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Liu X, Chen P, Wu W, Zhong M, Dong S, Lin H, Dai C, Zhang Z, Lin S, Che C, Xu J, Li C, Li H, Pan X, Chen Z, Chen X, Ye ZC. Compound (E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one downregulation of Galectin-3 ameliorates Aβ pathogenesis-induced neuroinflammation in 5 × FAD mice. Life Sci 2024:123085. [PMID: 39362584 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and neuroinflammation, leading to a progressive synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Recent evidence highlights Galectin-3 (Gal-3) as a crucial factor in Aβ pathogenesis, yet effective strategies to simultaneously target Gal-3 and Aβ are currently insufficient. This study assesses the therapeutic efficacy of D30, an innovative anti-AD compound manifested promising effects on reducing Aβ deposition and alleviating neuronal damage in scopolamine-induced AD models. In our study, we administered neurotoxic oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) to mice and observed increased Gal-3 deposition and microglial activation in the hippocampus, leading to significant cognitive impairments. Similarly, in the 5 × FAD mouse model, known for Aβ overproduction, there was a progressive rise in Gal-3 levels and glial cell activation. We then investigated the effects of D30 on 5 × FAD mice, focusing on its modulation of Gal-3 and Aβ and impact on neuroinflammatory responses. D30 effectively reduced Aβ monomer production by inhibiting the expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1), as well as decreasing Aβ oligomer aggregation. Treatment with D30 not only improved cognitive functions but also reversed dendritic spine loss and increased PSD95 expression in 5 × FAD mice. Notably, D30 significantly lowered Gal-3 levels in both plasma and hippocampal tissues. Mechanistic studies revealed that D30 binds to Gal-3 and disrupts the interaction between Gal-3 and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), as confirmed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and microscale thermophoresis (MST). Our findings underscore the interaction between Gal-3 and Aβ in AD and its role in systemic inflammation using the 5 × FAD mouse model. Being able to target and regulate Gal-3 together with Aβ is crucial for preventing neuroinflammation and protecting neurons, D30 emerged as a novel compound with promising potential for AD treatment. AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and neuroinflammation, leading to progressive synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Recent evidence suggests that Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays a critical role in Aβ pathogenesis. However, strategies to simultaneously target Gal-3 and Aβ are currently insufficient. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of D30, in reducing Gal-3 and Aβ pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied exogenous oligomeric Aβ and used 5 × FAD mice to assess the impact of Aβ on Gal-3 deposition, microglial activation, and cognitive function. Thy1-EGFP mice were employed to observe dendritic spines. Comprehensive evaluations of D30's effects included behavioral studies, transcriptomic analysis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. The interaction between D30 and Gal-3 was examined using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and microscale thermophoresis (MST). KEY FINDINGS D30 effectively reduced Aβ monomer production by inhibiting Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) expression, and decreased Aβ aggregation. Treatment with D30 improved cognitive functions, reversed dendritic spine loss, and increased PSD95 expression in 5 × FAD mice. Additionally, D30 significantly lowered Gal-3 levels in both plasma and hippocampal tissues. D30 binds to Gal-3 and disrupts the interaction between Gal-3 and TREM2, as confirmed by FRET and MST. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings underscore the interaction between Gal-3 and Aβ in AD and its role in systemic inflammation using the 5 × FAD mouse model. Being able to target and regulate Gal-3 together with Aβ is crucial for preventing neuroinflammation and protecting synapses, D30 emerged as a novel compound with promising potential for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China; School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Meihua Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shiyu Dong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huiling Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chaoxian Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhile Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China; Ningde Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningde 352105, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cuilan Che
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiexin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Overseas Education College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Zu-Cheng Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350112, Fujian Province, China.
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Jin W, Pei J, Roy JR, Jayaraman S, Ahalliya RM, Kanniappan GV, Mironescu M, Palanisamy CP. Comprehensive review on single-cell RNA sequencing: A new frontier in Alzheimer's disease research. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102454. [PMID: 39142391 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative condition marked by gradual cognitive deterioration and the loss of neurons. While conventional bulk RNA sequencing techniques have shed light on AD pathology, they frequently obscure the cellular diversity within brain tissues. The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has transformed our capability to analyze the cellular composition of AD, allowing for the detection of unique cell populations, rare cell types, and gene expression alterations at an individual cell level. This review examines the use of scRNA-seq in AD research, focusing on its contributions to understanding cellular diversity, disease progression, and potential therapeutic targets. We discuss key technological innovations, data analysis techniques, and challenges associated with scRNA-seq in studying AD. Furthermore, we highlight recent studies that have utilized scRNA-seq to identify novel biomarkers, uncover disease-associated pathways, and elucidate the role of non-neuronal cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in AD pathogenesis. By providing a comprehensive overview of advancements in scRNA-seq for unraveling cellular heterogeneity in AD, this review highlights the transformative impact of scRNA-seq on our comprehension of disease mechanisms and the creation of targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Jin
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 2011 QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - JinJin Pei
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 2011 QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Jeane Rebecca Roy
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600073, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Rathi Muthaiyan Ahalliya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Research Centre, FASCM, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641021, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Velliyur Kanniappan
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India.
| | - Monica Mironescu
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bv. Victoriei 10, Sibiu 550024, Romania.
| | - Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Nakaso K. Roles of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Yonago Acta Med 2024; 67:1-8. [PMID: 38380436 PMCID: PMC10867232 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, microglia have attracted attention owing to their roles in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia, which are brain-resident macrophages, not only act as immune cells but also perform other functions in the body. Interestingly, they exert contrasting effects on different neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to the previously reported M1 (toxic) and M2 (protective) types, microglia now also include disease-associated microglia owing to a more elaborate classification. Understanding this detailed classification is necessary to elucidate the association between microglia and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases and highlight their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakaso
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 683-8503 Yonago, Japan
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Liu SH, Huang HT, Lo IW, Lin YC, Liao GY, Chao CH, Huang HC, Chang FR, Li TL, Shen YC, Liaw CC. Potential natural product 3,4-seco-schitriterpenoids from Kadsura japonica L. as anti-neuroinflammatory agents. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106843. [PMID: 37696148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the undescribed schitriterpenoids, kadsujanonols A-I (1-9), and eleven reported compounds (10-20) were isolated from K. japonica L. vines. Their structures of 3,4-seco-schitriterpenoids were elucidated mainly by spectroscopic analyses including 1H-, 13C-, and 2D-NMR, IR, HRESIMS spectra. The spatial configurations were determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of kadsujapnonol A (1), 15, 17, and 18, CD data and computational analysis. Furthermore, all isolates were evaluated for the anti-neuroinflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated NO production in BV2 microglial cells and compounds 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13-16, and 18 exposed better or comparable suppression abilities than PDTC. Among them, kadlongilactone B (14) showed the best significant inhibiting ability (IC50 = 0.87 μg/mL) and the effect is through the attenuation of the inflammatory transcription factor p65NF-κB. Preliminary structure-activity relationship revealed that δ-lactone at the side chain and 7-member lactone at C-3/C-4, and 3,4:9,10 ring opening are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hsiang Liu
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tse Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, MOWH, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Lo
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, MOWH, Taipei 112026, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, MOWH, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - Geng-You Liao
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Chao
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, 404333, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan; National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, MOWH, Taipei 112026, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ching Liaw
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, MOWH, Taipei 112026, Taiwan; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan.
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5
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Balu D, Valencia-Olvera AC, Nguyen A, Patnam M, York J, Peri F, Neumann F, LaDu MJ, Tai LM. A small-molecule TLR4 antagonist reduced neuroinflammation in female E4FAD mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:181. [PMID: 37858252 PMCID: PMC10585767 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE genotype is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 increases AD risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3, an effect that is greater in females. Evidence suggests that one-way APOE could modulate AD risk and progression through neuroinflammation. Indeed, APOE4 is associated with higher glial activation and cytokine levels in AD patients and mice. Therefore, identifying pathways that contribute to APOE4-associated neuroinflammation is an important approach for understanding and treating AD. Human and in vivo evidence suggests that TLR4, one of the key receptors involved in the innate immune system, could be involved in APOE-modulated neuroinflammation. Consistent with that idea, we previously demonstrated that the TLR4 antagonist IAXO-101 can reduce LPS- and Aβ-induced cytokine secretion in APOE4 glial cultures. Therefore, the goal of this study was to advance these findings and determine whether IAXO-101 can modulate neuroinflammation, Aβ pathology, and behavior in mice that express APOE4. METHODS We used mice that express five familial AD mutations and human APOE3 (E3FAD) or APOE4 (E4FAD). Female and male E4FAD mice and female E3FAD mice were treated with vehicle or IAXO-101 in two treatment paradigms: prevention from 4 to 6 months of age or reversal from 6 to 7 months of age. Learning and memory were assessed by modified Morris water maze. Aβ deposition, fibrillar amyloid deposition, astrogliosis, and microgliosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Soluble levels of Aβ and apoE, insoluble levels of apoE and Aβ, and IL-1β were measured by ELISA. RESULTS IAXO-101 treatment resulted in lower Iba-1 coverage, lower number of reactive microglia, and improved memory in female E4FAD mice in both prevention and reversal paradigms. IAXO-101-treated male E4FAD mice also had lower Iba-1 coverage and reactivity in the RVS paradigm, but there was no effect on behavior. There was also no effect of IAXO-101 treatment on neuroinflammation and behavior in female E3FAD mice. CONCLUSION Our data supports that TLR4 is a potential mechanistic therapeutic target for modulating neuroinflammation and cognition in APOE4 females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ana C Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Austin Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mehul Patnam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jason York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Marshall CR, Farrow MA, Djambazova KV, Spraggins JM. Untangling Alzheimer's disease with spatial multi-omics: a brief review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1150512. [PMID: 37533766 PMCID: PMC10390637 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1150512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurological dementia, specified by extracellular β-amyloid plaque deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, and cognitive impairment. AD-associated pathologies like cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are also affiliated with cognitive impairment and have overlapping molecular drivers, including amyloid buildup. Discerning the complexity of these neurological disorders remains a significant challenge, and the spatiomolecular relationships between pathogenic features of AD and AD-associated pathologies remain poorly understood. This review highlights recent developments in spatial omics, including profiling and molecular imaging methods, and how they are applied to AD. These emerging technologies aim to characterize the relationship between how specific cell types and tissue features are organized in combination with mapping molecular distributions to provide a systems biology view of the tissue microenvironment around these neuropathologies. As spatial omics methods achieve greater resolution and improved molecular coverage, they are enabling deeper characterization of the molecular drivers of AD, leading to new possibilities for the prediction, diagnosis, and mitigation of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R. Marshall
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Melissa A. Farrow
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Katerina V. Djambazova
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Spraggins
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Temmerman J, Engelborghs S, Bjerke M, D’haeseleer M. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkers for disease progression in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162340. [PMID: 37520580 PMCID: PMC10374015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are involved in the pathophysiology of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) but their exact contribution to disease progression remains to be deciphered. Biomarkers are needed to define pathophysiological processes of these disorders, who may increasingly co-exist in the elderly generations of the future, due to the rising prevalence in both and ameliorated treatment options with improved life expectancy in MS. The purpose of this review was to provide a systematic overview of inflammatory biomarkers, as measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that are associated with clinical disease progression. International peer-reviewed literature was screened using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Disease progression had to be measured using clinically validated tests representing baseline functional and/or cognitive status, the evolution of such clinical scores over time and/or the transitioning from one disease stage to a more severe stage. The quality of included studies was systematically evaluated using a set of questions for clinical, neurochemical and statistical characteristics of the study. A total of 84 papers were included (twenty-five for AD and 59 for MS). Elevated CSF levels of chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) were associated with disease progression in both AD and MS. Osteopontin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were more specifically related to disease progression in AD, whereas the same was true for interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-X-C motif ligand 13, glial fibrillary acidic protein and IgG oligoclonal bands in MS. We observed a broad heterogeneity of studies with varying cohort characterization, non-disclosure of quality measures for neurochemical analyses and a lack of adequate longitudinal designs. Most of the retrieved biomarkers are related to innate immune system activity, which seems to be an important mediator of clinical disease progression in AD and MS. Overall study quality was limited and we have framed some recommendations for future biomarker research in this field. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42021264741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Temmerman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
- Universiteit Antwerpen, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born-Bunge, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Neurology, Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
- Universiteit Antwerpen, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born-Bunge, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Neurology, Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
- Universiteit Antwerpen, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born-Bunge, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Neurology, Jette, Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miguel D’haeseleer
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Jette, Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Neurology, Jette, Brussels, Belgium
- National MS Center (NMSC), Neurology, Melsbroek, Steenokkerzeel, Belgium
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Hok-A-Hin YS, Del Campo M, Boiten WA, Stoops E, Vanhooren M, Lemstra AW, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE. Neuroinflammatory CSF biomarkers MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 show dynamic expression profiles in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:107. [PMID: 37147668 PMCID: PMC10163795 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel fluid biomarkers tracking neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics study revealed that migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM1) increased along the AD continuum. We aimed to assess the potential use of these proteins, in addition to sTREM2, as CSF biomarkers to monitor inflammatory processes in AD. METHODS We included cognitively unimpaired controls (n = 67, 63 ± 9 years, 24% females, all amyloid negative), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 92, 65 ± 7 years, 47% females, 65% amyloid positive), AD (n = 38, 67 ± 6 years, 8% females, all amyloid positive), and DLB (n = 50, 67 ± 6 years, 5% females, 54% amyloid positive). MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 levels were measured by validated immunoassays. Differences in protein levels between groups were tested with analysis of covariance (corrected for age and sex). Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between these neuroinflammatory markers with AD-CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, tTau, pTau) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores. RESULTS MIF levels were increased in MCI (p < 0.01), AD (p < 0.05), and DLB (p > 0.05) compared to controls. Levels of sTREM1 were specifically increased in AD compared to controls (p < 0.01), MCI (p < 0.05), and DLB patients (p > 0.05), while sTREM2 levels were increased specifically in MCI compared to all other groups (all p < 0.001). Neuroinflammatory proteins were highly correlated with CSF pTau levels (MIF: all groups; sTREM1: MCI, AD and DLB; sTREM2: controls, MCI and DLB). Correlations with MMSE scores were observed in specific clinical groups (MIF in controls, sTREM1 in AD, and sTREM2 in DLB). CONCLUSION Inflammatory-related proteins show diverse expression profiles along different AD stages, with increased protein levels in the MCI stage (MIF and sTREM2) and AD stage (MIF and sTREM1). The associations of these inflammatory markers primarily with CSF pTau levels indicate an intertwined relationship between tau pathology and inflammation. These neuroinflammatory markers might be useful in clinical trials to capture dynamics in inflammatory responses or monitor drug-target engagement of inflammatory modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Afina W Lemstra
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mehta RI, Mehta RI. The Vascular-Immune Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36830944 PMCID: PMC9953491 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder with unknown etiology. While its cause is unclear, a number of theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of AD. In large part, these have centered around potential causes for intracerebral accumulation of beta-amyloid (βA) and tau aggregates. Yet, persons with AD dementia often exhibit autopsy evidence of mixed brain pathologies including a myriad of vascular changes, vascular brain injuries, complex brain inflammation, and mixed protein inclusions in addition to hallmark neuropathologic lesions of AD, namely insoluble βA plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Epidemiological data demonstrate that overlapping lesions diminish the βA plaque and NFT threshold necessary to precipitate clinical dementia. Moreover, a subset of persons who exhibit AD pathology remain resilient to disease while other persons with clinically-defined AD dementia do not exhibit AD-defining neuropathologic lesions. It is increasingly recognized that AD is a pathologically heterogeneous and biologically multifactorial disease with uncharacterized biologic phenomena involved in its genesis and progression. Here, we review the literature with regard to neuropathologic criteria and incipient AD changes, and discuss converging concepts regarding vascular and immune factors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi I. Mehta
- Department of Neuroradiology, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rupal I. Mehta
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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You M, Yuan P, Li L, Xu H. HIF-1 signalling pathway was identified as a potential new pathway for Icariin's treatment against Alzheimer's disease based on preclinical evidence and bioinformatics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1066819. [PMID: 36532735 PMCID: PMC9751333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1066819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by the gradual loss of memory and cognitive function. Icariin, which is a natural chemical isolated from Epimedii herba, has been shown to protect against AD. This research examined the potential mechanisms of Icariin's treatment against AD via a comprehensive review of relevant preclinical studies coupled with network pharmacology. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, WANFANG, and VIP databases were used to identify the relevant studies. The pharmacological characteristics of Icariin were determined using the SwissADME and TCMSP databases. The overlapping targets of Icariin and AD were then utilized to conduct disease oncology (DO) analysis to identify possible hub targets of Icariin in the treatment of AD. The hub targets were then used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, and the interactions of the targets and Icariin were assessed via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). Results: According to the literature review, Icariin alleviates cognitive impairment by regulating the expression of Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, BACE1, tau, hyperphosphorylated tau, and inflammatory mediators. DO analysis revealed 35 AD-related hub targets, and the HIF-1 signalling pathway was ranked first according to the KEGG pathway analysis. Icariin effectively docked with the 35 hub targets and HIF-1α, and the dynamic binding of the HIF-1-Icariin complex within 100 ns indicated that Icariin contributed to the stability of HIF-1α. Conclusion: In conclusion, our research used a literature review and network pharmacology methods to identify the HIF-1 signalling pathway as a potential pathway for Icariin's treatment against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongbei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Zeng Z, Li M, Jiang Z, Lan Y, Chen L, Chen Y, Li H, Hui J, Zhang L, Hu X, Xia H. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling reveals dysregulation of purine metabolism during the acute phase of spinal cord injury in rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1066528. [PMID: 36507345 PMCID: PMC9727392 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1066528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in drastic dysregulation of microenvironmental metabolism during the acute phase, which greatly affects neural recovery. A better insight into the potential molecular pathways of metabolic dysregulation by multi-omics analysis could help to reveal targets that promote nerve repair and regeneration in the future. Materials and methods We established the SCI model and rats were randomly divided into two groups: the acute-phase SCI (ASCI) group (n = 14, 3 days post-SCI) and the sham group with day-matched periods (n = 14, without SCI). In each group, rats were sacrificed at 3 days post-surgery for histology study (n = 3), metabolome sequencing (n = 5), transcriptome sequencing (n = 3), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (n = 3). The motor function of rats was evaluated by double-blind Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Scores at 0, 1, 2, 3 days post-SCI in an open field area. Then the transcriptomic and metabolomic data were integrated in SCI model of rat to reveal the underlying molecular pathways of microenvironmental metabolic dysregulation. Results The histology of the microenvironment was significantly altered in ASCI and the locomotor function was significantly reduced in rats. Metabolomics analysis showed that 360 metabolites were highly altered during the acute phase of SCI, of which 310 were up-regulated and 50 were down-regulated, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differential metabolites were mainly enriched in arginine and proline metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, purine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Transcriptomics results showed that 5,963 genes were clearly altered, of which 2,848 genes were up-regulated and 3,115 genes were down-regulated, and these differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in response to stimulus, metabolic process, immune system process. Surprisingly, the Integrative analysis revealed significant dysregulation of purine metabolism at both transcriptome and metabolome levels in the acute phase of SCI, with 48 differential genes and 16 differential metabolites involved. Further analysis indicated that dysregulation of purine metabolism could seriously affect the energy metabolism of the injured microenvironment and increase oxidative stress as well as other responses detrimental to nerve repair and regeneration. Discussion On the whole, we have for the first time combined transcriptomics and metabolomics to systematically analyze the potential molecular pathways of metabolic dysregulation in the acute phase of SCI, which will contribute to broaden our understanding of the sophisticated molecular mechanisms of SCI, in parallel with serving as a foundation for future studies of neural repair and regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhanfeng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuanxiang Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hailiang Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianwen Hui
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xvlei Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hechun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China,*Correspondence: Hechun Xia,
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