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Del Rio NM, Huang L, Murphy L, Babu JS, Daffada CM, Haynes WJ, Keck JG, Brehm MA, Shultz LD, Brown ME. Generation of the NeoThy mouse model for human immune system studies. Lab Anim (NY) 2023; 52:149-168. [PMID: 37386161 PMCID: PMC10935607 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-023-01196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Humanized mouse models, created via transplantation of human hematopoietic tissues into immune-deficient mice, support a number of research applications, including transplantation immunology, virology and oncology studies. As an alternative to the bone marrow, liver, thymus humanized mouse, which uses fetal tissues for generating a chimeric human immune system, the NeoThy humanized mouse uses nonfetal tissue sources. Specifically, the NeoThy model incorporates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood (UCB) as well as thymus tissue that is typically discarded as medical waste during neonatal cardiac surgeries. Compared with fetal thymus tissue, the abundant quantity of neonatal thymus tissue offers the opportunity to prepare over 1,000 NeoThy mice from an individual thymus donor. Here we describe a protocol for processing of the neonatal tissues (thymus and UCB) and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell separation, human leukocyte antigen typing and matching of allogenic thymus and UCB tissues, creation of NeoThy mice, assessment of human immune cell reconstitution and all experimental steps from planning and design to data analysis. This entire protocol takes a total of ~19 h to complete, with steps broken up into multiple sessions of 4 h or less that can be paused and completed over multiple days. The protocol can be completed, after practice, by individuals with intermediate laboratory and animal handling skills, enabling researchers to make effective use of this promising in vivo model of human immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liupei Huang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lydia Murphy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Lunardi LW, Bragatte MADS, Vieira GF. The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101619. [PMID: 34562387 PMCID: PMC9392165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of HIV-1, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and elite controllers (EC) compose a still intricate triad. Elite controllers maintain a very low viral load and a normal CD4 count, even without antiretrovirals. There is a lot of diversity in HIV subtypes and HLA alleles. The most common subtype in each country varies depending on its localization and epidemiological history. As we know EC appears to maintain an effective CD8 response against HIV. In this phenomenon, some alleles of HLAs are associated with a slow progression of HIV infection, others with a rapid progression. This relationship also depends on the virus subtype. Epitopes of Gag protein-restricted by HLA-B*57 generated a considerable immune response in EC. However, some mutations allow HIV to escape the CD8 response, while others do not. HLA protective alleles, like HLA-B*27, HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*58:01, that are common in Caucasians infected with HIV-1 Clade B, do not show the same protection in sub-Saharan Africans infected by HIV-1 Clade C. Endogenous pathway of antigen processing and presentation is used to present intracellular synthesized cellular peptides as well as viral protein fragments via the MHC class I molecule to the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Some epitopes are immunodominant, which means that they drive the immune reaction to some virus. Mutation on an anchor residue of epitope necessary for binding on MHC class I is used by HIV to escape the immune system. Mutations inside or flanking an epitope may lead to T cell lack of recognition and CTL escape. Studying how immunodominance at epitopes drives the EC in a geographically dependent way with genetics and immunological elements orchestrating it may help future research on vaccines or immunotherapy for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Werle Lunardi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Fioravanti Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade La Salle Canoas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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Song X, Zhou J, Li M, Feng Y, Xing H, Wei S. Near Full-Length Genomic Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF107_01B) Identified Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Heilongjiang Province of China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:151-156. [PMID: 32820943 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) circulating recombinant form (CRF) among four epidemiologically unlinked patients through men having sex with men in Heilongjiang Province, China. It was named CRF107_01B (this is temporary as we have not received the CRF number from HIV databases). A near full-length genome phylogenetic tree showed that CRF107_01B was generated by two CRF01_AE segments that was described as cluster 5 lineage of CRF01_AE (CRF01-5) inserted into the B (Western origin) backbone. The emergence of CRF107_01B increased the complexity of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Wei
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Heilongjiang, China
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Abstract
Therapeutic approaches towards a functional cure or eradication of HIV have gained renewed momentum upon encouraging data emerging from studies in SIV monkey models and recent results from human clinical studies. However, a multitude of questions remain to be addressed, including how to deal with the latent viral reservoir, how to boost the host immune response to the virus and what the hurdles are to reach relevant viral compartments in the body. Advances have been made especially with regard to identifying agents that can reactivate the latent virus in vivo and boost the cellular and humoral immunity, but it remains largely unclear whether any of these strategies can awaken a sufficiently large fraction of the viral reservoir and whether the boosted immunity can prevent rapid viral replication once antiretroviral treatments are stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bailon
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | | | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tinarwo P, Zewotir T, North D. Trends and Adaptive Optimal Set Points of CD4 + Count Clinical Covariates at Each Phase of the HIV Disease Progression. AIDS Res Treat 2020; 2020:1379676. [PMID: 32190387 PMCID: PMC7068150 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1379676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to invasion by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the self-regulatory immune system attempts to restore the CD4+ count fluctuations. Consequently, many clinical covariates are bound to adapt too, but little is known about their corresponding new optimal set points. It has been reported that there exist few strongest clinical covariates of the CD4+ count. The objective of this study is to harness them for a streamlined application of multidimensional viewing lens (statistical models) to zoom into the behavioural patterns of the adaptive optimal set points. We further postulated that the optimal set points of some of the strongest covariates are possibly controlled by dietary conditions or otherwise to enhance the CD4+ count. This study investigated post-HIV infection (acute to therapy phases) records of 237 patients involving repeated measurements of 17 CD4+ count clinical covariates that were found to be the strongest. The overall trends showed either downwards, upwards, or irregular behaviour. Phase-specific trends were mostly different and unimaginable, with LDH and red blood cells producing the most complex CD4+ count behaviour. The approximate optimal set points for dietary-related covariates were total protein 60-100 g/L (acute phase), <85 g/L (early phase), <75 g/L (established phase), and >85 g/L (ART phase), whilst albumin approx. 30-50 g/L (acute), >45 g/L (early and established), and <37 g/L (ART). Sodium was desirable at approx. <45 mEq/L (acute and early), <132 mEq/L (established), and >134 mEq/L (ART). Overall, desirable approximates were albumin >42 g/L, total protein <75 g/L, and sodium <137 mEq/L. We conclude that the optimal set points of the strongest CD4+ count clinical covariates tended to drift and adapt to either new ranges or overlapped with the known reference ranges to positively influence the CD4+ cell counts. Recommendation for phase-specific CD4+ cell count influence in adaptation to HIV invasion includes monitoring of the strongest covariates related to dietary conditions (sodium, albumin, and total protein), tissue oxygenation (red blood cells and its haematocrit), and hormonal control (LDH and ALP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Partson Tinarwo
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Temesgen Zewotir
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Delia North
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Zhou J, Lu X, Feng Y, Li M, Zhu Y, Kang R, Zhou Z, Liu L, Cao Z, Ge Z, Ou W, li K, Ruan Y, Liao L, Shao Y, Xing H. Genome Sequence of a Novel HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF103_01B) Identified from Hebei Province, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:234-241. [PMID: 31482718 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) among three epidemiologically unlinked patients through men having sex with men in Hebei Province, China. It was named CRF103_01B (this is temporary as we have not received the CRF number from HIV databases). A near full-length genome phylogenetic tree showed that CRF103_01B was generated by three B (Western origin) segments and CRF01_AE that was described as cluster 5 lineage of CRF01_AE (CRF01-5). The emergence of CRF103_01B increased the complexity of the HIV-1 epidemic in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Lu
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Zhu
- Baoding Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baoding, China
| | - Ruihua Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangwen Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weidong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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Dieckhaus KD, Ha TH, Schensul SL, Sarna A. Modeling HIV Transmission from Sexually Active Alcohol-Consuming Men in ART Programs to Seronegative Wives. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2020; 19:2325958220952287. [PMID: 32851898 PMCID: PMC7457687 DOI: 10.1177/2325958220952287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rollout of antiviral therapy in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) has reduced HIV transmission rates at the potential risk of resistant HIV transmission. We sought to predict the risk of wild type and antiviral resistance transmissions in these settings. METHODS A predictive model utilizing viral load, ART adherence, genital ulcer disease, condom use, and sexual event histories was developed to predict risks of HIV transmission to wives of 233 HIV+ men in 4 antiretroviral treatment centers in Maharashtra, India. RESULTS ARV Therapy predicted a 5.71-fold reduction in transmissions compared to a model of using condoms alone, with 79.9%, of remaining transmissions resulting in primary ART-resistance. CONCLUSIONS ART programs reduce transmission of HIV to susceptible partners at a substantial increased risk for transmission of resistant virus. Enhanced vigilance in monitoring adherence, use of barrier protections, and viral load may reduce risks of resistant HIV transmissions in LMIC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Dieckhaus
- University of Connecticut Division of Infectious Diseases,
Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Toan H. Ha
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen L. Schensul
- University of Connecticut Department of Community Medicine and
Healthcare, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Avina Sarna
- Population Council, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
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Caetano DG, Côrtes FH, Bello G, de Azevedo SSD, Hoagland B, Villela LM, Grinsztejn B, Veloso VG, Guimarães ML, Morgado MG. A case report of HIV-1 superinfection in an HIV controller leading to loss of viremia control: a retrospective of 10 years of follow-up. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:588. [PMID: 31277590 PMCID: PMC6612226 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV controllers (HICs) are a rare group of HIV-1-infected individuals able to naturally control viral replication. Several studies have identified the occurrence of HIV dual infections in seropositive individuals leading to disease progression. In HICs, however, dual infections with divergent outcomes in pathogenesis have been described. Case presentation Here, we present a case report of a HIC diagnosed in late 1999 who displayed stable CD4+ T cell levels and low plasmatic viral load across 12 years of follow-up. In early 2013, the patient started to present an increase in viral load, reaching a peak of 10,000 copies/ml in early 2014, followed by an oscillation of viremia at moderate levels in the following years. The genetic diversity of env proviral quasispecies from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied by single genome amplification (SGA) at six timepoints across 2009–2017. Phylogenetic analyses of env sequences from 2009 and 2010 samples showed the presence of a single subtype B variant (called B1). Analyses of sequences from 2011 and after revealed an additional subtype B variant (called B2) and a subsequent dominance shift in the proviral quasispecies frequencies, with the B2 variant becoming the most frequent from 2014 onwards. Latent syphilis related to unprotected sexual intercourse was diagnosed a year before the first detection of B2, evidencing risk behavior and supporting the superinfection hypothesis. Immunologic analyses revealed an increase in CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immune activation following viremia increase and minor T cell subset alterations during follow-up. HIV-specific T cell responses remained low throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions Altogether, these results show that loss of viremia control in the HIC was associated with superinfection. These data alert to the negative consequences of reinfection on HIV pathogenesis, even in patients with a long history of viremia control and an absence of disease progression, reinforcing the need for continued use of adequate prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gama Caetano
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) -FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Heloise Côrtes
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) -FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) -FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Suwellen Sardinha Dias de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) -FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Brenda Hoagland
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Laboratório de Pesquisa clínica em DST e Aids, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Melo Villela
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Laboratório de Pesquisa clínica em DST e Aids, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Laboratório de Pesquisa clínica em DST e Aids, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdiléa Gonçalves Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Laboratório de Pesquisa clínica em DST e Aids, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) -FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Mariza Gonçalves Morgado
- Laboratório de Aids e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) -FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
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9
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HIV controllers suppress viral replication and evolution and prevent disease progression following intersubtype HIV-1 superinfection. AIDS 2019; 33:399-410. [PMID: 30531316 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of intersubtype HIV-1 superinfection on viremia, reservoir reseeding, viral evolution and disease progression in HIV controllers (HIC). DESIGN A longitudinal analysis of two Brazilian HIC individuals (EEC09 and VC32) previously identified as dually infected with subtypes B and F1 viruses. METHODS Changes in plasma viremia, total HIV-1 DNA levels, CD4+ T-cell counts and HIV-1 quasispecies composition were measured over time. HIV-1 env diversity in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and plasma samples was accessed by single genome amplification and next-generation sequencing approaches, respectively. Viral evolution was evaluated by estimating nucleotide diversity and divergence. RESULTS Individual EEC09 was probably initially infected with a CCR5-tropic subtype B strain and sequentially superinfected with a CXCR4-tropic subtype B strain and with a subtype F1 variant. Individual VC32 was infected with a subtype B strain and superinfected with a subtype F1 variant. The intersubtype superinfection events lead to a moderate increase in viremia and extensive turnover of viral population in plasma but exhibited divergent impact on the size and composition of cell-associated HIV DNA population. Both individuals maintained virologic control (<2000 copies/ml) and presented no evidence of viral evolution or immunologic progression for at least 2 years after the intersubtype superinfection event. CONCLUSION These data revealed that some HIC are able to repeatedly limit replication and evolution of superinfecting viral strains of a different subtype with no signs of disease progression.
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10
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Rosás-Umbert M, Llano A, Bellido R, Olvera A, Ruiz-Riol M, Rocafort M, Fernández MA, Cobarsi P, Crespo M, Dorrell L, Del Romero J, Alcami J, Paredes R, Brander C, Mothe B. Mechanisms of Abrupt Loss of Virus Control in a Cohort of Previous HIV Controllers. J Virol 2019; 93:e01436-18. [PMID: 30487276 PMCID: PMC6363998 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite and viremic HIV controllers are able to control their HIV infection and maintain undetectable or low-level viremia in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Despite extensive studies, the immune factors responsible for such exclusive control remain poorly defined. We identified a cohort of 14 HIV controllers that suffered an abrupt loss of HIV control (LoC) to investigate possible mechanisms and virological and immunological events related to the sudden loss of control. The in-depth analysis of these subjects involved the study of cell tropism of circulating virus, evidence for HIV superinfection, cellular immune responses to HIV, as well as an examination of viral adaptation to host immunity by Gag sequencing. Our data demonstrate that a poor capacity of T cells to mediate in vitro viral suppression, even in the context of protective HLA alleles, predicts a loss of viral control. In addition, the data suggest that inefficient viral control may be explained by an increase of CD8 T-cell activation and exhaustion before LoC. Furthermore, we detected a switch from C5- to X4-tropic viruses in 4 individuals after loss of control, suggesting that tropism shift might also contribute to disease progression in HIV controllers. The significantly reduced inhibition of in vitro viral replication and increased expression of activation and exhaustion markers preceding the abrupt loss of viral control may help identify untreated HIV controllers that are at risk of losing control and may offer a useful tool for monitoring individuals during treatment interruption phases in therapeutic vaccine trials.IMPORTANCE A few individuals can control HIV infection without the need for antiretroviral treatment and are referred to as HIV controllers. We have studied HIV controllers who suddenly lose this ability and present with high in vivo viral replication and decays in their CD4+ T-cell counts to identify potential immune and virological factors that were responsible for initial virus control. We identify in vitro-determined reductions in the ability of CD8 T cells to suppress viral control and the presence of PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells with a naive immune phenotype as potential predictors of in vivo loss of virus control. The findings could be important for the clinical management of HIV controller individuals, and it may offer an important tool to anticipate viral rebound in individuals in clinical studies that include combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment interruptions and which, if not treated quickly, could pose a significant risk to the trial participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rocío Bellido
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Muntsa Rocafort
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Patricia Cobarsi
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Crespo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, IIS Galicia Sur, Spain
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Alcami
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
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Móréh Á, Szilágyi A, Scheuring I, Müller V. Variable Effect of HIV Superinfection on Clinical Status: Insights From Mathematical Modeling. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1634. [PMID: 30083143 PMCID: PMC6064737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV superinfection (infection of an HIV positive individual with another strain of the virus) has been shown to result in a deterioration of clinical status in multiple case studies. However, superinfection with no (or positive) clinical outcome might easily go unnoticed, and the typical effect of superinfection is unknown. We analyzed mathematical models of HIV dynamics to assess the effect of superinfection under various assumptions. We extended the basic model of virus dynamics to explore systematically a set of model variants incorporating various details of HIV infection (homeostatic target cell dynamics, bystander killing, interference competition between viral clones, multiple target cell types, virus-induced activation of target cells). In each model, we identified the conditions for superinfection, and investigated whether and how successful invasion by a second viral strain affects the level of uninfected target cells. In the basic model, and in some of its extensions, the criteria for invasion necessarily entail a decrease in the equilibrium abundance of uninfected target cells. However, we identified three novel scenarios where superinfection can substantially increase the uninfected cell count: (i) if the rate of new infections saturates at high infectious titers (due to interference competition or cell-autonomous innate immunity); or when the invading strain is more efficient at infecting activated target cells, but less efficient at (ii) activating quiescent cells or (iii) inducing bystander killing of these cells. In addition, multiple target cell types also allow for modest increases in the total target cell count. We thus conclude that the effect of HIV superinfection on clinical status might be variable, complicated by factors that are independent of the invasion fitness of the second viral strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Móréh
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Danube Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Szilágyi
- Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Scheuring
- Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.,Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
HIV-infected individuals who maintain control of virus without antiretroviral therapy (ART) are called HIV controllers. The immune responses of these individuals suppress HIV viral replication to low levels or, in the case of elite controllers, to undetectable levels. Although some research indicates a role for inferior virulence of the infecting viral strain in natural control, perhaps by way of defective Nef protein function, we find that the majority of research in HIV controllers highlights CD8 T cells as the main suppressor of viral replication. The most convincing evidence for this argument lies in the strong correlation between certain HLA-I alleles, especially B*57, and HIV control status, a finding that has been replicated by many groups. However, natural control can also occur in individuals lacking these specific HLA alleles, and our understanding of what constitutes an effective CD8 T-cell response remains an incomplete picture. Recent research has broadened our understanding of natural HIV control by illustrating the interactions between different immune cells, including innate immune effectors and antigen-presenting cells. For many years, the immune responses of the natural HIV controllers have been studied for clues on how to achieve functional cure in the rest of the HIV-infected population. The goal of a future functional cure to HIV is one where HIV-infected individuals’ immune responses are able to suppress virus long-term without requiring ART. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how HIV controllers’ natural immune responses are able to suppress virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Boppana
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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