) to promote a -500 kcal/d energy deficit with exercise. Follow-up testing was performed at 6 and 12 weeks. A general linear model (GLM) with repeated measures statistical analysis was used to analyze group responses and changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Dietary supplementation with microalgae extract from PT containing fucoxanthin for 12 weeks did not promote additional weight loss or fat loss in overweight but otherwise healthy females initiating an exercise and diet intervention designed to promote modest weight loss. However, fucoxanthin supplementation preserved bone mass, increased bone density, and saw greater improvements in walking steps/day, resting heart rate, aerobic capacity, blood lipid profiles, adherence to diet goals, functional activity tolerance, and measures of quality of life. Consequently, there appears to be some benefit to supplementing microalgae extract from PT containing fucoxanthin during a diet and exercise program. Registered clinical trial #NCT04761406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broderick Dickerson
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Jonathan Maury
- Research & Development Department, Microphyt, 34670 Baillargues, France; (J.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Victoria Jenkins
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Kay Nottingham
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Dante Xing
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Megan Leonard
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Jacob Kendra
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Joungbo Ko
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Choongsung Yoo
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Rémi Pradelles
- Research & Development Department, Microphyt, 34670 Baillargues, France; (J.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Martin Purpura
- Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217, USA; (M.P.); (R.J.)
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217, USA; (M.P.); (R.J.)
| | - Ryan Sowinski
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Christopher J. Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (B.D.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (D.X.); (D.E.G.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (J.K.); (C.Y.); (S.J.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
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Leonard M, Maury J, Dickerson B, Gonzalez DE, Kendra J, Jenkins V, Nottingham K, Yoo C, Xing D, Ko J, Pradelles R, Faries M, Kephart W, Sowinski R, Rasmussen CJ, Kreider RB. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of a Microalgae Extract Containing Fucoxanthin Combined with Guarana on Cognitive Function and Gaming Performance. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081918. [PMID: 37111136 PMCID: PMC10142384 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esports competitive gaming requires selective visual attention, memory, quick judgment, and an ability to sustain psychomotor performance over time. Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid, found in specific microalgae varieties such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), that has been purported to possess nootropic and neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated whether acute and 30-day supplementation of an extract of PT from microalgae combined with guarana (a natural source of caffeine) affects cognitive function in gamers. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner, 61 experienced gamers (21.7 ± 4.1 years, 73 ± 13 kg) were randomly assigned to ingest a placebo (PL), a low-dose (LD) supplement containing 440 mg of PT extract including 1% fucoxanthin +500 mg of guarana containing 40-44 mg caffeine (MicroPhyt™, Microphyt, Baillargues, FR), or a high-dose (HD) supplement containing 880 mg of PT extract +500 mg of guarana for 30 days. At baseline, cognitive function tests were administered before supplementation, 15 min post-supplementation, and after 60 min of competitive gameplay with participants' most played video game. Participants continued supplementation for 30 days and then repeated pre-supplementation and post-gaming cognitive function tests. General linear model univariate analyses with repeated measures and changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals were used to analyze data. RESULTS There was some evidence that acute and 30-day ingestion of the PT extract from microalgae with guarana improved reaction times, reasoning, learning, executive control, attention shifting (cognitive flexibility), and impulsiveness. While some effects were seen after acute ingestion, the greatest impact appeared after 30 days of supplementation, with some benefits seen in the LD and HD groups. Moreover, there was evidence that both doses of the PT extract from microalgae with guarana may support mood state after acute and 30-day supplementation. Registered clinical trial #NCT04851899.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Leonard
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan Maury
- Microphyt, Research & Development Department, 34670 Baillargues, France
| | - Broderick Dickerson
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Drew E Gonzalez
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jacob Kendra
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Victoria Jenkins
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kay Nottingham
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Choongsung Yoo
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dante Xing
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joungbo Ko
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rémi Pradelles
- Microphyt, Research & Development Department, 34670 Baillargues, France
| | - Mark Faries
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wesley Kephart
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Ryan Sowinski
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christopher J Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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The impact of dietary protein supplementation on recovery from resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022:10.1038/s41430-022-01250-y. [PMID: 36513777 PMCID: PMC10393778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether dietary protein consumption can attenuate resistance exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Managing EIMD may accelerate muscle recovery and allow frequent, high-quality exercise to promote muscle adaptations. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of peri-exercise protein supplementation on resistance EIMD. METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science up to March 2021 for relevant articles. PEDro criteria were used to assess bias within included studies. A Hedges' g effect size (ES) was calculated for indirect markers of EIMD at h post-exercise. Weighted ESs were included in a random effects model to determine overall ESs over time. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included in the systematic review and 40 trials were included in ≥1 meta-analyses (16 total). There were significant overall effects of protein for preserving isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 96 h (0.563 [0.232, 0.894]) and isokinetic MVC at 24 h (0.639 [0.116, 1.162]), 48 h (0.447 [0.104, 0.790]), and 72 h (0.569 [0.136, 1.002]). Overall ESs were large in favour of protein for attenuating creatine kinase concentration at 48 h (0.836 [-0.001, 1.673]) and 72 h (1.335 [0.294, 2.376]). Protein supplementation had no effect on muscle soreness compared with the control. CONCLUSION Peri-exercise protein consumption could help maintain maximal strength and lower creatine kinase concentration following resistance exercise but not reduce muscle soreness. Conflicting data may be due to methodological divergencies between studies. Standardised methods and data reporting for EIMD research are needed.
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Gonçalves AC, Gaspar D, Flores-Félix JD, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR. Effects of Functional Phenolics Dietary Supplementation on Athletes' Performance and Recovery: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4652. [PMID: 35563043 PMCID: PMC9102074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify micronutrients or nutritional strategies capable of preventing, or at least, attenuating, exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress, and improving athlete performance. The reason is that most exercises induce various changes in mitochondria and cellular cytosol that lead to the generation of reactive species and free radicals whose accumulation can be harmful to human health. Among them, supplementation with phenolic compounds seems to be a promising approach since their chemical structure, composed of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups, gives them remarkable health-promoting properties, such as the ability to suppress inflammatory processes, counteract oxidative damage, boost the immune system, and thus, reduce muscle soreness and accelerate recovery. Phenolic compounds have also already been shown to be effective in improving temporal performance and reducing psychological stress and fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the effects of dietary phenolics on physical performance and recovery in athletes and sports practitioners. Overall, the reports show that phenolics exert important benefits on exercise-induced muscle damage as well as play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Dário Gaspar
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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Wang L, Cheng R, Sun X, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Gao Y, Ding Z, Ge W, Liu J, Wang S, Zhang J. Safety assessment of functional oligooctasaccharide riclinoctaose: A pilot study of genotoxicity, acute toxicity, and subchronic toxicity. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1306-1318. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xiaqing Sun
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yan Gao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Zhao Ding
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Wenhao Ge
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Junhao Liu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Shiming Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Nanjing 210094 China
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8
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The Effects of Dietary Protein Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review of Human Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010013. [PMID: 35052517 PMCID: PMC8773319 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review examined the effects of whole protein and commonly consumed amino acid supplements on markers of exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress and was reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception until June 2021. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials in humans, healthy adult participants (≥18 years), dietary protein/amino acid interventions, and measurements of oxidative stress/the redox status or inflammation post-exercise. The Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias 2 tool was used to critically appraise the studies. Data extracted from thirty-four studies were included in the systematic review (totaling 757 participants with only 10 females; age range 19–40 years). The included trials examined five types of whole protein and seven different amino acids supplements; most studies (n = 20) failed to identify statistically significant effects on markers of inflammation or oxidative stress after exercise; some (n = 14) showed either anti-inflammatory or antioxidant effects on some, but not all, markers. In conclusion, we found weak and inconsistent evidence that dietary protein/amino acid interventions can modify exercise-induced changes in oxidative stress and inflammation. However, given that these were not the primary outcomes in many of the included studies and many had design limitations, further research is warranted (Open Science Framework registration number: 10.17605/OSF.IO/AGUR2).
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9
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Dose-Response of Paraxanthine on Cognitive Function: A Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124478. [PMID: 34960030 PMCID: PMC8708375 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraxanthine (PXN) is a metabolite of caffeine that has recently been reported to enhance cognition at a dose of 200 mg. Objective: To determine the acute and short-term (7-day) effects of varying doses of PXN on cognitive function and side effects. Methods: In a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and counterbalanced manner, 12 healthy male and female volunteers (22.7 ± 4 years, 165 ± 7 cm, 66.5 ± 11 kg, 24.4 ± 3 kg/m2) ingested 200 mg of a placebo (PLA), 50 mg of PXN (ENFINITY™, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P.) + 150 mg PLA, 100 mg PXN + 100 mg PLA, or 200 mg of PXN. With each treatment experiment, participants completed side effect questionnaires and donated a fasting blood sample. Participants then performed a series of tests assessing cognition, executive function, memory, and reaction time. Participants then ingested one capsule of PLA or PXN treatments. Participants then completed side effects and cognitive function tests after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h of treatment ingestion. Participants continued ingesting one dose of the assigned treatment daily for 6-days and returned to the lab on day 7 to donate a fasting blood sample, assess side effects, and perform cognitive function tests. Participants repeated the experiment while ingesting remaining treatments in a counterbalanced manner after at least a 7-day washout period until all treatments were assessed. Results: The Sternberg Task Test (STT) 4-Letter Length Present Reaction Time tended to differ among groups (p = 0.06). Assessment of mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s revealed several significant differences among treatments in Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Correct Responses, Preservative Errors (PEBL), and Preservative Errors (PAR Rules). There was also evidence of significant differences among treatments in the Go/No-Go Task tests in Mean Accuracy as well as several time points of increasing complexity among STT variables. Finally, there was evidence from Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test assessment that response time improved over the series of 20 trials assessed as well as during the 6-h experiment in the PXN treatment. Acute and short-term benefits compared to PLA were seen with each dose studied but more consistent effects appeared to be at 100 mg and 200 mg doses. No significant differences were observed among treatments in clinical chemistry panels or the frequency or severity of reported side effects. Results provide evidence that acute ingestion of 100 mg and 200 mg of PXN may affect some measures of cognition, memory, reasoning, and response time as well as help sustain attention. Additionally, that acute and daily ingestion of PXN for 7 days is not associated with any clinically significant side effects. Conclusions: PXN may serve as an effective nootropic agent at doses as low as 50 mg.
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10
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Effects of Inositol-Enhanced Bonded Arginine Silicate Ingestion on Cognitive and Executive Function in Gamers. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113758. [PMID: 34836014 PMCID: PMC8618773 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol stabilized arginine silicate (ASI) ingestion has been reported to increase nitric oxide levels while inositol (I) has been reported to enhance neurotransmission. The current study examined whether acute ASI + I (Inositol-enhanced bonded arginine silicate) ingestion affects cognitive function in e-sport gamers. In a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled, and crossover trial, 26 healthy male (n = 18) and female (n = 8) experienced gamers (23 ± 5 years, 171 ± 11 cm, 71.1 ± 14 kg, 20.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to consume 1600 mg of ASI + I (nooLVL®, Nutrition 21) or 1600 mg of a maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Prior to testing, participants recorded their diet, refrained from consuming atypical amounts of stimulants and foods high in arginine and nitrates, and fasted for 8 h. During testing sessions, participants completed stimulant sensitivity questionnaires and performed cognitive function tests (i.e., Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting task test, Go/No-Go test, Sternberg Task Test, Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test, Cambridge Brain Sciences Reasoning and Concentration test) and a light reaction test. Participants then ingested treatments in a randomized manner. Fifteen minutes following ingestion, participants repeated tests (Pre-Game). Participants then played their favorite video game for 1-h and repeated the battery of tests (Post-Game). Participants observed a 7–14-day washout period and then replicated the study with the alternative treatment. Data were analyzed by General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures using weight as a covariate, paired t-tests (not adjusted to weight), and mean changes from baseline with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Pairwise comparison revealed that there was a significant improvement in Sternberg Mean Present Reaction Time (ASI + I vs. PLA; p < 0.05). In Post-Game assessments, 4-letter Absent Reaction Time (p < 0.05), 6-letter Present Reaction Time (p < 0.01), 6-letter Absent Reaction Time (p < 0.01), Mean Present Reaction Time (p < 0.02), and Mean Absent Reaction Time (p < 0.03) were improved with ASI + I vs. PLA. There was a non-significant trend in Pre-Game Sternberg 4-letter Present Reaction time in ASI + I vs. PLA (p < 0.07). ASI + I ingestion better maintained changes in Go/No-Go Mean Accuracy and Reaction Time, Psychomotor Vigilance Task Reaction Time, and Cambridge Post-Game Visio-spatial Processing and Planning. Results provide evidence that ASI + I ingestion prior to playing video games may enhance some measures of short-term and working memory, reaction time, reasoning, and concentration in experienced gamers.
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11
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Sowinski RJ, Grubic TJ, Dalton RL, Schlaffer J, Reyes-Elrod AG, Jenkins VM, Williamson S, Rasmussen C, Murano PS, Earnest CP, Kreider RB. An Examination of a Novel Weight Loss Supplement on Anthropometry and Indices of Cardiovascular Disease Risk. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:478-506. [PMID: 32691639 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1786207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether adding Dichrostachys glomerata (DG; 300 mg/d) to thermogenic supplements with (DG + C) and without (DG) caffeine and other nutrients affects weight loss, changes in body composition, and/or markers of health. METHODS Sixty-eight participants (female, 54%) were grouped in a double-blind, parallel, stratified random, placebo-controlled manner to supplement their diet with a placebo, DG, or DG + C for 12 weeks while maintaining their normal diet and physical activity. Diet, physical activity, body weight, body composition, anthropometric measures, resting energy expenditure, fasting blood samples, and questionnaires were obtained at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks and analyzed using general linear models with repeated measures. Data are reported as mean (±SD) and change from baseline (mean, 95% confidence interval) for weeks 4, 8, and 12, respectively, with p values showing changes from baseline. RESULTS DG treatment promoted significant but minor reductions in fat mass (-0.56 [-1.02, -0.14], p = 0.01; -0.63 [-1.23, -0.02], p = 0.04; -0.71 [-1.47, 0.09] kg, p = 0.08) and percent body fat (-0.46 [-0.96, -0.04], p = 0.07; -0.63 [-1.16, -0.10], p = 0.02; -0.78 [-1.45, 0.07] %, p = 0.03). There was some evidence that DG + C increased resting energy expenditure, decreased hunger, increased satiety, and improved sleep quality (diminished in DG + C). No other significant effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of thermogenic supplements containing DG (300 mg/d) with and without caffeine and other nutrients in overweight but otherwise healthy participants who did not alter diet or physical activity promoted clinically insignificant changes in body weight and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Sowinski
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tyler J Grubic
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ryan L Dalton
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Schlaffer
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Aimee G Reyes-Elrod
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Victoria M Jenkins
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Susannah Williamson
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Peter S Murano
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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