1
|
Dave AM, Porter NA, Korade Z, Peeples ES. Effects of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury on Brain Sterol Synthesis and Metabolism. Neuropediatrics 2024; 55:23-31. [PMID: 37871611 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) results from disruptions to blood supply and oxygen in the perinatal brain. The goal of this study was to measure brain sterol metabolites and plasma oxysterols after injury in a neonatal HIBI mouse model to assess for potential therapeutic targets in the brain biochemistry as well as potential circulating diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS Postnatal day 9 CD1-IGS mouse pups were randomized to HIBI induced by carotid artery ligation followed by 30 minutes at 8% oxygen or to sham surgery and normoxia. Brain tissue was collected for sterol analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Plasma was collected for oxysterol analysis by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS There were minimal changes in brain sterol concentrations in the first 72 hours after HIBI. In severely injured brains, there was a significant increase in desmosterol, 7-DHC, 8-DHC, and cholesterol 24 hours after injury in the ipsilateral tissue. Lanosterol, 24-dehydrolathosterol, and 14-dehydrozymostenol decreased in plasma 24 hours after injury. Severe neonatal HIBI was associated with increased cholesterol and sterol precursors in the cortex at 24 hours after injury. CONCLUSIONS Differences in plasma oxysterols were seen at 24 hours but were not present at 30 minutes after injury, suggesting that these sterol intermediates would be of little value as early diagnostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gross J, Herrera-Marschitz M. Potential Key Proteins, Molecular Networks, and Pathways in Perinatal Hypoxia. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:571-588. [PMID: 37651081 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia is a common risk factor for CNS development. Using bioinformatics databases, a list of 129 genes involved in perinatal hypoxia was selected from the literature and analyzed with respect to proteins important for biological processes influencing the brain development. Functional enrichment analysis using the DAVID database was performed to identify relevant Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes like response to hypoxia, inflammatory response, positive and negative regulation of apoptosis, and positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation. The selected GO processes contain 17-30 proteins and show an enrichment of 6.3-14.3-fold. The STRING protein-protein interaction network and the Cytoscape data analyzer were used to identify interacting proteins playing a significant role in these processes. The two top protein pairs referring to the proteins with highest degrees and the corresponding proteins connected by high score edges exert opposite or regulatory functions and are essential for the balance between damaging, repairing, protective, or epigenetic processes. The GO response to hypoxia is characterized by the high score protein-protein interaction pairs CASP3/FAS promoting apoptosis and by the protective acting BDNF/MECP2 protein pair. Core components of the GO processes positive and negative regulation of apoptosis are the proteins CASP3/FAS/AKT/eNOS/RPS6KB1 involved in several signal pathways. The GO processes cell proliferation are characterized by the high-score protein-protein interaction pairs MYC/ MAPK1, JUN/MAPK1, IL6/IL1B, and JUN/HDAC1. The study provides new insights into the pathophysiology of perinatal hypoxia and is of importance for future investigations, diagnostics, and therapy of perinatal hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Gross
- Tinnitus Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Leibniz Society of Sciences Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago 7, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okazaki K, Nakamura S, Koyano K, Konishi Y, Kondo M, Kusaka T. Neonatal asphyxia as an inflammatory disease: Reactive oxygen species and cytokines. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1070743. [PMID: 36776908 PMCID: PMC9911547 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatologists resuscitate asphyxiated neonates by every available means, including positive ventilation, oxygen therapy, and drugs. Asphyxiated neonates sometimes present symptoms that mimic those of inflammation, such as fever and edema. The main pathophysiology of the asphyxia is inflammation caused by hypoxic-ischemic reperfusion. At birth or in the perinatal period, neonates may suffer several, hypoxic insults, which can activate inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediator production leading to the release of larger quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This in turn triggers the production of oxygen stress-induced high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), an endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) protein bound to toll-like receptor (TLR) -4, which activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in the production of excess inflammatory mediators. ROS and inflammatory mediators are produced not only in activated inflammatory cells but also in non-immune cells, such as endothelial cells. Hypothermia inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators. A combination therapy of hypothermia and medications, such as erythropoietin and melatonin, is attracting attention now. These medications have both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. As the inflammatory response and oxidative stress play a critical role in the pathophysiology of neonatal asphyxia, these drugs may contribute to improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Okazaki
- Department of Neonatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Koyano
- Maternal Perinatal Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Konishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kondo
- Department of Neonatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leifsdottir K, Thelin EP, Lassarén P, Siljehav V, Nilsson P, Eksborg S, Herlenius E. Proteomic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid predicted death and disability in term infants with perinatal asphyxia: A pilot study. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:961-970. [PMID: 35106835 PMCID: PMC9305740 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim Perinatal asphyxia, resulting in hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), has been associated with high mortality rates and severe lifelong neurodevelopmental disabilities. Our aim was to study the association between the proteomic profile in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the degree of HIE and long‐term outcomes. Methods We prospectively enrolled 18‐term born infants with HIE and 10‐term born controls between 2000 and 2004 from the Karolinska University Hospital. An antibody suspension bead array and FlexMap3D analysis was used to characterise 178 unique brain‐derived and inflammation associated proteins in their CSF. Results Increased CSF concentrations of several brain‐specific proteins were observed in the proteome of HIE patients compared with the controls. An upregulation of neuroinflammatory pathways was also noted and this was confirmed by pathway analysis. Principal component analysis revealed a gradient from favourable to unfavourable HIE grades and outcomes. The proteins that provided strong predictors were structural proteins, including myelin basic protein and alpha‐II spectrin. The functional proteins included energy‐related proteins like neuron‐specific enolase and synaptic regulatory proteins. Increased CSF levels of 51 proteins correlated with adverse outcomes in infants with HIE. Conclusion Brain‐specific proteins and neuroinflammatory mediators in CSF may predict HIE degrees and outcomes after perinatal asphyxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Leifsdottir
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eric P Thelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Neurology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Philipp Lassarén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Veronica Siljehav
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Protein Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology SciLifeLab Stockholm Sweden
| | - Staffan Eksborg
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eric Herlenius
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Temporal Characterization of Microglia-Associated Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Genes in a Neonatal Inflammation-Sensitized Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2479626. [PMID: 35281473 PMCID: PMC8906938 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2479626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) mainly affects preterm and term newborns, leading to a high risk of brain damage. Coexisting infection/inflammation and birth asphyxia are key factors associated with intracerebral increase of proinflammatory cytokines linked to HIE. Microglia are key mediators of inflammation during perinatal brain injury, characterized by their phenotypic plasticity, which may facilitate their participation in both the progression and resolution of injury-induced inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal expression of genes associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat protein (NLRP-3) inflammasome from microglia cells. For this purpose, we used our established neonatal rat model of inflammation-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in seven-day-old rats. We assessed gene expression profiles of 11 cytokines and for NLRP-3 using real-time PCR from sorted CD11b/c microglia of brain samples at different time points (3.5 h after LPS injection and 0, 5, 24, 48, and 72 hours post HI) following different treatments: vehicle, E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), vehicle/HI, and LPS/HI. Our results showed that microglia are early key mediators of the inflammatory response and exacerbate the inflammatory response following HI, polarizing into a predominant proinflammatory M1 phenotype in the early hours post HI. The brains only exposed to HI showed a delay in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. We also demonstrated that NLRP-3 plays a role in the inflammatory resolution with a high expression after HI insult. The combination of both, a preinfection/inflammation condition and hypoxia-ischemia, resulted in a higher proinflammatory cytokine storm, highlighting the significant contribution of acute inflammation sensitizing prior to a hypoxic insult on the severity of perinatal brain damage.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma T, Kong M. Interleukin-18 and -10 may be associated with lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:253. [PMID: 33664817 PMCID: PMC7882877 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 in breast cancer are rare. The present study investigated the correlation between IL-18 and −10 in breast cancer, and assessed their clinical significance. Breast cancer (n=104) and breast fibroadenoma (n=31) tissues that were surgically removed and pathologically confirmed at Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University (Jinan, China) between November 2016 and January 2019 were collected. The expression of IL-18 and −10 was observed via immunohistochemistry. Breast cancer tissues were positive for IL-18 expression, which was primarily located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. A significant difference in IL-18 expression was observed between breast cancer and fibroadenoma tissues (75.0 vs. 19.4%; P<0.001). IL-10 was expressed in breast cancer tissues and primarily located in the cytoplasm. Breast cancer tissues showed a significantly higher level of IL-10 expression compared with breast fibroadenoma tissues (78.8 vs. 22.6%; P<0.001). The regions of positive IL-18 and −10 expression were consistent. Tissues with positive expression of IL-18 and/or −10 had a significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis than those with negative expression (IL-18: 67.9 vs. 42.3%; P=0.035; and IL-10: 67.1 vs. 40.9%; P=0.047). In conclusion, IL-18 is highly expressed in breast cancer and correlates positively with IL-10. Both IL-18 and −10 may correlate positively with lymph node metastasis in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dietrick B, Molloy E, Massaro AN, Strickland T, Zhu J, Slevin M, Donoghue V, Sweetman D, Kelly L, O’Dea M, McGowan M, Vezina G, Glass P, Vaidya D, Brooks S, Northington F, Everett AD. Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Candidate Biomarkers of Neonatal Encephalopathy Severity and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. J Pediatr 2020; 226:71-79.e5. [PMID: 32610169 PMCID: PMC10762645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify candidate biomarkers in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that are associated with neonatal encephalopathy severity measured by encephalopathy grade, seizures, brain injury by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 15-30 months. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of plasma (N = 155, day of life 0-1) and CSF (n = 30, day of life 0-7) from neonates with neonatal encephalopathy and healthy neonates born at term (N = 30, ≥36 weeks of gestation) was conducted. We measured central nervous system necrosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], neurogranin [NRGN], tau), inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10), and trophic (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], vascular endothelial growth factor) proteins. Clinical outcomes were Sarnat scores of encephalopathy, seizures, MRI scores, and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III at 15-30 months. RESULTS Plasma NRGN, tau, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were greater, whereas BDNF and vascular endothelial growth factor were lower in patients with neonatal encephalopathy vs controls. In plasma, tau, GFAP, and NRGN were directly and BDNF inversely associated with encephalopathy grade. IL-6 was inversely related to seizures. Tau was directly related to MRI abnormalities. Tau was inversely associated with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III cognitive and motor outcomes. In CSF, NRGN was inversely associated with cognitive, motor, and language measures. GFAP, IL-6, and IL-10 were inversely related to cognitive and motor outcomes. IL-8 was inversely related to motor outcomes. CSF candidate biomarkers showed no significant relationships with encephalopathy grade, seizures, or MRI abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Plasma candidate biomarkers predicted encephalopathy severity, seizures, MRI abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 15-30 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dietrick
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eleanor Molloy
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, the University of Dublin & Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Tammy Strickland
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, the University of Dublin & Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Lynne Kelly
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, the University of Dublin & Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary O’Dea
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, the University of Dublin & Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Penny Glass
- Children’s National Health Systems, Washington, D.C
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra Brooks
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Frances Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Allen D. Everett
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wilson LA, Fell DB, Hawken S, Wong CA, Murphy MSQ, Little J, Potter BK, Walker M, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Juul S, Chakraborty P, Wilson K. Association between newborn screening analytes and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15704. [PMID: 31673070 PMCID: PMC6823438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Our study sought to examine whether patterns of newborn screening analytes differed between infants with and without neonatal HIE in order to identify opportunities for potential use of these analytes for diagnosis in routine clinical practice. We linked a population-based newborn screening registry with health databases to identify cases of HIE among term infants (≥37 weeks' gestation) in Ontario from 2010-2015. Correlations between HIE and screening analytes were examined using multivariable logistic regression models containing clinical factors and individual screening analytes (acyl-carnitines, amino acids, fetal-to-adult hemoglobin ratio, endocrine markers, and enzymes). Among 731,841 term infants, 3,010 were diagnosed with HIE during the neonatal period. Multivariable models indicated that clinical variables alone or in combination with hemoglobin values were not associated with HIE diagnosis. Although the model was improved after adding acyl-carnitines and amino acids, the ability of the model to identify infants with HIE was moderate. Our findings indicate that analytes associated with catabolic stress were altered in infants with HIE; however, future research is required to determine whether amino acid and acyl-carnitine profiles could hold clinical utility in the early diagnosis or clinical management of HIE. In particular, further research should examine whether cord blood analyses can be used to identify HIE within a clinically useful timeframe or to guide treatment and predict long-term health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Wilson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Deshayne B Fell
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
- ICES, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Hawken
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
- ICES, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Malia S Q Murphy
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Beth K Potter
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
- ICES, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Thierry Lacaze-Masmonteil
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandra Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
| | - Pranesh Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
- Newborn Screening Ontario, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa Ontario, Canada
| | - Kumanan Wilson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Ontario, Canada.
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada.
- ICES, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Davidson JO, Dhillon SK, Wassink G, Zhou KQ, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Endogenous neuroprotection after perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia: the resilient developing brain. J R Soc N Z 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2018.1529685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne O. Davidson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simerdeep K. Dhillon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Q. Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|