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Gkekas I, Vagiona AC, Pechlivanis N, Kastrinaki G, Pliatsika K, Iben S, Xanthopoulos K, Psomopoulos FE, Andrade-Navarro MA, Petrakis S. Intranuclear inclusions of polyQ-expanded ATXN1 sequester RNA molecules. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1280546. [PMID: 38125008 PMCID: PMC10730666 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1280546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion in the ATXN1 gene. It is characterized by the presence of polyglutamine (polyQ) intranuclear inclusion bodies (IIBs) within affected neurons. In order to investigate the impact of polyQ IIBs in SCA1 pathogenesis, we generated a novel protein aggregation model by inducible overexpression of the mutant ATXN1(Q82) isoform in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, we developed a simple and reproducible protocol for the efficient isolation of insoluble IIBs. Biophysical characterization showed that polyQ IIBs are enriched in RNA molecules which were further identified by next-generation sequencing. Finally, a protein interaction network analysis indicated that sequestration of essential RNA transcripts within ATXN1(Q82) IIBs may affect the ribosome resulting in error-prone protein synthesis and global proteome instability. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of SCA1, highlighting the role of polyQ IIBs and their impact on critical cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gkekas
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Pechlivanis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Kastrinaki
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Pliatsika
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sebastian Iben
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotis E. Psomopoulos
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Spyros Petrakis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Manuel MTA, Tayo LL. Navigating the Gene Co-Expression Network and Drug Repurposing Opportunities for Brain Disorders Associated with Neurocognitive Impairment. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1564. [PMID: 38002524 PMCID: PMC10669457 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment refers to a spectrum of disorders characterized by a decline in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and problem-solving, which are often linked to structural or functional abnormalities in the brain. While its exact etiology remains elusive, genetic factors play a pivotal role in disease onset and progression. This study aimed to identify highly correlated gene clusters (modules) and key hub genes shared across neurocognition-impairing diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and glioma. Herein, the microarray datasets AD (GSE5281), HAND (GSE35864), glioma (GSE15824), and PD (GSE7621) were used to perform Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify highly preserved modules across the studied brain diseases. Through gene set enrichment analysis, the shared modules were found to point towards processes including neuronal transcriptional dysregulation, neuroinflammation, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, hallmarks of many neurocognitive disorders. These modules were used in constructing protein-protein interaction networks to identify hub genes shared across the diseases of interest. These hub genes were found to play pivotal roles in processes including protein homeostasis, cell cycle regulation, energy metabolism, and signaling, all associated with brain and CNS diseases, and were explored for their drug repurposing experiments. Drug repurposing based on gene signatures highlighted drugs including Dorzolamide and Oxybuprocaine, which were found to modulate the expression of the hub genes in play and may have therapeutic implications in neurocognitive disorders. While both drugs have traditionally been used for other medical purposes, our study underscores the potential of a combined WGCNA and drug repurposing strategy for searching for new avenues in the simultaneous treatment of different diseases that have similarities in gene co-expression networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Timothy Artuz Manuel
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines;
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
| | - Lemmuel L. Tayo
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines;
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mapúa University, Makati City 1200, Philippines
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3
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Garces A, Martinez B, De La Garza R, Roy D, Vallee KA, Fields JA, Moore DJ, Rodrigo H, Roy U. Differential expression of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) in Alzheimer's disease and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3276. [PMID: 36841839 PMCID: PMC9968324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The United Nations projects that one in every six people will be over the age of 65 by the year 2050. With a rapidly aging population, the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) becomes a major concern. AD is a multifactorial disease that involves neurodegeneration in the brain with mild dementia and deficits in memory and other cognitive domains. Additionally, it has been established that individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) experience a 5 to 10-year accelerated aging and an increased risk of developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Despite a significant amount of clinical evidence pointing towards a potential overlap between neuropathogenic processes in HAND and AD, the underlying epigenetic link between these two diseases is mostly unknown. This study is focused on identifying differentially expressed genes observed in both AD and HAND using linear regression models and a more robust significance analysis of microarray. The results established that the dysregulated type 1 and 2 interferon pathways observed in both AD and HAND contribute to the similar pathologies of these diseases within the brain. The current study identifies the important roles of interferon pathways in AD and HAND, a relationship that may be useful for earlier detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Garces
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Bryan Martinez
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Roberto De La Garza
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Deepa Roy
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Kaylie-Anna Vallee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hansapani Rodrigo
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV), Edinburg, TX, USA.
| | - Upal Roy
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA.
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Johnson SL, Tsou WL, Prifti MV, Harris AL, Todi SV. A survey of protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that influence the polyglutamine diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974167. [PMID: 36187346 PMCID: PMC9515312 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence and aggregation of misfolded proteins has deleterious effects in the nervous system. Among the various diseases caused by misfolded proteins is the family of the polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders. This family comprises nine members, all stemming from the same mutation—the abnormal elongation of a polyQ repeat in nine different proteins—which causes protein misfolding and aggregation, cellular dysfunction and disease. While it is the same type of mutation that causes them, each disease is distinct: it is influenced by regions and domains that surround the polyQ repeat; by proteins with which they interact; and by posttranslational modifications they receive. Here, we overview the role of non-polyQ regions that control the pathogenicity of the expanded polyQ repeat. We begin by introducing each polyQ disease, the genes affected, and the symptoms experienced by patients. Subsequently, we provide a survey of protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that regulate polyQ toxicity. We conclude by discussing shared processes and pathways that bring some of the polyQ diseases together and may serve as common therapeutic entry points for this family of incurable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Matthew V. Prifti
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Autumn L. Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sokol V. Todi,
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Zheng W, Zhang J, Zhou B, Chang H. MiR-322-5p Alleviates Cell Injury and Impairment of Cognitive Function in Vascular Dementia by Targeting TSPAN5. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:282-291. [PMID: 35184431 PMCID: PMC8860938 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As the population ages, the incidence of clinical dementia has been rising around the world. It has been reported that microRNAs act as key diagnostic biomarkers and targets for various neurological conditions, including dementia. MiR-322-5p has been revealed to play an important role in multiple diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of miR-322-5p in vascular dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, neonatal rat neurons (NRNs) were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to induce cell injury. The animals were subjected to permanent bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries (2-vessel occlusion, 2VO) to induce the model of chronic brain hypoperfusion. RESULTS MiR-322-5p expression was significantly downregulated in the neurons exposed to OGD/R and the hippocampi of 2VO rats. Overexpression of miR-322-5p ameliorated cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response in vitro. In a mechanistic study, miR-322-5p was confirmed to directly target and negatively regulate tetraspanin 5 (TSPAN5) in cultured NRNs. Moreover, overexpression of TSPAN5 could counteract the effects of miR-322-5p overexpression on cell apoptosis and the inflammatory response in OGD/R-treated neurons. More importantly, miR-322-5p improved cognitive ability and inhibited inflammatory production in 2VO rats. CONCLUSION Overall, the results suggest that miR-322-5p alleviates vascular dementia development by targeting TSPAN5. This discovery may provide a potential therapeutic target for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanxian Chang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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Alehabib E, Esmaeilizadeh Z, Ranji-Burachaloo S, Tafakhori A, Darvish H, Movafagh A. Clinical and molecular spectrum of P/Q type calcium channel Cav2.1 in epileptic patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:461. [PMID: 34727962 PMCID: PMC8562004 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by the potential to induce seizure and accompanied by cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. CACNA1A gene is a voltage-gated P/Q-type Cav2.1 channel that is broadly expressed in the central nervous system, and the pathogenic variants within this gene may be associated with the epileptic phenotype. In the present study, we collected clinical and molecular data related to epileptic patients with CACNA1A pathogenic variants and investigated possible meaningful relationship between age at onset, neurodevelopmental disorders, type of seizures, brain imaging abnormalities, genotype, and protein domains. Results In our retrospective literature studies, from among 890 articles reviewed, a total of 90 individuals were related to epilepsy phenotype. Our findings showed that about 90 percent of patients have shown the first symptoms in childhood and teenage years and different types of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability, developmental arrest, and behavioral disorders, have been common findings for these patients. Further, a wide range of abnormalities have been observed in their brain imaging, and generalized seizures have been the most type of seizures in these patients. However, our data showed no specific genotype–phenotype correlation in epileptic patients with CACNA1A pathogenic alterations. Conclusions Our study focused on epileptic phenotype in patients with CACNA1A pathogenic variants and showed a wide range of clinical and molecular heterogeneity with no specific genotype–phenotype correlation. It seems that incomplete penetrance, de-novo variants, and modifier genes are obstacles in predicting the clinical outcome. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-02101-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alehabib
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Esmaeilizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Ranji-Burachaloo
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Sun J, Sun X, Li Z, Ma D, Lv Y. An elongated tract of polyQ in the carboxyl‑terminus of human α1A calcium channel induces cell apoptosis by nuclear translocation. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:156-164. [PMID: 32626992 PMCID: PMC7251683 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An aberrant elongated tract of glutamine residues (polyQ) in proteins induces multiple diseases treated in the clinic. In our previous study of progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME), using whole-exome sequencing, a mutant Cav2.1 protein with an aberrant elongated polyQ tract was identified in PME patients. To investigate the molecular mechanism and cell biology of this aberrant elongated polyQ tract, wild-type Cav2.1 with 13 polyQ repeats (Cav2.1 wt-Q13) and mutant-type Cav2.1 with 26 polyQ repeats (Cav2.1 mt-Q26) were prepared and introduced into human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Using a WST-1 assay, it was revealed that Cav2.1 mt-Q26 markedly suppressed the proliferation of the SH-SY5Y cells, a result not observed for the Cav2.1 wt-Q13-transfected cells. It was also revealed that Cav2.1 mt and its truncated molecules suppressed cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis rather than arresting the cell cycle. Further investigations indicated a nuclear translocation phenomenon associated with the Cav2.1 mt molecules. Mechanistically, it was revealed that the Cav2.1 mt molecules activated the Bcl-2/Bax, caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) apoptotic pathways. The present study may provide new insights for interpreting the pathogenesis of PME and the relationship among polyQ, CACNA1A gene mutations and PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiguang Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dihui Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yudan Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Interferon mediated neuroinflammation in polyglutamine disease is not caused by RNA toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 31919387 PMCID: PMC6952400 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are neurodegenerative diseases that occur due to the expansion of CAG repeat regions in coding sequences of genes. Previously, we have shown the formation of large protein aggregates along with activation of the interferon pathway leading to apoptosis in a cellular model of SCA17. Here, we corroborate our previous results in a tetracycline-inducible model of SCA17. Interferon gamma and lambda were upregulated in 59Q-TBP expressing cells as compared to 16Q-TBP expressing cells. Besides interferon-stimulated genes, the SCA17 model and Huntington's mice brain samples showed upregulation of RNA sensors. However, in this improved model interferon pathway activation and apoptosis preceded the formation of large polyglutamine aggregates, suggesting a role for CAG repeat RNA or soluble protein aggregates. A polyglutamine minus mutant of TBP, expressing polyCAG mRNA, was created by site directed mutagenesis of 10 potential start codons. Neither this long CAG embedded mRNA nor short polyCAG RNA could induce interferon pathway genes or cause apoptosis. polyQ-TBP induced the expression of canonical RNA sensors but the downstream transcription factor, IRF3, showed a muted response. We found that expanded CAG repeat RNA is not sufficient to account for the neuronal apoptosis. Neuronal cells sense expanded CAG repeats embedded in messenger RNAs of protein-coding genes. However, polyglutamine containing protein is responsible for the interferon-mediated neuroinflammation and cell death seen in polyglutamine disease. Thus, we delineate the inflammatory role of CAG repeats in the mRNA from the resulting polyglutamine tract in the protein. Embedded in messenger RNAs of protein-coding regions, the cell senses CAG repeat expansion and induces the expression of RNA sensors and interferon-stimulated genes.
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Dong X, Cong S. The Emerging Role of microRNAs in Polyglutamine Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:156. [PMID: 31275113 PMCID: PMC6593396 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding molecules that regulate a large amount of post-transcriptional repressor genes by recognizing semi-complementary target sequences that are normally located in the 3' UTR of the mRNA. Altered expression of miRNA has been related to several pathological processes, including polyglutamine (Poly Q) diseases. Specific expression patterns in the circulating fluids and brain parenchyma have been speculated as potential biomarkers for Poly Q disease diagnosis and prognosis. Several miRNAs have been consistently identified in diseases including Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). In our review, we describe the emerging role of miRNAs in Poly Q diseases and provide an overview on general miRNA biology, implications in pathophysiology, and their potential roles as future biomarkers and applications for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Krauss S, Evert BO. The Role of MicroRNAs in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1729-1742. [PMID: 30664869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of the human genome are transcribed as non-coding RNAs. While it is still under debate if all these non-coding transcripts are functional, there is emerging evidence that RNA has several important functions in addition to coding for proteins. For example, microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulatory RNAs that control gene expression in various biological processes and human diseases. In spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), a devastating neurodegenerative disease, miRNAs are involved in the disease process at different levels, including the deregulation of components of the general miRNA biogenesis machinery, as well as in the cell type-specific control of the expression of the SCA3 disease protein and other SCA3 disease-relevant proteins. However, it remains difficult to predict whether these changes are a cause or a consequence of the neurodegenerative process in SCA3. Further studies using standardized procedures for the analysis of miRNA expression and larger sample numbers are required to enhance our understanding of the miRNA-mediated processes involved in SCA3 disease and may enable the development of miRNA-based therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the findings of independent studies highlighting both the disease-related and cytoprotective roles of miRNAs that have been implicated so far in the disease process of SCA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Krauss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Street 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd O Evert
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Ghosh A, Ekka MK, Tawani A, Kumar A, Chakraborty D, Maiti S. Restoration of miRNA-149 Expression by TmPyP4 Induced Unfolding of Quadruplex within Its Precursor. Biochemistry 2019; 58:514-525. [PMID: 30585723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs are functional RNA molecules that get transcribed from DNA but are not translated into proteins; yet, they can regulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Secondary structures present within these RNAs play a major role in determining their nature of function. In the case of miRNAs, the precursor miRNA have a hairpin stem loop structure which is required for Dicer recognition and further maturation. Alternately, it might assume a G-quadruplex structure. The transition from hairpin to G-quadruplex depends upon the nucleotide sequence as well as the cellular microenvironment, and this might affect the miRNA maturation and other downstream activity. Formation of the G-quadruplex within precursor miRNA-149 has been shown to inhibit Dicer processing activity followed by suppression of miRNA-149 maturation in cancer cells. In this report, we show that suppression of cell proliferation by the upregulated miRNA-149 could be rescued by unfolding the G-quadruplex present in pre-miRNA-149 by TmPyP4 (Porphyrin) treatment. Using UV-visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and isothermal titration calorimetry, we observed that TmPyP4 binds strongly to G-quadruplex and unfolds it, which was further verified by NMR spectroscopy. In cellulo, qRT-PCR measurements of miRNA-149 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed concentration dependent enhancement of mature miRNA-149 upon treatment of TmPyP4. As a consequence of enhanced miRNA-149 activity, we also observe the reduction in miRNA-149 target protein ZBTB2 that eventually leads to reduced cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Ghosh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , Delhi 110025 , India
| | - Mary Krishna Ekka
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , Delhi 110025 , India
| | - Arpita Tawani
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Debojyoti Chakraborty
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , Delhi 110025 , India
| | - Souvik Maiti
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology , Mathura Road , Delhi 110025 , India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research , CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus , Sector 19 , Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh 201 002 , India
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