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Ronsard L, Yousif AS, Nait Mohamed FA, Feldman J, Okonkwo V, McCarthy C, Schnabel J, Caradonna T, Barnes RM, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Schmidt A, Lingwood D. Engaging an HIV vaccine target through the acquisition of low B cell affinity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5249. [PMID: 37640732 PMCID: PMC10462694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Low affinity is common for germline B cell receptors (BCR) seeding development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that engage hypervariable viruses, including HIV. Antibody affinity selection is also non-homogenizing, insuring the survival of low affinity B cell clones. To explore whether this provides a natural window for expanding human B cell lineages against conserved vaccine targets, we deploy transgenic mice mimicking human antibody diversity and somatic hypermutation (SHM) and immunize with simple monomeric HIV glycoprotein envelope immunogens. We report an immunization regimen that focuses B cell memory upon the conserved CD4 binding site (CD4bs) through both conventional affinity maturation and reproducible expansion of low affinity BCR clones with public patterns in SHM. In the latter instance, SHM facilitates target acquisition by decreasing binding strength. This suggests that permissive B cell selection enables the discovery of antibody epitopes, in this case an HIV bnAb site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Faez Amokrane Nait Mohamed
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vintus Okonkwo
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Caitlin McCarthy
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julia Schnabel
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy Caradonna
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ralston M Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd, Redwood City, CA, 94063-2478, USA
| | - Daniel Rohrer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd, Redwood City, CA, 94063-2478, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd, Redwood City, CA, 94063-2478, USA
| | - Aaron Schmidt
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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2
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Pilewski KA, Wall S, Richardson SI, Manamela NP, Clark K, Hermanus T, Binshtein E, Venkat R, Sautto GA, Kramer KJ, Shiakolas AR, Setliff I, Salas J, Mapengo RE, Suryadevara N, Brannon JR, Beebout CJ, Parks R, Raju N, Frumento N, Walker LM, Fechter EF, Qin JS, Murji AA, Janowska K, Thakur B, Lindenberger J, May AJ, Huang X, Sammour S, Acharya P, Carnahan RH, Ross TM, Haynes BF, Hadjifrangiskou M, Crowe JE, Bailey JR, Kalams S, Morris L, Georgiev IS. Functional HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive antibodies isolated from a chronically co-infected donor. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112044. [PMID: 36708513 PMCID: PMC10372200 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite prolific efforts to characterize the antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infections, the response to chronic co-infection with these two ever-evolving viruses is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the antibody repertoire of a chronically HIV-1/HCV co-infected individual using linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq). We identify five HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive antibodies demonstrating binding and functional cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and HCV envelope glycoproteins. All five antibodies show exceptional HCV neutralization breadth and effector functions against both HIV-1 and HCV. One antibody, mAb688, also cross-reacts with influenza and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We examine the development of these antibodies using next-generation sequencing analysis and lineage tracing and find that somatic hypermutation established and enhanced this reactivity. These antibodies provide a potential future direction for therapeutic and vaccine development against current and emerging infectious diseases. More broadly, chronic co-infection represents a complex immunological challenge that can provide insights into the fundamental rules that underly antibody-antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Steven Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simone I Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Kaitlyn Clark
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rohit Venkat
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin J Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea R Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ian Setliff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jordan Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rutendo E Mapengo
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Naveen Suryadevara
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Connor J Beebout
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rob Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicole Frumento
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Juliana S Qin
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amyn A Murji
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Bhishem Thakur
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Aaron J May
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Salam Sammour
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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3
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Matarazzo L, Bettencourt PJG. mRNA vaccines: a new opportunity for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172691. [PMID: 37168860 PMCID: PMC10166207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the first licensed mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 has created a widespread interest on mRNA technology for vaccinology. As expected, the number of mRNA vaccines in preclinical and clinical development increased exponentially since 2020, including numerous improvements in mRNA formulation design, delivery methods and manufacturing processes. However, the technology faces challenges such as the cost of raw materials, the lack of standardization, and delivery optimization. MRNA technology may provide a solution to some of the emerging infectious diseases as well as the deadliest hard-to-treat infectious diseases malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), for which an effective vaccine, easily deployable to endemic areas is urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the functional structure, design, manufacturing processes and delivery methods of mRNA vaccines. We provide an up-to-date overview of the preclinical and clinical development of mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases, and discuss the immunogenicity, efficacy and correlates of protection of mRNA vaccines, with particular focus on research and development of mRNA vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarazzo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Bettencourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Paulo J. G. Bettencourt,
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4
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Jaiswal D, Verma S, Nair DT, Salunke DM. Antibody multispecificity: A necessary evil? Mol Immunol 2022; 152:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Timofeeva A, Sedykh S, Nevinsky G. Post-Immune Antibodies in HIV-1 Infection in the Context of Vaccine Development: A Variety of Biological Functions and Catalytic Activities. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030384. [PMID: 35335016 PMCID: PMC8955465 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike many other viruses, HIV-1 is highly variable. The structure of the viral envelope changes as the infection progresses and is one of the biggest obstacles in developing an HIV-1 vaccine. HIV-1 infection can cause the production of various natural autoantibodies, including catalytic antibodies hydrolyzing DNA, myelin basic protein, histones, HIV-integrase, HIV-reverse transcriptase, β-casein, serum albumin, and some other natural substrates. Currently, there are various directions for the development of HIV-1 vaccines: stimulation of the immune response on the mucous membranes; induction of cytotoxic T cells, which lyse infected cells and hold back HIV-infection; immunization with recombinant Env proteins or vectors encoding Env; mRNA-based vaccines and some others. However, despite many attempts to develop an HIV-1 vaccine, none have been successful. Here we review the entire spectrum of antibodies found in HIV-infected patients, including neutralizing antibodies specific to various viral epitopes, as well as antibodies formed against various autoantigens, catalytic antibodies against autoantigens, and some viral proteins. We consider various promising targets for developing a vaccine that will not produce unwanted antibodies in vaccinated patients. In addition, we review common problems in the development of a vaccine against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Timofeeva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.S.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-91-32-027-154
| | - Sergey Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.S.); (G.N.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.S.); (G.N.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Mishra N, Kumar S, Singh S, Bansal T, Jain N, Saluja S, Kumar R, Bhattacharyya S, Palanichamy JK, Mir RA, Sinha S, Luthra K. Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibodies and polyclonal plasma. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009958. [PMID: 34559854 PMCID: PMC8494312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive epitopes (CREs) are similar epitopes on viruses that are recognized or neutralized by same antibodies. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2, similar to type I fusion proteins of viruses such as HIV-1 envelope (Env) and influenza hemagglutinin, is heavily glycosylated. Viral Env glycans, though host derived, are distinctly processed and thereby recognized or accommodated during antibody responses. In recent years, highly potent and/or broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs) that are generated in chronic HIV-1 infections have been defined. These bnAbs exhibit atypical features such as extensive somatic hypermutations, long complementary determining region (CDR) lengths, tyrosine sulfation and presence of insertions/deletions, enabling them to effectively neutralize diverse HIV-1 viruses despite extensive variations within the core epitopes they recognize. As some of the HIV-1 bnAbs have evolved to recognize the dense viral glycans and cross-reactive epitopes (CREs), we assessed if these bnAbs cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. Several HIV-1 bnAbs showed cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 while one HIV-1 CD4 binding site bnAb, N6, neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, neutralizing plasma antibodies of chronically HIV-1 infected children showed cross neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. Collectively, our observations suggest that human monoclonal antibodies tolerating extensive epitope variability can be leveraged to neutralize pathogens with related antigenic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre Program, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanu Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishkarsh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumedha Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Riyaz Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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7
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Differential expression of HIV envelope epitopes on the surface of HIV-Infected macrophages and CD4 + T cells. Antiviral Res 2021; 191:105085. [PMID: 33961905 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected macrophages contribute to persistence of HIV reservoirs in people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. A potential strategy to eliminate reservoirs is the use of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against infected cells expressing the HIV envelope (Env) protein on their surface. Designing ADCC strategies requires knowledge of exposed Env epitopes on the cell surface and identifying antibodies capable of opsonising infected cells, yet little is known regarding the ability of HIV-infected macrophages to be targeted with such strategies. Using a panel of neutralising and poorly-neutralising anti-Env antibodies we compared Env epitopes expressed on infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and autologous T cells. Our results reveal potential differences in epitope expression on macrophage- and T cell-expressed Env. Notably, HIVBaL-infected macrophages were more susceptible to opsonisation by NIH45-46 (median = 40.4%) compared to infected T cells (13.6%; p = 0.002), which were more susceptible to opsonisation by 17b and 447.52D (88.6% and 45.6% respectively) compared to MDM (30% and 6.7%, p = 0.002 and 0.004 respectively). Furthermore, neutralising antibodies 10E8 and PGT145 were relatively ineffective at opsonising Env expressed on the surface of infected T cells or macrophages, indicating that the context in which Env is presented on infected cells may differ to that of cell-free virions.
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8
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Fries CN, Curvino EJ, Chen JL, Permar SR, Fouda GG, Collier JH. Advances in nanomaterial vaccine strategies to address infectious diseases impacting global health. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1-14. [PMID: 32807876 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria and tuberculosis. Nanotechnology approaches are being developed both to design new vaccines against these diseases as well as to facilitate their global implementation. The reasons why a given pathogen may present difficulties for vaccine design are unique and tied to the co-evolutionary history of the pathogen and humans, but there are common challenges that nanotechnology is beginning to help address. In each case, a successful vaccine will need to raise immune responses that differ from the immune responses raised by normal infection. Nanomaterials, with their defined compositions, commonly modular construction, and length scales allowing the engagement of key immune pathways, collectively facilitate the iterative design process necessary to identify such protective immune responses and achieve them reliably. Nanomaterials also provide strategies for engineering the trafficking and delivery of vaccine components to key immune cells and lymphoid tissues, and they can be highly multivalent, improving their engagement with the immune system. This Review will discuss these aspects along with recent nanomaterial advances towards vaccines against infectious disease, with a particular emphasis on HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N Fries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jui-Lin Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Genevieve G Fouda
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Desikan R, Antia R, Dixit NM. Physical 'strength' of the multi-protein chain connecting immune cells: Does the weakest link limit antibody affinity maturation?: The weakest link in the multi-protein chain facilitating antigen acquisition by B cells in germinal centres limits antibody affinity maturation. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000159. [PMID: 33448042 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The affinities of antibodies (Abs) for their target antigens (Ags) gradually increase in vivo following an infection or vaccination, but reach saturation at values well below those realisable in vitro. This 'affinity ceiling' could in many cases restrict our ability to fight infections and compromise vaccines. What determines the affinity ceiling has been an unresolved question for decades. Here, we argue that it arises from the strength of the chain of protein complexes that is pulled by B cells during the process of Ag acquisition. The affinity ceiling is determined by the strength of the weakest link in the chain. We identify the weakest link and show that the resulting affinity ceiling can explain the Ab affinities realized in vivo, providing a conceptual understanding of Ab affinity maturation. We explore plausible evolutionary underpinnings of the affinity ceiling, examine supporting evidence and alternative hypotheses and discuss implications for vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Desikan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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10
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Scheepers C, Bekker V, Anthony C, Richardson SI, Oosthuysen B, Moyo T, Kgagudi P, Kitchin D, Nonyane M, York T, Mielke D, Mabvakure BM, Sheng Z, Lambson BE, Ismail A, Garrett NJ, Abdool Karim SS, Shapiro L, Williamson C, Morris L, Moore PL. Antibody Isotype Switching as a Mechanism to Counter HIV Neutralization Escape. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108430. [PMID: 33238131 PMCID: PMC7723817 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to highly variable viral pathogens show remarkable diversification during infection, resulting in an “arms race” between virus and host. Studies of nAb lineages have shown how somatic hypermutation (SHM) in immunoglobulin (Ig)-variable regions enables maturing antibodies to neutralize emerging viral escape variants. However, the Ig-constant region (which determines isotype) can also influence epitope recognition. Here, we use longitudinal deep sequencing of an HIV-directed nAb lineage, CAP88-CH06, and identify several co-circulating isotypes (IgG3, IgG1, IgA1, IgG2, and IgA2), some of which share identical variable regions. First, we show that IgG3 and IgA1 isotypes are better able to neutralize longitudinal autologous viruses and epitope mutants than can IgG1. Second, detrimental class-switch recombination (CSR) events that resulted in reduced neutralization can be rescued by further CSR, which we term “switch redemption.” Thus, CSR represents an additional immunological mechanism to counter viral escape from HIV-specific antibody responses. Scheepers et al. show within an HIV-specific antibody lineage that isotypes confer variable ability to neutralize emerging viral escape variants. This suggests that class switching, in addition to somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin-variable regions, contributes to antibody maturation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Scheepers
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Valerie Bekker
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Colin Anthony
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Brent Oosthuysen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Dale Kitchin
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Molati Nonyane
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Talita York
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Dieter Mielke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Batsirai M Mabvakure
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Brain Mind Behaviour Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bronwen E Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal 4013, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal 4013, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Brain Mind Behaviour Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal 4013, South Africa.
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), KwaZulu-Natal 4013, South Africa.
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11
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Conformational diversity facilitates antibody mutation trajectories and discrimination between foreign and self-antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22341-22350. [PMID: 32855302 PMCID: PMC7486785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational diversity and self-cross-reactivity of antigens have been correlated with evasion from neutralizing antibody responses. We utilized single cell B cell sequencing, biolayer interferometry and X-ray crystallography to trace mutation selection pathways where the antibody response must resolve cross-reactivity between foreign and self-proteins bearing near-identical contact surfaces, but differing in conformational flexibility. Recurring antibody mutation trajectories mediate long-range rearrangements of framework (FW) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that increase binding site conformational diversity. These antibody mutations decrease affinity for self-antigen 19-fold and increase foreign affinity 67-fold, to yield a more than 1,250-fold increase in binding discrimination. These results demonstrate how conformational diversity in antigen and antibody does not act as a barrier, as previously suggested, but rather facilitates high affinity and high discrimination between foreign and self.
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12
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Loos C, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G. Dissecting the antibody-OME: past, present, and future. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 65:89-96. [PMID: 32755751 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is key to protection for nearly all licensed vaccines. Yet, the design of vaccines has been more difficult for some of our most deadly killers (e.g. HIV, influenza, Dengue virus, etc.), likely due to our incomplete understanding of the precise immunological mechanisms associated with protection. Humoral immunity is governed both by B-cells and their bi-functional secreted antibodies, all of which have a unique capacity to evolve during an immune response. Current OMIC technologies capture individual features of the humoral immune response, providing a glimpse into humoral components (Fab/Fc/B-cell-omic), but fail to provide a wholistic view of the humoral response as a collective functional arm. Here, we dissect current OMIC strategies reviewing experimental and computational approaches, that if integrated could provide a true systems-level view of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are considered a key component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, but despite intensive efforts, induction of bnAbs by vaccination has thus far not been possible. Potent bnAb activity is rare in natural infection and a deeper understanding of factors that promote or limit bnAb evolution is critical to guide bnAb vaccine development. This review reflects on recent key discoveries on correlates of bnAb development and discusses what further insights are needed to move forward. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing number of parameters have been implicated to influence bnAb development in natural infection. Most recent findings highlight a range of immune factors linked with bnAb evolution. Novel approaches have brought exciting progress in defining signatures of the viral envelope associated with bnAb activity. SUMMARY Focused efforts of recent years have unraveled a multiply layered process of HIV-1 bnAb development. As it is understood today, bnAb evolution can be triggered and influenced by a range of factors and several different pathways may exist how bnAb induction and maturation can occur. To capitalize on the gained knowledge, future research needs to validate factors to identify independent drivers of bnAb induction to advance vaccine design.
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14
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Conditional antibody expression to avoid central B cell deletion in humanized HIV-1 vaccine mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7929-7940. [PMID: 32209668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921996117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine development aims to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against diverse viral strains. In some HIV-1-infected individuals, bnAbs evolved from precursor antibodies through affinity maturation. To induce bnAbs, a vaccine must mediate a similar antibody maturation process. One way to test a vaccine is to immunize mouse models that express human bnAb precursors and assess whether the vaccine can convert precursor antibodies into bnAbs. A major problem with such mouse models is that bnAb expression often hinders B cell development. Such developmental blocks may be attributed to the unusual properties of bnAb variable regions, such as poly-reactivity and long antigen-binding loops, which are usually under negative selection during primary B cell development. To address this problem, we devised a method to circumvent such B cell developmental blocks by expressing bnAbs conditionally in mature B cells. We validated this method by expressing the unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the human VRC26 bnAb in transgenic mice. Constitutive expression of the VRC26UCA led to developmental arrest of B cell progenitors in bone marrow; poly-reactivity of the VRC26UCA and poor pairing of the VRC26UCA heavy chain with the mouse surrogate light chain may contribute to this phenotype. The conditional expression strategy bypassed the impediment to VRC26UCA B cell development, enabling the expression of VRC26UCA in mature B cells. This approach should be generally applicable for expressing other bnAbs that are under negative selection during B cell development.
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15
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Proteins mimicking epitope of HIV-1 virus neutralizing antibody induce virus-neutralizing sera in mice. EBioMedicine 2020; 47:247-256. [PMID: 31544770 PMCID: PMC6796546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an effective vaccine preventing HIV-1 infection is hindered by the enormous antigenic variability and unique biochemical and immunological properties of HIV-1 Env glycoprotein, the most promising target for HIV-1 neutralizing antibody. Functional studies of rare elite neutralizers led to the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Methods We employed a highly complex combinatorial protein library derived from a 5 kDa albumin-binding domain scaffold, fused with support protein of total 38 kDa, to screen for binders of broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 paratope. The most specific binders were used for immunization of experimental mice to elicit Env-specific antibodies and to test their neutralization activity using a panel of HIV-1 clade C and B pseudoviruses. Findings Three most specific binders designated as VRA017, VRA019, and VRA177 exhibited high specificity to VRC01 antibody. Immunized mice produced Env-binding antibodies which neutralize eight of twelve HIV-1 Tier 2 pseudoviruses. Molecular modelling revealed a shape complementarity between VRA proteins and a part of VRC01 gp120 interacting surface. Interpretation This strategy based on the identification of protein replicas of broadly neutralizing antibody paratope represents a novel approach in HIV-1 vaccine development. This approach is not affected by low immunogenicity of neutralization-sensitive epitopes, variability, and unique biochemical properties of HIV-1 Env used as a crucial antigen in the majority of contemporary tested vaccines. Fund Czech Health Research Council 15-32198A, Ministry of Health, Czech Republic.
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16
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del Moral-Sánchez I, Sliepen K. Strategies for inducing effective neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1127-1143. [PMID: 31791150 PMCID: PMC6961309 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1690458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective prophylactic vaccine available against HIV-1. Currently, substantial efforts are devoted to the development of vaccines aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are capable of neutralizing most HIV-1 strains. All bNAbs target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), but Env immunizations usually only induce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the sequence-matched virus and not against other strains.Areas covered: We describe the different strategies that have been explored to improve the breadth and potency of anti-HIV-1 NAb responses. The discussed strategies include the application of engineered Env immunogens, optimization of (bNAb) epitopes, different cocktail and sequential vaccination strategies, nanoparticles and nucleic acid-based vaccines.Expert opinion: A combination of the strategies described in this review and future approaches are probably needed to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine that can induce broad, potent and long-lasting NAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván del Moral-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,CONTACT Kwinten Sliepen Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Finney J, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Song S, Nojima T, Verkoczy L, Kitamura D, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Cross-Reactivity to Kynureninase Tolerizes B Cells That Express the HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3268-3281. [PMID: 31732530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2F5 is an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Ab that also binds the autoantigens kynureninase (KYNU) and anionic lipids. Generation of 2F5-like Abs is proscribed by immune tolerance, but it is unclear which autospecificity is responsible. We sampled the BCR repertoire of 2F5 knock-in mice before and after the first and second tolerance checkpoints. Nearly all small pre-B (precheckpoint) and 35-70% of anergic peripheral B cells (postcheckpoint) expressed the 2F5 BCR and maintained KYNU, lipid, and HIV-1 gp41 reactivity. In contrast, all postcheckpoint mature follicular (MF) B cells had undergone L chain editing that purged KYNU and gp41 binding but left lipid reactivity largely intact. We conclude that specificity for KYNU is the primary driver of tolerization of 2F5-expressing B cells. The MF and anergic B cell populations favored distinct collections of editor L chains; surprisingly, however, MF and anergic B cells also frequently expressed identical BCRs. These results imply that BCR autoreactivity is the primary determinant of whether a developing B cell enters the MF or anergic compartments, with a secondary role for stochastic factors that slightly mix the two pools. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how immunological tolerance impairs humoral responses to HIV-1 and supports activation of anergic B cells as a potential method for HIV-1 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Shengli Song
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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18
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Finney J, Watanabe A, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. Minding the gap: The impact of B-cell tolerance on the microbial antibody repertoire. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:24-36. [PMID: 31559648 PMCID: PMC6935408 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes must respond to vast numbers of foreign antigens, including those of microbial pathogens. To do so, developing B cells use combinatorial joining of V-, D-, and J-gene segments to generate an extraordinarily diverse repertoire of B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). Unsurprisingly, a large fraction of this initial BCR repertoire reacts to self-antigens, and these "forbidden" B cells are culled by immunological tolerance from mature B-cell populations. While culling of autoreactive BCRs mitigates the risk of autoimmunity, it also opens gaps in the BCR repertoire, which are exploited by pathogens that mimic the forbidden self-epitopes. Consequently, immunological tolerance, necessary for averting autoimmune disease, also acts to limit effective microbial immunity. In this brief review, we recount the evidence for the linkage of tolerance and impaired microbial immunity, consider the implications of this linkage for vaccine development, and discuss modulating tolerance as a potential strategy for strengthening humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Zhu H, Mathew E, Connelly SM, Zuber J, Sullivan M, Piepenbrink MS, Kobie JJ, Dumont ME. Identification of variant HIV envelope proteins with enhanced affinities for precursors to anti-gp41 broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221550. [PMID: 31504041 PMCID: PMC6736307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV envelope protein (Env) is the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) that are capable of neutralizing diverse strains of HIV. While BNAbs develop spontaneously in a subset of HIV-infected patients, efforts to design an envelope protein-based immunogen to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses have so far been unsuccessful. It is hypothesized that a primary barrier to eliciting BNAbs is the fact that HIV envelope proteins bind poorly to the germline-encoded unmutated common ancestor (UCA) precursors to BNAbs. To identify variant forms of Env with increased affinities for the UCA forms of BNAbs 4E10 and 10E8, which target the Membrane Proximal External Region (MPER) of Env, libraries of randomly mutated Env variants were expressed in a yeast surface display system and screened using fluorescence activated cell sorting for cells displaying variants with enhanced abilities to bind the UCA antibodies. Based on analyses of individual clones obtained from the screen and on next-generation sequencing of sorted libraries, distinct but partially overlapping sets of amino acid substitutions conferring enhanced UCA antibody binding were identified. These were particularly enriched in substitutions of arginine for highly conserved tryptophan residues. The UCA-binding variants also generally exhibited enhanced binding to the mature forms of anti-MPER antibodies. Mapping of the identified substitutions into available structures of Env suggest that they may act by destabilizing both the initial pre-fusion conformation and the six-helix bundle involved in fusion of the viral and cell membranes, as well as providing new or expanded epitopes with increased accessibility for the UCA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Mathew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Connelly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Zuber
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY United States of America
| | - Mark E. Dumont
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
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20
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Schrade A, Bujotzek A, Spick C, Wagner M, Goerl J, Wezler X, Georges G, Kontermann RE, Brinkmann U. Back-to-Germline (B2G) Procedure for Antibody Devolution. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8030045. [PMID: 31544851 PMCID: PMC6784197 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) with avidity-enhanced specificity can be used to address target cells with increased specificity, ideally binding efficiently to cells that express two cognate antigens, yet not to cells that express only one of those. Building blocks required to generate such bsAbs are binders that recognize the two antigens with high specificity yet with various (including very low monovalent) affinities. The herein described ‘back-to-germline’ (B2G) procedure defines such derivatives. It converts parent antibodies with high specificity to derivatives that retain specificity but modulate affinity. The approach defines mutations to be introduced into antibody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) regions without requiring structures of antibody-antigen complexes. Instead, it reverses the B-cell maturation process that increases affinities, with preference on CDR residues with high antigen contact probability. Placing germline residues at those positions generates VH and VL domains and Fv-combinations thereof that retain specificities but are ‘de-matured’ to different degrees. De-maturation influences on-rates and off-rates, and can produce entities with extremely low affinity for which binding can only be detected in bivalent formats. A comparison with alanine replacement in CDRs (so far, the most frequently applied technology) indicates that B2G may be more reliable/predictable without introduction of stickiness or poly-reactivity. The applicability for generating sets of affinity-modulated monospecific variants is exemplarily shown for antibodies that bind CD138, Her2/neu, and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schrade
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Spick
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martina Wagner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Goerl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Xenia Wezler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology & Immunology, Stuttgart University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Large Molecule Research (LMR), Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
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