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Chen Y, Nguyet LA, Nhan LNT, Qui PT, Nhu LNT, Hong NTT, Ny NTH, Anh NT, Thanh LK, Phuong HT, Vy NHT, Thanh NTL, Khanh TH, Hung NT, Viet DC, Nam NT, Chau NVV, van Doorn HR, Tan LV, Clapham H. Age-time-specific transmission of hand-foot-and-mouth disease enterovirus serotypes in Vietnam: A catalytic model with maternal immunity. Epidemics 2024; 46:100754. [PMID: 38428358 PMCID: PMC10945305 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is highly prevalent in the Asia Pacific region, particularly in Vietnam. To develop effective interventions and efficient vaccination programs, we inferred the age-time-specific transmission patterns of HFMD serotypes enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from a case data collected during 2013-2018 and a serological survey data collected in 2015 and 2017. We proposed a catalytic model framework with good adaptability to incorporate maternal immunity using various mathematical functions. Our results indicate the high-level transmission of CV-A6 and CV-A10 which is not obvious in the case data, due to the variation of disease severity across serotypes. Our results provide statistical evidence supporting the strong association between severe illness and CV-A6 and EV-A71 infections. The HFMD dynamic pattern presents a cyclical pattern with large outbreaks followed by a decline in subsequent years. Additionally, we identify the age group with highest risk of infection as 1-2 years and emphasise the risk of future outbreaks as over 50% of children aged 6-7 years were estimated to be susceptible to CV-A16 and EV-A71. Our study highlights the importance of multivalent vaccines and active surveillance for different serotypes, supports early vaccination prior to 1 year old, and points out the potential utility for vaccinating children older than 5 years old in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Lam Anh Nguyet
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Phan Tu Qui
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Nguyen Thi Han Ny
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen To Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Le Kim Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Thi Phuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Ha Thao Vy
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Do Chau Viet
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Van Vinh Chau
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
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2
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Chau NVV, Thuong TC, Hung NT, Hong NTT, Quy DT, Thien TB, Hiep CM, Minh NNQ, Khanh TH, Han DDK, Truc THC, Ny NTH, Thanh LK, Nguyet LA, Thuy CT, Nhu LNT, Van Quang P, Nguyen PNT, Qui PT, Rogier van Doorn H, Thwaites CL, Thanh TT, Dung NT, Thwaites G, Anh NT, Nhan LNT, Van Tan L. Emerging Enterovirus A71 Subgenogroup B5 Causing Severe Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Vietnam, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:363-367. [PMID: 38270132 PMCID: PMC10826755 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.231024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We report on a 2023 outbreak of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease in southern Vietnam caused by an emerging lineage of enterovirus A71 subgenogroup B5. Affected children were significantly older than those reported during previous outbreaks. The virus should be closely monitored to assess its potential for global dispersal.
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3
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Fu L, Zhang XY, Jin WP, Wang C, Qian SS, Wang MJ, Wang WH, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Chen XQ, Shen S. Identification of a Conserved, Linear Epitope on VP3 of Enterovirus A Species Recognized by a Broad-Spectrum Monoclonal Antibody. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041028. [PMID: 37113008 PMCID: PMC10145497 DOI: 10.3390/v15041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have occurred frequently in the Asian-Pacific region over the last two decades, caused mainly by the serotypes in Enterovirus A species. High-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are needed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the diagnosis of enteroviruses associated HFMD. In this study, a mAb 1A11 was generated using full particles of CV-A5 as an immunogen. In indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays, 1A11 bound to the viral proteins of CV-A2, CV-A4, CV-A5, CV-A6, CV-A10, CV-A16, and EV-A71 of the Enterovirus A and targeted VP3. It has no cross-reactivity to strains of Enterovirus B and C. By mapping with over-lapped and truncated peptides, a minimal and linear epitope 23PILPGF28 was identified, located at the N-terminus of the VP3. A BLAST sequence search of the epitope in the NCBI genus Enterovirus (taxid: 12059) protein database indicates that the epitope sequence is highly conserved among the Enterovirus A species, but not among the other enterovirus species, first reported by us. By mutagenesis analysis, critical residues for 1A11 binding were identified for most serotypes of Enterovirus A. It may be useful for the development of a cost-effective and pan-Enterovirus A antigen detection for surveillance, early diagnosis and differentiation of infections caused by the Enterovirus A species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Fu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sha-Sha Qian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Meng-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
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4
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Anh NT, Nhu LNT, Hong NTT, Phuc TM, Tam PTT, Huong DT, Anh TT, Deng X, Nghia HDT, Nguyen TT, Van Hung N, Thuan ND, Phuong PTH, Chau NVV, Baker S, Delwart E, Thwaites G, Van Tan L. Viral Metagenomic Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Acute Central Nervous System Infections of Unknown Origin, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:205-213. [PMID: 33350920 PMCID: PMC7774551 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.202723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infection is a serious neurologic condition, although the etiology remains unknown in >50% of patients. We used metagenomic next-generation sequencing to detect viruses in 204 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with acute CNS infection who were enrolled from Vietnam hospitals during 2012–2016. We detected 8 viral species in 107/204 (52.4%) of CSF samples. After virus-specific PCR confirmation, the detection rate was lowered to 30/204 (14.7%). Enteroviruses were the most common viruses detected (n = 23), followed by hepatitis B virus (3), HIV (2), molluscum contagiosum virus (1), and gemycircularvirus (1). Analysis of enterovirus sequences revealed the predominance of echovirus 30 (9). Phylogenetically, the echovirus 30 strains belonged to genogroup V and VIIb. Our results expanded knowledge about the clinical burden of enterovirus in Vietnam and underscore the challenges of identifying a plausible viral pathogen in CSF of patients with CNS infections.
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5
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Lee MHP, Tan CW, Tee HK, Ong KC, Sam IC, Chan YF. Vaccine candidates generated by codon and codon pair deoptimization of enterovirus A71 protect against lethal challenge in mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:1708-1720. [PMID: 33640144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. It is associated with severe neurological complications and death. This study aims to develop a live-attenuated vaccine by codon deoptimization (CD) and codon-pair deoptimization (CPD) of EV-A71. CD is generated by introducing the least preferred codons for amino acids while CPD increases the presence of underrepresented codon pairs in the specific genes. CD and CPD chimeras were generated by synonymous mutations at the VP2, VP3, VP1 and 2A gene regions, designated as XYZ. All twelve deoptimized viruses were viable with similar replication kinetics, but the plaque sizes were inversely proportional to the level of deoptimization. All the deoptimized viruses showed attenuated growth in vitro with reduced viral protein expression at 48 h and lower viral RNA at 39 °C. Six-week-old ICR mice were immunized intraperitoneally with selected CD and CPD X and XY vaccine candidates covering the VP2-VP3 and VP2-VP3-VP1 genes, respectively. All vaccine candidates elicited high anti-EV-A71 IgG levels similar to wild-type (WT) EV-A71. The CD X and CPD X vaccines produced robust neutralizing antibodies but not the CD XY and CPD XY. On lethal challenge, offspring of mice immunized with WT, CD X and CPD X were fully protected, but the CD XY- and CPD XY-vaccinated mice had delayed symptoms and eventually died. Similarly, active immunization of 1-day-old suckling mice with CD X, CPD X and CD XY vaccine candidates provided complete immune protection but CPD XY only protected 40% of the challenged mice. Histology of the muscles from CD X- and CPD X-vaccinated mice showed minimal pathology compared to extensive inflammation in the post-challenged mock-vaccinated mice. Overall, we demonstrated that the CD X and CPD X elicited good neutralizing antibodies, conferred immune protection and are promising live-attenuated vaccine candidates for EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hui Pheng Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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6
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Nguyet LA, Thanh TT, Nhan LNT, Hong NTT, Nhu LNT, Van HMT, Ny NTH, Anh NT, Han DDK, Tuan HM, Huy VQ, Viet HL, Cuong HQ, Thao NTT, Viet DC, Khanh TH, Thwaites L, Clapham H, Hung NT, Chau NVV, Thwaites G, Ha DQ, van Doorn HR, Tan LV. Neutralizing Antibodies against Enteroviruses in Patients with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:298-306. [PMID: 31961293 PMCID: PMC6986819 DOI: 10.3201/eid2602.190721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an emerging infection with pandemic potential. Knowledge of neutralizing antibody responses among its pathogens is essential to inform vaccine development and epidemiologic research. We used 120 paired-plasma samples collected at enrollment and >7 days after the onset of illness from HFMD patients infected with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A (CVA) 6, CVA10, and CVA16 to study cross neutralization. For homotypic viruses, seropositivity increased from <60% at enrollment to 97%-100% at follow-up, corresponding to seroconversion rates of 57%-93%. Seroconversion for heterotypic viruses was recorded in only 3%-23% of patients. All plasma samples from patients infected with EV-A71 subgenogroup B5 could neutralize the emerging EV-A71 subgenogroup C4. Collectively, our results support previous reports about the potential benefit of EV-A71 vaccine but highlight the necessity of multivalent vaccines to control HFMD.
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7
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Volle R, Joffret ML, Ndiaye K, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Razafindratsimandresy R, Heraud JM, Rezig D, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Boulahbal-Anes L, Seghier M, Deshpandeh JM, Bessaud M, Delpeyroux F. Development of a New Internally Controlled One-Step Real-Time RT-PCR for the Molecular Detection of Enterovirus A71 in Africa and Madagascar. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1907. [PMID: 32922374 PMCID: PMC7456875 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a leading cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and can be associated with severe neurological complications. EV-A71 strains can be classified into seven genogroups, A-H, on the basis of the VP1 capsid protein gene sequence. Genogroup A includes the prototype strain; genogroups B and C are responsible of major outbreaks worldwide, but little is known about the others, particularly genogroups E and F, which have been recently identified in Africa and Madagascar, respectively. The circulation of EV-A71 in the African region is poorly known and probably underestimated. A rapid and specific assay for detecting all genogroups of EV-A71 is required. In this study, we developed a real-time RT-PCR assay with a competitive internal control (IC). The primers and TaqMan probe specifically target the genomic region encoding the VP1 capsid protein. Diverse EV-A71 RNAs were successfully amplified from the genogroups A, B, C, D, E, and F, with similar sensitivity and robust reproducibility. Neither cross reaction with other EVs nor major interference with the competitive IC was detected. Experimentally spiked stool and plasma specimens provided consistent and reproducible results, and validated the usefulness of the IC for demonstrating the presence of PCR inhibitors in samples. The analysis in an African laboratories network of 1889 untyped enterovirus isolates detected 15 EV-A71 of different genogroups. This specific real-time RT-PCR assay provides a robust and sensitive method for the detection of EV-A71 in biological specimens and for the epidemiological monitoring of EV-A71 including its recently discovered genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Volle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jagadish M Deshpandeh
- National Institute of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Paris, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM U994, Institut National de Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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8
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Nhan LNT, Khanh TH, Hong NTT, Van HMT, Nhu LNT, Ny NTH, Nguyet LA, Thanh TT, Anh NT, Hang VTT, Qui PT, Viet HL, Tung TH, Ha DQ, Tuan HM, Thwaites G, Chau NVV, Thwaites L, Hung NT, van Doorn HR, Tan LV. Clinical, etiological and epidemiological investigations of hand, foot and mouth disease in southern Vietnam during 2015 - 2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008544. [PMID: 32804980 PMCID: PMC7451980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) continues to challenge Asia with pandemic potential. In Vietnam, there have been two major outbreaks occurring during 2011-2012 (>200,000 hospitalizations and >200 deaths) and more recently in 2018 (>130,000 hospitalizations and 17 deaths). Given the high burden and the complex epidemic dynamics of HFMD, synthesizing its clinical and epidemiological data remains essential to inform the development of appropriate interventions and design public health measures. We report the results of a hospital-based study conducted during 2015-2018, covering the severe HFMD outbreak recently documented in Vietnam in 2018. The study was conducted at three major hospitals responsible for receiving HFMD patients from southern Vietnam with a population of over 40 million. A total of 19 enterovirus serotypes were detected in 1196 HFMD patients enrolled in the clinical study during 2015-2018, with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), CV-A10 and CV-A16 being the major causes. Despite the emergence of coxsackieviruses, EV-A71 remains the leading cause of severe HFMD in Vietnam. EV-A71 was consistently detected at a higher frequency during the second half of the years. The emergence of EV-A71 subgenogroup C4 in late 2018 was preceded by its low activity during 2017-early 2018. Compared with EV-A71 subgenogroup B5, C4 was more likely to be associated with severe HFMD, representing the first report demonstrating the difference in clinical severity between subgenogroup C4 and B5, the two predominant EV-A71 subgenogroups causing HFMD worldwide. Our data have provided significant insights into important aspects of HFMD over four years (2015-2018) in Vietnam, and emphasize active surveillance for pathogen circulation remains essential to inform the local public health authorities in the development of appropriate intervention strategies to reduce the burden of this emerging infections. Multivalent vaccines are urgently needed to control HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Nguyen Thanh Nhan
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lam Anh Nguyet
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen To Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ty Hang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Qui
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ho Lu Viet
- Children’s Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Do Quang Ha
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Manh Tuan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Louise Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Hong NTT, Anh NT, Mai NTH, Nghia HDT, Nhu LNT, Thanh TT, Phu NH, Deng X, van Doorn HR, Chau NVV, Delwart E, Thwaites G, Tan LV. Performance of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Viral Meningoencephalitis in a Resource-Limited Setting. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa046. [PMID: 32158774 PMCID: PMC7051036 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningoencephalitis is a devastating disease worldwide. Current diagnosis fails to establish the cause in ≥50% of patients. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has emerged as pan-pathogen assays for infectious diseases diagnosis, but few studies have been conducted in resource-limited settings. Methods We assessed the performance of mNGS in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 66 consecutively treated adults with meningoencephalitis in a tertiary referral hospital for infectious diseases in Vietnam, a resource-limited setting. All mNGS results were confirmed by viral-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As a complementary analysis, 6 viral PCR-positive samples were analyzed using MinION-based metagenomics. Results Routine diagnosis could identify a virus in 15 (22.7%) patients, including herpes simplex virus (HSV; n = 7) and varicella zoster virus (VZV; n = 1) by PCR, and mumps virus (n = 4), dengue virus (DENV; n = 2), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV; n = 1) by serological diagnosis. mNGS detected HSV, VZV, and mumps virus in 5/7, 1/1, and 1/4 of the CSF positive by routine assays, respectively, but it detected DENV and JEV in none of the positive CSF. Additionally, mNGS detected enteroviruses in 7 patients of unknown cause. Metagenomic MinION-Nanopore sequencing could detect a virus in 5/6 PCR-positive CSF samples, including HSV in 1 CSF sample that was negative by mNGS, suggesting that the sensitivity of MinION is comparable with that of mNGS/PCR. Conclusions In a single assay, metagenomics could accurately detect a wide spectrum of neurotropic viruses in the CSF of meningoencephalitis patients. Further studies are needed to determine the value that real-time sequencing may contribute to the diagnosis and management of meningoencephalitis patients, especially in resource-limited settings where pathogen-specific assays are limited in number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen To Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoan Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Medicine, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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10
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Li XN, Shen XX, Li MH, Qi JJ, Wang RH, Duan QX, Zhang RQ, Fan T, Bai XD, Fan GH, Xie Y, Ma XJ. Applicability of duplex real time and lateral flow strip reverse-transcription recombinase aided amplification assays for the detection of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16. Virol J 2019; 16:166. [PMID: 31888694 PMCID: PMC6937715 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the two main etiological agents of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD). Simple and rapid detection of EV71 and CA16 is critical in resource-limited settings. METHODS Duplex real time reverse-transcription recombinase aided amplification (RT-RAA) assays incorporating competitive internal amplification controls (IAC) and visible RT-RAA assays combined with lateral flow strip (LFS) for detection of EV71 and CA16 were developed respectively. Duplex real time RT-RAA assays were performed at 42 °C within 30 min using a portable real-time fluorescence detector, while LFS RT-RAA assays were performed at 42 °C within 30 min in an incubator. Recombinant plasmids containing conserved VP1 genes were used to analyze the sensitivities of these two methods. A total of 445 clinical specimens from patients who were suspected of being infected with HFMD were used to evaluate the performance of the assays. RESULTS The limit of detection (LoD) of the duplex real time RT-RAA for EV71 and CA16 was 47 copies and 38 copies per reaction, respectively. The LoD of the LFS RT-RAA for EV71 and CA16 were both 91 copies per reaction. There was no cross reactivity with other enteroviruses. Compared to reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), the clinical diagnostic sensitivities of the duplex real time RT-RAA assay were 92.3% for EV71 and 99.0% for CA16, and the clinical diagnostic specificities were 99.7 and 100%, respectively. The clinical diagnostic sensitivities of the LFS RT-RAA assay were 90.1% for EV71 and 94.9% for CA16, and the clinical diagnostic specificities were 99.7 and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed duplex real time RT-RAA and LFS RT-RAA assays for detection of EV71 and CA16 are potentially suitable in primary clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Na Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xin-Xin Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ming-Hui Li
- Department of hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Jing Shun Dong Jie 8#, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Ju-Ju Qi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui-Huan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing-Xia Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui-Qing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tao Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xue-Ding Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Guo-Hao Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Jing Shun Dong Jie 8#, Beijing, 100015, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping district, Beijing, 102206, China.
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11
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Nhan LNT, Hong NTT, Nhu LNT, Nguyet LA, Ny NTH, Thanh TT, Han DDK, Van HMT, Thwaites CL, Hien TT, Qui PT, Quang PV, Minh NNQ, van Doorn HR, Khanh TH, Chau NVV, Thwaites G, Hung NT, Tan LV. Severe enterovirus A71 associated hand, foot and mouth disease, Vietnam, 2018: preliminary report of an impending outbreak. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30458911 PMCID: PMC6247458 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.46.1800590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since January 2018, over 53,000 hospitalisations and six deaths due to hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have occurred across Vietnam with most cases from September onward. In a large tertiary referral hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, enterovirus A71 subgenogroup C4 was predominant, while B5 was only sporadically detected. The re-emergence of C4 after causing a severe HFMD outbreak with > 200 deaths in 2011–12 among susceptible young children raises concern of another impending severe outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lam Anh Nguyet
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do Duong Kim Han
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - C Louise Thwaites
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Qui
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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12
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Assessing the efficacy and safety of magnesium sulfate for management of autonomic nervous system dysregulation in Vietnamese children with severe hand foot and mouth disease. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:737. [PMID: 31438878 PMCID: PMC6704683 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brainstem encephalitis is a serious complication of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation and hypertension may occur, sometimes progressing to cardiopulmonary failure and death. Vietnamese national guidelines recommend use of milrinone if ANS dysregulation with Stage 2 hypertension develops. We wished to investigate whether magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) improved outcomes in children with HFMD if used earlier in the evolution of the ANS dysregulation (Stage 1 hypertension). Methods During a regional epidemic we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of MgSO4 in children with HFMD, ANS dysregulation and Stage 1 hypertension, at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh city. Study participants received an infusion of MgSO4 or matched placebo for 72 h. We also reviewed data from non-trial HFMD patients in whom milrinone failed to control hypertension, some of whom received MgSO4 as second line therapy. The primary outcome for both analyses was a composite of disease progression within 72 h - addition of milrinone (trial participants only), need for ventilation, shock, or death. Results Between June 2014 and September 2016, 14 and 12 participants received MgSO4 or placebo respectively, before the trial was stopped due to futility. Among 45 non-trial cases with poorly controlled hypertension despite high-dose milrinone, 33 received MgSO4 while 12 did not. There were no statistically significant differences in the composite outcome between the MgSO4 and the placebo/control groups in either study (adjusted relative risk (95%CI) of [6/14 (43%) vs. 6/12 (50%)], 0.84 (0.37, 1.92), p = 0.682 in the trial and [1/33 (3%) vs. 2/12 (17%)], 0.16 (0.01, 1.79), p = 0.132 in the observational cohort). The incidence of adverse events was similar between the groups. Potentially toxic magnesium levels occurred very rarely with the infusion regime used. Conclusion Although we could not demonstrate efficacy in these studies, there were no safety signals associated with use of 30-50 mg/kg/hr. MgSO4 in severe HFMD. Intermittent outbreaks of HFMD are likely to continue across the region, and an adequately powered trial is still needed to evaluate use of MgSO4 in controlling hypertension in severe HFMD, potentially involving a higher dose regimen. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01940250 (Registered 22 AUG 2013). Trial sponsor: University of Oxford Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4356-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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13
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Nhan LNT, Turner HC, Khanh TH, Hung NT, Lien LB, Hong NTT, Nhu LNT, Ny NTH, Nguyet LA, Thanh TT, Van HMT, Viet HL, Tung TH, Phuong TTL, Devine A, Thwaites G, Chau NVV, Thwaites L, van Doorn HR, Tan LV. Economic Burden Attributed to Children Presenting to Hospitals With Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Vietnam. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:5514500. [PMID: 31363772 PMCID: PMC6657964 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become a major public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. Knowledge of its economic burden is essential for policy makers in prioritizing the development and implementation of interventions. Methods A multi-hospital-based study was prospectively conducted at 3 major hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, during 2016–2017. Data on direct and productivity costs were collected alongside clinical information and samples and demographic information from study participants. Results A total of 466 patients were enrolled. Two hundred three of 466 (43.6%) patients lived in Ho Chi Minh City, and 72/466 (15.5%) had severe HFMD. An enterovirus was identified in 74% of 466 patients, with EV-A71, CV-A6, CV-A10, and CV-A16 being the most common viruses identified (236/466, 50.6%). The mean economic burden per case was estimated at US$400.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], $353.80–$448.90), of which the total direct (medical) costs accounted for 69.7%. There were considerable differences in direct medical costs between groups of patients with different clinical severities and pathogens (ie, EV-A71 vs non-EV-A71). In Vietnam, during 2016–2017, the economic burden posed by HFMD was US$90 761 749 (95% CI, $79 033 973–$103 009 756). Conclusions Our findings are of public health significance because for the first time we demonstrate that HFMD causes a substantial economic burden in Vietnam, and although multivalent vaccines are required to control HFMD, effective EV-A71 vaccine could substantially reduce the burden posed by severe HFMD. The results will be helpful for health policy makers in prioritizing resources for the development and implementation of intervention strategies to reduce the burden of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Nguyen Thanh Nhan
- Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hugo C Turner
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Le Bich Lien
- Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Lam Anh Nguyet
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ho Lu Viet
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Angela Devine
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Louise Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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14
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Hoang MTV, Nguyen TA, Tran TT, Vu TTH, Le NTN, Nguyen THN, Le THN, Nguyen TTH, Nguyen TH, Le NTN, Truong HK, Du TQ, Ha MT, Ho LV, Do CV, Nguyen TN, Nguyen TMT, Sabanathan S, Phan TQ, Nguyen Van VC, Thwaites GE, Wills B, Thwaites CL, Le VT, van Doorn HR. Clinical and aetiological study of hand, foot and mouth disease in southern Vietnam, 2013-2015: Inpatients and outpatients. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 80:1-9. [PMID: 30550944 PMCID: PMC6403263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple serotypes of enterovirus A cause hand, foot and mouth disease in southern Vietnam. Clinical characteristics differed slightly between the different pathogen groups. CV-A6 and CV-A10 emerged in Vietnam in 2013–2015. An unexpected dominance of EV-A71 was found among both inpatients and outpatients.
Background Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has been associated with large outbreaks among young children in the Asia-Pacific Region since 1997, including cases of severe illness and death. Severe illness is often associated with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). Vietnam experienced a large sustained outbreak of 200 000 hospitalized cases and over 200 deaths in 2011–12, the large majority occurring in southern Vietnam. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in the outpatient clinics, infectious diseases wards, and paediatric intensive care units of the three main referral centres for the treatment of HFMD in southern Vietnam. Demographic data, basic laboratory parameters, and clinical data were recorded, and molecular diagnostic tests were performed. Results Between July 2013 and July 2015, a total of 1547 children were enrolled. Four serotypes of enterovirus A (EV-A71, Coxsackievirus (CV) A6, A10, and A16) were responsible for 1005 of 1327 diagnosed cases (75.7%). An unexpected dominance of EV-A71 was found among both inpatients and outpatients, as well as a strong association with severe illness. CV-A6 and CV-A10 emerged in Vietnam during the study period and replaced CV-A16. CV-A10 was associated with different clinical and laboratory characteristics. During admission, 119 children developed a more severe illness. It was found that children with a skin rash showed less progression of severity, but when a rash was present, a macular rash was significantly associated with an increased risk of progression. Conclusions This study represents the most comprehensive descriptive HFMD study from Vietnam to date. Co-circulation and replacement of different serotypes has implications for vaccine development and implementation. These findings from a severely affected country add to our understanding of the presentation, progression, and aetiology of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tu Van Hoang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - To Anh Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tan Thanh Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ty Hang Vu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tuan Quy Du
- Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Manh Tuan Ha
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lu Viet Ho
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chau Viet Do
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Tu Qui Phan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bridget Wills
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Louise Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Van Tan Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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Rapid detection of hand, foot and mouth disease enterovirus genotypes by multiplex PCR. J Virol Methods 2018; 258:7-12. [PMID: 29758237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a pediatric disease associated with infection by enterovirus (EV) genotypes. The major HFMD EV pathogens are enterovirus A71 (EVA71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16); however, recently, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) and coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) have also emerged. EV genotypes cannot be distinguished on clinical grounds and a new methodology for the rapid detection of the four major HFMD EV genotypes is urgently required. In the present study, a multiplex real-time PCR assay was established for the simultaneous detection of CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and EVA71. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay was determined on a validation panel of clinical samples, comprising cerebrospinal fluid (n = 51), blood (n = 39), feces (n = 58) and throat swabs (n = 29). The results showed that the multiplex real-time PCR exhibited high specificity, no cross-reactivity with other EV genotypes, lower limits of detection for CVA6, CVA10, CVA16 and EVA71 were 4 × 103, 4 × 102, 5 × 102, and 3 × 103 copies/μL, respectively and had comparable sensitivity to singleplex assays testing clinical samples. The multiplex real-time PCR methodology established in this study can be employed for the rapid detection of the four most prevalent HFMD-associated EVs, for epidemiologic surveillance of circulating EV genotypes and for assessing treatment responses and vaccine studies.
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16
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B'Krong NTTC, Minh NNQ, Qui PT, Chau TTH, Nghia HDT, Do LAH, Nhung NN, Van Vinh Chau N, Thwaites G, Van Tan L, van Doorn HR, Thanh TT. Enterovirus serotypes in patients with central nervous system and respiratory infections in Viet Nam 1997-2010. Virol J 2018; 15:69. [PMID: 29650033 PMCID: PMC5897964 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteroviruses are the most common causative agents of human illness. Enteroviruses have been associated with regional and global epidemics, recently, including with severe disease (Enterovirus A71 and D68), and are of interest as emerging viruses. Here, we typed Enterovirus A-D (EV) from central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory infections in Viet Nam. Methods Data and specimens from prospective observational clinical studies conducted between 1997 and 2010 were used. Species and serotypes were determined using type-specific RT-PCR and viral protein 1 or 4 (VP1, VP4) sequencing. Results Samples from patients with CNS infection (51 children – 10 CSF and 41 respiratory/rectal swabs) and 28 adults (28 CSF) and respiratory infection (124 children – 124 respiratory swabs) were analysed. Twenty-six different serotypes of the four Enterovirus species (A-D) were identified, including EV-A71 and EV-D68. Enterovirus B was associated with viral meningitis in children and adults. Hand, foot and mouth disease associated Enteroviruses A (EV-A71 and Coxsackievirus [CV] A10) were detected in children with encephalitis. Diverse serotypes of all four Enterovirus species were found in respiratory samples, including 2 polio-vaccine viruses, but also 8 CV-A24 and 8 EV-D68. With the exception of EV-D68, the relevance of these viruses in respiratory infection remains unknown. Conclusion We describe the diverse spectrum of enteroviruses from patients with CNS and respiratory infections in Viet Nam between 1997 and 2010. These data confirm the global circulation of Enterovirus genera and their associations and are important for clinical diagnostics, patient management, and outbreak response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0980-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thuy Chinh B'Krong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Division of Medicine and Laboratory Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ngo Ngoc Quang Minh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phan Tu Qui
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Hong Chau
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Nhung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 78 Giai Phong, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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17
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Turner P, Suy K, Tan LV, Sar P, Miliya T, Hong NTT, Hang VTT, Ny NTH, Soeng S, Day NPJ, van Doorn HR, Turner C. The aetiologies of central nervous system infections in hospitalised Cambodian children. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:806. [PMID: 29284418 PMCID: PMC5747189 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) infections are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. The aetiologies of these potentially vaccine-preventable infections have not been well established in Cambodia. METHODS We did a one year prospective study of children hospitalised with suspected CNS infection at Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens (CSF) samples underwent culture, multiplex PCR and serological analysis to identify a range of bacterial and viral pathogens. Viral metagenomics was performed on a subset of pathogen negative specimens. RESULTS Between 1st October 2014 and 30th September 2015, 284 analysable patients were enrolled. The median patient age was 2.6 years; 62.0% were aged <5 years. CSF white blood cell count was ≥10 cells/μL in 116/272 (42.6%) cases. CNS infection was microbiologically confirmed in 55 children (19.3%). Enteroviruses (21/55), Japanese encephalitis virus (17/55), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (7/55) accounted for 45 (81.8%) of all pathogens identified. Of the pathogens detected, 74.5% (41/55) were viruses and 23.6% (13/55) were bacteria. The majority of patients were treated with ceftriaxone empirically. The case fatality rate was 2.5%. CONCLUSIONS Enteroviruses, JEV and S. pneumoniae are the most frequently detected causes of CNS infection in hospitalised Cambodian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuong Suy
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pora Sar
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Thyl Miliya
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Ty Hang
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Han Ny
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sona Soeng
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, in partnership with the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Claudia Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Méreaux J, Picone O, Vauloup-Fellous C, Khediri Z, Benachi A, Mandelbrot L, Ayoubi JM. [Enterovirus infection during pregnancy: Underestimated cause of fetal and neonatal complications?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 45:231-237. [PMID: 28373042 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are responsible for about one billion infections every year in the world. The clinical expression is in the vast majority asymptomatic cases (90%). Its consequences during pregnancy are rarely described. From the Medline database, we selected and analyzed 34 articles ranging from 1965 to 2015, to analyse the current knowledge of enterovirus infection consequences during pregnancy. We found that enterovirus infections may be the cause of fetal loss. The enterovirus infections during the 2nd and 3rd trimester may also lead to in utero fetal anomalies and death, but also to severe neonatal infections. PCR enterovirus detection should be performed during pregnancy and the peripartum in case of unexplained fever, specific fetal anomalies or unexplained fetal demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Méreaux
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, hôpital Foch, 92120 Suresnes, France
| | - O Picone
- EA2493, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone-Veil, université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Risk in pregnancy university department, 75006 Paris, France; Service de gynécologie et obstétrique, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 178, rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; Université Paris-Diderot, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm CESP, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France.
| | - C Vauloup-Fellous
- Inserm U1193, virologie, WHO Rubella NRL, National Reference Laboratory for Maternofetal Rubella Infections, AP-HP, hôpital Paul-Brousse, groupe hospitalier universitaire Paris-Sud, université Paris-Sud, 94804 Villejuif, France
| | - Z Khediri
- Risk in pregnancy university department, 75006 Paris, France; Service de gynécologie et obstétrique, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 178, rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; Université Paris-Diderot, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm CESP, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France
| | - A Benachi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine and Centre, maladies rares : hernie de coupole diaphragmatique, hôpital Antoine-Béclère, AP-HP, université Paris Sud, 157, rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - L Mandelbrot
- Risk in pregnancy university department, 75006 Paris, France; Service de gynécologie et obstétrique, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 178, rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; Université Paris-Diderot, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm CESP, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex, France
| | - J-M Ayoubi
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, hôpital Foch, 92120 Suresnes, France; EA2493, UFR des sciences de la santé Simone-Veil, université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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Nguyen AT, Tran TT, Hoang VMT, Nghiem NM, Le NNT, Le TTM, Phan QT, Truong KH, Le NNT, Ho VL, Do VC, Ha TM, Nguyen HT, Nguyen CVV, Thwaites G, van Doorn HR, Le TV. Development and evaluation of a non-ribosomal random PCR and next-generation sequencing based assay for detection and sequencing of hand, foot and mouth disease pathogens. Virol J 2016; 13:125. [PMID: 27388326 PMCID: PMC4937578 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has become a major public health problem across the Asia-Pacific region, and is commonly caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), CV-A10 and CV-A16. Generating pathogen whole-genome sequences is essential for understanding their evolutionary biology. The frequent replacements among EV serotypes and a limited numbers of available whole-genome sequences hinder the development of overlapping PCRs for whole-genome sequencing. We developed and evaluated a non-ribosomal random PCR (rPCR) and next-generation sequencing based assay for sequence-independent whole-genome amplification and sequencing of HFMD pathogens. A total of 16 EV-A71/CV-A6/CV-A10/CV-A16 PCR positive rectal/throat swabs (Cp values: 20.9–33.3) were used for assay evaluation. Results Our assay evidently outperformed the conventional rPCR in terms of the total number of EV-A71 reads and the percentage of EV-A71 reads: 2.6 % (1275/50,000 reads) vs. 0.1 % (31/50,000) and 6 % (3008/50,000) vs. 0.9 % (433/50,000) for two samples with Cp values of 30 and 26, respectively. Additionally the assay could generate genome sequences with the percentages of coverage of 94–100 % of 4 different enterovirus serotypes in 73 % of the tested samples, representing the first whole-genome sequences of CV-A6/10/16 from Vietnam, and could assign correctly serotyping results in 100 % of 24 tested specimens. In all but three the obtained consensuses of two replicates from the same sample were 100 % identical, suggesting that our assay is highly reproducible. Conclusions In conclusion, we have successfully developed a non-ribosomal rPCR and next-generation sequencing based assay for sensitive detection and direct whole-genome sequencing of HFMD pathogens from clinical samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0580-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh To Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thanh Tan Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ngoc My Nghiem
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhu Nguyen Truc Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Qui Tu Phan
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Viet Lu Ho
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Viet Chau Do
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Manh Ha
- Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tan Van Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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