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Matthews P, Raul P, Ward LM, van Boxtel JJA. Stochastic resonance in the sensory systems and its applications in neural prosthetics. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 165:182-200. [PMID: 39047671 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Noise is generally considered to be detrimental. In the right conditions, however, noise can improve signal detection or information transmission. This counterintuitive phenomenon is called stochastic resonance (SR). SR has generated significant interdisciplinary interest, particularly in physics, engineering, and medical and environmental sciences. In this review, we discuss a growing empirical literature that suggests that noise at the right intensity may improve the detection and processing of auditory, sensorimotor, and visual stimuli. We focus particularly on applications of SR in sensory biology and investigate whether SR-based technologies present a pathway to improve outcomes for individuals living with sensory impairments. We conclude that there is considerable evidence supporting the application of SR in developing sensory prosthetics. However, the progression of SR-based technologies is variable across the sensory modalities. We suggest opportunities for further advancements in each modality, considering the best approaches to maximise benefits and capitalise on progress already made. Overall, SR can offer opportunities to improve existing technologies or to motivate innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Matthews
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Pratik Raul
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Lawrence M Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeroen J A van Boxtel
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Lyons-Warren AM, Guez-Barber D, Thomas SP, Tantry EK, Mahat A, Aravamuthan B. Sensory Symptoms Across the Lifespan in People With Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 157:157-166. [PMID: 38924827 PMCID: PMC11257800 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To estimate the prevalence of sensory symptoms in people with cerebral palsy (CP) across the lifespan. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the self-reported Sensory Processing Scale Inventory (SPS-I) was administered via Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) between February 1, 2022, and August 15, 2022, to people with CP or their caregivers enrolled in the online MyCP Community Registry. We determined the association between SPS-I scores and age (Pearson correlation) and functional status as assessed using five validated functional classification systems for CP (analysis of variance [ANOVA]). We hypothesized that sensory symptoms would differ between younger and older individuals with CP. RESULTS Of 155 responses (28% response rate, age one to 76 years, 34% male), 97% reported at least one bothersome sensory symptom. Total sensory symptoms decreased with age (R2 = 0.12, P < 0.0001), driven by decreases in hyposensitivity symptoms (R2 = 0.32, P < 0.0001), primarily tactile hyposensitivity (R2 = 0.29, P < 0.0001). Sensory symptoms increased with greater functional impairment across all functional domains (ANOVA, P < 0.0001). However, the age-specific decrease in hyposensitivities was most pronounced in people with the greatest gross motor functional impairment (R2 = 0.70, P = 0.0004). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that hyposensitivity, primarily tactile sensitivity, decreases with age in people with CP. Future work should assess whether decreased hyposensitivity contributes to other age-related changes in CP like increased pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Lyons-Warren
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Danielle Guez-Barber
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruthi P Thomas
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Evelyne K Tantry
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aditya Mahat
- Department of Pediatric-Neurology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Bhooma Aravamuthan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Sansare A, Arcodia M, Lee SCK, Jeka J, Reimann H. Immediate application of low-intensity electrical noise reduced responses to visual perturbations during walking in individuals with cerebral palsy. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:14. [PMID: 38281953 PMCID: PMC10822182 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Sansare
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Maelyn Arcodia
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Samuel C K Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - John Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Hendrik Reimann
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Sansare A, Reimann H, Crenshaw J, Arcodia M, Verma K, Lee SCK. Subthreshold electrical noise alters walking balance control in individuals with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 2023; 106:47-52. [PMID: 37659222 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory deficits in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) play a critical role in balance control. However, there is a lack of effective interventions that address sensory facilitation to improve walking balance. Stochastic Resonance (SR) stimulation involves delivering sub threshold noise to improve balance in patients with sensory deficits by enhancing the detection of sensory input. RESEARCH QUESTION To investigate the immediate effects of SR on walking balance in individuals with and without CP. METHODS Thirty-four participants (17 CP, 17 age-and sex-matched typically developing controls or TD) between 8 and 24 years of age were recruited. SR stimulation was applied to the muscles and ligaments of ankle and hip joint. An optimal SR intensity during walking was determined for each subject. Participants walked on a self-paced treadmill for three trials of two minutes each using a random order of SR stimulation (SR) and no stimulation (noSR) control conditions. Our primary outcome measure was minimum lateral margin of stability (MOS). Secondary outcome measures include anterior MOS before heelstrike and spatiotemporal gait parameters. We performed two-way mixed ANOVAs with group (CP, TD) as between-subject and condition (noSR, SR) as within subject factors. RESULTS Compared to walking without SR, there was a small but significant increase in the lateral and anterior MOS with SR stimulation, implying that a larger impulse was needed to become unstable, in turn implying higher stability. Step width and step ength decreased with SR for the CP group with SR stimulation. There were no significant effects for other spatiotemporal variables. SIGNIFICANCE Sub threshold electrical noise can slightly improve walking balance control in individuals with CP. SR stimulation, through enhanced proprioception, may have improved the CP group's awareness of body motion during walking, thus leading them to adopt a more conservative stability strategy to prevent a potential fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Sansare
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Hendrik Reimann
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jeremy Crenshaw
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Maelyn Arcodia
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Khushboo Verma
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Samuel C K Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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5
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Gerber ED, Giraldo C, Whorley B, Nichols P, Ring S, Luchies CW. Subthreshold white noise vibration alters trembling sway in older adults. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 90:103119. [PMID: 37390770 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatosensory deficit is a significant contributor to falls in older adults. Stochastic resonance has shown promise in recent studies of somatosensation-based balance disorders, improving many measures of stability both inside and outside of the clinic. However, our understanding of this effect from a physiological perspective is poorly understood. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to explore the influence of subthreshold vibratory stimulation on sway under the rambling-trembling framework. METHODS 10 Healthy older adults (60-65 years) volunteered to participate in this study. Each participant underwent two randomized testing sessions on separate days, one experimental and one placebo. During each session, the participants' baseline sway was captured during one 90-s quiet standing trial. Their sensation threshold was then captured using a custom vibratory mat and 4-2-1 vibration perception threshold test. Finally, participants completed another 90-s quiet standing trial while the vibratory mat vibrated at 90% of their measured threshold (if experimental) or with the mat off (if placebo). While they completed these trials, an AMTI force plate collected force and moment data in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML), from which the center of pressure (COP), rambling (RM), and trembling (TR) time series were calculated. From each of these time series, range, variability (root-mean-square), and predictability (sample entropy) were extracted. One-tailed paired t-tests were used to compare baseline and during-vibration measures. RESULTS No significant differences were found during the placebo session. For the experimental session, significant increases were found in AP TR range, ML TR RMS, AP COP predictability, and AP & ML TR predictability. The TR time series was particularly sensitive to vibration, suggesting a strong influence on peripheral/spinal mechanisms of postural control. SIGNIFICANCE Though it is unclear whether observed effects are indicative of "improvements" or not, it does suggest that there was a measurable effect of subthreshold vibration on sway. This knowledge should be utilized in future studies of stochastic resonance, potentially acting as a mode of customization, tailoring vibration location, duration, magnitude, and frequency content to achieve the desired effect. One day, this work may aid in our ability to treat somatosensation-based balance deficits, ultimately reducing the incidence and severity of falls in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn D Gerber
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Camilo Giraldo
- Department of Engineering, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA, USA
| | - Brett Whorley
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Paris Nichols
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Scott Ring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Carl W Luchies
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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Ravanbod HR. How Might Consideration of Cell Polarity Affect Daily Therapeutic Practices?A Literature Review:. Galen Med J 2023; 12:e2970. [PMID: 37808005 PMCID: PMC10556545 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v12i.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to biochemical gradients and transcriptional networks, cell behaviour is controlled by endogenous bioelectrical signals resulting from the action of ion channels and pumps. Cells are regulated not only by their own membrane resting potential (Vmem) but also by the Vmem of neighbouring cells, establishing networks through electrical synapses known as gap junctions. V mem is the primary factor in producing a polarity that can regulate cell assimilation of various substances. This article aimed to examine how cell polarity can change and how variations in cell polarity may lead to clinical demonstrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using Cochrane Central, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and Embase, a comprehensive qualitative literature review was conducted from February 1, 2018, to February 1, 2023, to identify studies addressing bioelectric, cell polarity, and electroceuticals in patients with foot and ankle problems. RESULTS Out of 1,281 publications, 27 were included. One study investigated bioelectric wound-healing. Twenty-five studies examined bioelectric nerve cell growth, whereas one study evaluated bioelectricity-induced cellular differentiation in the treatment of arteriopathies. CONCLUSION The author of this systematic review support addressing the predisposing factors and healing impediments for a disease, thereby enhancing the healing process and reducing the likelihood of recurrence or parallel conditions. This method of treatment has provided a summary of evidence indicating that cell polarity could be addressed for the treatment and prevention of most if not all, foot and ankle problems. However, owing to the limitations of V mem and bioelectricity measurement and the direct or indirect involvement of genetics and chemical gradients, further studies are required to confirm these results.
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Lynn J, Wolf A, Bridges T, Pottanat Z, Spivey S, Rolin O. Effects of stochastic resonance stimulation on manual function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A pilot clinical trial. PM R 2023; 15:302-313. [PMID: 35187840 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of stochastic resonance stimulation (SRS) on manual abilities in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. DESIGN This pilot study is a randomized, sham-controlled, one-period, crossover trial. SETTING A neuroscience clinic with specialty therapy programs at an urban, university-based children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen children ages 3 to 16 years who were diagnosed with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and had hand Manual Abilities Classification scale score of I to III with sufficient cognitive abilities to follow instructions. INTERVENTIONS Children donned wrist and arm bands that delivered SRS via embedded piezoelectric actuators in two randomly assigned conditions: sham (devices powered off) and subthreshold stimulation (SBT-SRS). Following the randomized protocol, a subset of participants also completed an open-label, above-threshold stimulation (AT-SRS) condition. Children carried out the same uni-manual and bimanual tasks during the randomized and open-label protocols; all data were collected in a single session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Box and Blocks (B&B) test, a uni-manual function test, and the Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE). The SHUEE was video recorded and scored by two raters who were blinded to the experimental condition. RESULTS Thirteen children completed the B&B task and 14 children completed the SHUEE. Children in the SBT-SRS condition relative to sham condition moved an average of 1.8 more blocks in 1 minute (p = .08); scored an average of 3 points higher on SHUEE spontaneous functional analysis (p < .002); and scored an average of 2.7 points higher on SHUEE dynamic positional analysis (p = .20). In the open-label protocol, children in the AT-SRS condition relative to sham moved 3.9 more blocks than in the sham condition (n = 8, p < .001); scored an average of 4.5 points higher on SHUEE spontaneous functional analysis (n = 6, p = .08); and scored an average of 10.5 points higher on SHUEE dynamic positional analysis (n = 6, p = .01). CONCLUSION(S) In this pilot study, we found preliminary evidence that children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy demonstrated improved uni-manual abilities and increased function of the impaired hand on bimanual tasks when receiving a single session of SBT-SRS. Preliminary evidence also suggests that some children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy may improve more when receiving a single session of AT-SRS. Future research using larger, controlled studies should evaluate the optimal intensity, duration, and long-term effect of SRS for improving impaired manual abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lynn
- Occupational Therapist: Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Allison Wolf
- Occupational Therapist: Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Travis Bridges
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zachary Pottanat
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Suzanne Spivey
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Olivier Rolin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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8
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Bertucco M, Nardon M, Mueske N, Sandhu S, Rethlefsen SA, Wren TAL, Sanger TD. The Effects of Prolonged Vibrotactile EMG-Based Biofeedback on Ankle Joint Range of Motion During Gait in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Series. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2022; 43:351-366. [PMID: 36446743 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2022.2151391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this case series was to examine the feasibility of vibrotactile EMG-based biofeedback (BF) as a home-based intervention tool to enhance sensory information during everyday motor activities and to explore its effectiveness to induce changes in active ankle range of motion during gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS Ten children ages 6 to 13 years with spastic CP were recruited. Participants wore two EMG-based vibro-tactile BF devices for at least 4 hours per day for 1-month on the ankle and knee joints muscles. The device computed the amplitude of the EMG signal of the target muscle and actuated a silent vibration motor proportional to the magnitude of the EMG. RESULTS Our results demonstrated the feasibility of the augmented sensory information of muscle activity to induce changes of the active ankle range of motion during gait for 6 children with an increase ranging from 8.9 to 51.6% compared to a one-month period without treatment. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings of this case series demonstrate the feasibility of vibrotactile EMG-based BF and suggest potential effectiveness to increase active ankle range of motion, therefore serving as a promising therapeutic tool to improve gait in children with spastic CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bertucco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Nardon
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicole Mueske
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sukhveer Sandhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Tishya A L Wren
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Terence D Sanger
- School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
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Paillard T. Sensory electrical stimulation and postural balance: a comprehensive review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3261-3281. [PMID: 34351530 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sensory electrical stimulation (SES)-i.e., low-intensity electrical currents below, at, or just above the sensory threshold but below the motor threshold-is mainly used to restore/improve postural balance in pathological and healthy subjects. However, the ins and outs of its application as well as the neurophysiological effects induced are not yet well known. Hence, the aim of this paper was to address the effects of SES on postural balance based on these considerations. METHOD The immediate/concurrent effects (SES applied during postural balance measurements), the acute effects (SES durably applied before measuring postural balance) and the chronic effects (SES included in training/rehabilitation programs, i.e., measurements performed before and after the programs) were analysed with a comprehensive review. RESULT SES can lead to the improvement of postural balance using any of the three applications (immediate/concurrent, acute and chronic), notably in pathological subjects. The beneficial effects of SES can take place at the peripheral (sensory receptors sensitivity), spinal (spinal motoneural excitablity) and supra-spinal (cortex reorganisation or adaptation) levels. In healthy subjects, SES appears interesting, but too few studies have been conducted with this population to report clear results. Moreover, the literature is relatively devoid of comparative studies about the characteristics of the stimulation current (e.g., location, current parameters, duration). CONCLUSION In practice, SES appears to be particularly useful to reinforce or restore the postural function in the immediate/concurrent, acute or chronic application in pathlogical populations while its effects should be confirmed in healthy sujects by future studies. Moreover, future research should focus on the different characteristics of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Paillard
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance et Santé, EA 4445, Département STAPS, Université de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour/E2S, ZA Bastillac Sud, 65000, Tarbes, France.
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Nobusako S, Osumi M, Matsuo A, Furukawa E, Maeda T, Shimada S, Nakai A, Morioka S. Influence of Stochastic Resonance on Manual Dexterity in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Double-Blind Interventional Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:626608. [PMID: 33859606 PMCID: PMC8042204 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.626608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that the stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon provided by subthreshold mechanical noise stimulation improves the sensory-motor system. However, the effect of SR on children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess whether SR activated by subthreshold vibrotactile noise stimulation of the wrist influences manual dexterity in children with DCD. Methods: A double-blind interventional study was conducted. Participants were 30 children (age: 9.3 ± 1.44 years, range 6–11 years; 27 male, three female; 25 right-handed, five left-handed) meeting DCD diagnostic criteria in DSM-5. The manual dexterity test was administered the day before SR intervention (baseline-data). SR was elicited using subthreshold vibrotactile noise stimulation at 60% of the vibrotactile threshold measured at the wrist. SR was delivered two times and the manual dexterity test was administered during each SR stimulation block (SR-on condition) and after each SR stimulation block (SR-off), for a total of four measurements. Target outcomes were the component score, the standard score, and the percentile score of the manual dexterity test. Results: The manual dexterity test scores in the SR-on condition were significantly improved compared to scores at the baseline and in the SR-off condition (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study showed that subthreshold noise stimulation eliciting SR significantly improved manual dexterity outcomes in children with DCD during stimulation but not after stimulation. Future studies will need to investigate the carry-over effects of SR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University , Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University , Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuo
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University , Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University , Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Hyogo, Akashi, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sotaro Shimada
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University , Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Japan
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11
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Zarkou A, Lee SCK, Prosser L, Hwang S, Franklin C, Jeka J. Foot and ankle somatosensory deficits in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2021; 14:247-255. [PMID: 33896853 DOI: 10.3233/prm-190643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate foot and ankle somatosensory function in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS Ten children with spastic diplegia (age 15 ± 5 y; GMFCS I-III) and 11 typically developing (TD) peers (age 15 ± 10 y) participated in the study. Light touch pressure and two-point discrimination were assessed on the plantar side of the foot by using a monofilament kit and an aesthesiometer, respectively. The duration of vibration sensation at the first metatarsal head and medial malleolus was tested by a 128 Hz tuning fork. Joint position sense and kinesthesia in the ankle joint were also assessed. RESULTS Children with CP demonstrated significantly higher light touch pressure and two-point discrimination thresholds compared to their TD peers. Individuals with CP perceived the vibration stimulus for a longer period compared to the TD participants. Finally, the CP group demonstrated significant impairments in joint position sense but not in kinesthesia of the ankle joints. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that children with CP have foot and ankle tactile and proprioceptive deficits. Assessment of lower extremity somatosensory function should be included in clinical practice as it can guide clinicians in designing more effective treatment protocols to improve functional performance in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zarkou
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Laboratory, Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel C K Lee
- Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Research Department, Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Prosser
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sungjae Hwang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Corinna Franklin
- Research Department, Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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12
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Georgarakis AM, Sonar HA, Rinderknecht MD, Popp WL, Duarte JE, Lambercy O, Paik J, Martin BJ, Riener R, Klamroth-Marganska V. Age-Dependent Asymmetry of Wrist Position Sense Is Not Influenced by Stochastic Tactile Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:65. [PMID: 32194386 PMCID: PMC7063068 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stochastic stimulation has been shown to improve movement, balance, the sense of touch, and may also improve position sense. This stimulation can be non-invasive and may be a simple technology to enhance proprioception. In this study, we investigated whether sub-threshold stochastic tactile stimulation of mechanoreceptors reduces age-related errors in wrist position estimation. Fifteen young (24.5±1.5y) and 23 elderly (71.7±7.3y) unimpaired, right-handed adults completed a wrist position gauge-matching experiment. In each trial, the participant's concealed wrist was moved to a target position between 10 and 30° of wrist flexion or extension by a robotic manipulandum. The participant then estimated the wrist's position on a virtual gauge. During half of the trials, sub-threshold stochastic tactile stimulation was applied to the wrist muscle tendon areas. Stochastic stimulation did not significantly influence wrist position sense. In the elderly group, estimation errors decreased non-significantly when stimulation was applied compared to the trials without stimulation [mean constant error reduction Δμ(θconof)=0.8° in flexion and Δμ(θconoe)=0.7° in extension direction, p = 0.95]. This effect was less pronounced in the young group [Δμ(θcony)=0.2° in flexion and in extension direction, p = 0.99]. These improvements did not yield a relevant effect size (Cohen's d < 0.1). Estimation errors increased with target angle magnitude in both movement directions. In young participants, estimation errors were non-symmetric, with estimations in flexion [μ(θconyf)=1.8°, σ(θconyf)=7.0°] being significantly more accurate than in extension [μ(θconye)=8.3°, σ(θconye)=9.3°, p < 0.01]. This asymmetry was not present in the elderly group, where estimations in flexion [μ(θconof)=7.5°, σ(θconof)=9.8°] were similar to extension [μ(θconoe)=7.7°, σ(θconoe)=9.3°]. Hence, young and elderly participants performed equally in extension direction, whereas wrist position sense in flexion direction deteriorated with age (p < 0.01). Though unimpaired elderly adults did not benefit from stochastic stimulation, it cannot be deduced that individuals with more severe impairments of their sensory system do not profit from this treatment. While the errors in estimating wrist position are symmetric in flexion and extension in elderly adults, young adults are more accurate when estimating wrist flexion, an effect that has not been described before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Georgarakis
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Reharobotics Group, Medical Faculty, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harshal A Sonar
- Reconfigurable Robotics Laboratory (RRL), Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mike D Rinderknecht
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner L Popp
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaime E Duarte
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Reharobotics Group, Medical Faculty, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Lambercy
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jamie Paik
- Reconfigurable Robotics Laboratory (RRL), Institute of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard J Martin
- Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering (IOE), Center for Ergonomics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Klamroth-Marganska
- Sensory-Motor Systems (SMS) Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Reharobotics Group, Medical Faculty, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Health Professions, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
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13
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Zarkou A, Lee SCK, Prosser LA, Jeka JJ. Foot and Ankle Somatosensory Deficits Affect Balance and Motor Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:45. [PMID: 32161527 PMCID: PMC7054234 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory dysfunction is prevalent in cerebral palsy (CP). Evidence suggests that sensory deficits can contribute to manual ability impairments in children with CP, yet it is still unclear how they contribute to balance and motor performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between lower extremity (LE) somatosensation and functional performance in children with CP. Ten participants with spastic diplegia (Gross Motor Function Classification Scale: I-III) and who were able to stand independently completed the study. Threshold of light touch pressure, two-point discriminatory ability of the plantar side of the foot, duration of cutaneous vibration sensation, and error in the joint position sense of the ankle were assessed to quantify somatosensory function. The balance was tested by the Balance Evaluation System Test (BESTest) and postural sway measures during a standing task. Motor performance was evaluated by using a battery of clinical assessments: (1) Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66-IS) to test gross motor ability; (2) spatiotemporal gait characteristics (velocity, step length) to evaluate walking ability; (3) Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 6 Min Walk (6MWT) tests to assess functional mobility; and (4) an isokinetic dynamometer was used to test the Maximum Volitional Isometric Contraction (MVIC) of the plantar flexor muscles. The results showed that the light touch pressure measure was strongly associated only with the 6MWT. Vibration and two-point discrimination were strongly related to balance performance. Further, the vibration sensation of the first metatarsal head demonstrated a significantly strong relationship with motor performance as measured by GMFM-66-IS, spatiotemporal gait parameters, TUG, and ankle plantar flexors strength test. The joint position sense of the ankle was only related to one subdomain of the BESTest (Postural Responses). This study provides preliminary evidence that LE sensory deficits can possibly contribute to the pronounced balance and motor impairments in CP. The findings emphasize the importance of developing a thorough LE sensory test battery that can guide traditional treatment protocols toward a more holistic therapeutic approach by combining both motor and sensory rehabilitative strategies to improve motor function in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zarkou
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Laboratory, Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samuel C K Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,Research Department, Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura A Prosser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania & The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John J Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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14
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Moon J, Pathak P, Kim S, Roh SG, Roh C, Shim Y, Ahn J. Shoes with active insoles mitigate declines in balance after fatigue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1951. [PMID: 32029789 PMCID: PMC7004992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue can induce postural instability and even lead to falls. However, most current methods to delay or reduce fatigue require long preparatory time, or large and expensive equipment. We propose a convenient method to alleviate postural instability due to fatigue. We paid attention to that fatigue and aging share similar neurophysiological deterioration of sensory-motor function. Considering that stochastic resonance via sub-sensory mechanical vibration increases postural stability in the elderly, we propose that sub-sensory insole vibration reduces the negative effect of fatigue on postural control. We performed experiments with 21 young and healthy adult participants, and demonstrated that insole vibration compensates for the loss of balance ability due to fatigue. The sub-sensory insole vibration restored both the area of center of pressure and the complexity of the time series of the motor output after fatigue to the pre-fatigue levels. The insole units generating the vibration were completely concealed in shoes and controlled by a smart phone. This compact implementation contrasts with the cumbersome procedure of current solutions to fatigue-induced postural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongin Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Prabhat Pathak
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudeok Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Gon Roh
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Roh
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbo Shim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooeun Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Nobusako S, Osumi M, Matsuo A, Furukawa E, Maeda T, Shimada S, Nakai A, Morioka S. Subthreshold Vibrotactile Noise Stimulation Immediately Improves Manual Dexterity in a Child With Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Single-Case Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:717. [PMID: 31312179 PMCID: PMC6614204 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is the most common childhood movement disorder. It is characterized by clumsiness of fine and gross motor skills in developing children. Children with DCD have low ability to effectively use tactile information for movements, instead relying on visual information. In addition, children with DCD have deficits in visuo-motor temporal integration, which is important in motor control. These traits subsequently lead to clumsiness of movements. Conversely, however, imperceptible vibrotactile noise stimulation (at 60%-intensity of the sensory threshold) to the wrist provides stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon to the body, improving the sensory and motor systems. However, the effects of SR have not yet been validated in children with DCD. Thus, we conducted a single case study of a 10-year-old boy with a diagnosis of DCD to investigate the effect of SR on visual dependence, visuo-motor temporal integration, and manual dexterity. SR was provided by vibrotactile noise stimulation (at an intensity of 60% of the sensory threshold) to the wrist. Changes in manual dexterity (during the SR on- and off-conditions) were measured using the manual dexterity test of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd edition. The point of subjective equality measured by visual or tactile temporal order judgment task served as a quantitative indicator reflecting specific sensory dependence. The delay detection threshold and steepness of delay detection probability curve, which were measured using the delayed visual feedback detection task, were used as quantitative indicators of visuo-motor temporal integration. The results demonstrated alleviated visual dependence and improved visuo-motor temporal integration during the SR on-conditions rather than the SR off-conditions. Most importantly, manual dexterity during the SR on-conditions was significantly improved compared to that during the SR off-conditions. Thus, the present results highlighted that SR could contribute to improving poor movement in children with DCD. However, since this was a single case study, a future interventional study with a large sample size is needed to determine the effectiveness of SR for children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nobusako
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Koryo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Osumi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Koryo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuo
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Koryo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kio University, Koryo, Japan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Koryo, Japan
| | - Takaki Maeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sotaro Shimada
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akio Nakai
- Graduate School of Clinical Education & The Center for the Study of Child Development, Institute for Education, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Koryo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kio University, Koryo, Japan
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16
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The effects of sub-threshold vibratory noise on visuomotor entrainment during human walking and standing in a virtual reality environment. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:587-599. [PMID: 31255870 PMCID: PMC6934930 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans will naturally synchronize their posture to the motion of a visual surround, but it is unclear if this visuomotor entrainment can be attenuated with an increased sensitivity to somatosensory information. Sub-threshold vibratory noise applied to the Achilles tendons has proven to enhance ankle proprioception through the phenomenon of stochastic resonance. Our purpose was to compare visuomotor entrainment during walking and standing, and to understand how this entrainment might be attenuated by applying sub-threshold vibratory noise over the Achilles tendons. We induced visuomotor entrainment during standing and treadmill walking for ten subjects (24.5 ± 2.9 years) using a speed-matched virtual hallway with continuous mediolateral perturbations at three different frequencies. Vibrotactile motors over the Achilles tendons provided noise (0-400 Hz) with an amplitude set to 90% of each participant's sensory threshold. Mediolateral sacrum, C7, and head motion was greatly amplified (4-8× on average) at the perturbation frequencies during walking, but was much less pronounced during standing. During walking, individuals with greater mediolateral head motion at the fastest perturbation frequency saw the greatest attenuation of that motion with applied noise. Similarly, during standing, individuals who exhibited greater postural sway (as measured by the center of pressure) also saw the greatest reductions in sway with sub-threshold noise applied in three of our summary metrics. Our results suggest that, at least for healthy young adults, sub-threshold vibratory noise over the Achilles tendons can slightly improve postural control during disruptive mediolateral visual perturbations, but the applied noise does not substantially attenuate visuomotor entrainment during walking or standing.
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