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Guo R, Liu H, Su R, Mao Q, Zhao M, Zhang H, Mu J, Zhao N, Wang Y, Hao Y. Tanreqing injection inhibits influenza virus replication by promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes: An integrated pharmacological study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118159. [PMID: 38677572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tanreqing injection (TRQ) is widely used, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injection used in China to treat respiratory infections. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that TRQ can protect against influenza viruses. However, the mechanism by which TRQ inhibits influenza viruses remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the therapeutic effects and possible mechanisms of TRQ inhibition by the influenza virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of TRQ. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) were used to define differential proteins related to TRQ inhibition of viruses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed for functional annotation. For experimental validation, we established an in vitro model of the influenza virus infection by infecting A549 cells with the virus. The detection of the signaling pathway was carried out through qPCR, western blotting,and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Fifty one components were identified using UPLC/Q-TOF MS. We confirmed the inhibitory effect of TRQ on influenza virus replication in vitro. Ninety nine differentially expressed proteins related to the inhibitory effect of TRQ were identified using iTRAQ. KEGG functional enrichment analysis showed that the TRQ may inhibit influenza virus replication by affecting autophagy. Through network analysis, 29 targets were selected as major targets, and three key targets, HSPA5, PARP1, and GAPDH, may be the TRQ targets affecting autophagy. In vitro experiments showed that TRQ inhibits influenza virus replication by interfering with the expression and localization of STX17 and VAMP8 proteins, thereby promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. CONCLUSION TRQ inhibits influenza virus replication by promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. We additionally established potential gene and protein targets which are affected by TRQ. Therefore, our findings provide new therapeutic targets and a foundation further studies on influenza treatment with TRQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China; Union Stem Cell & Gene Engineering Co., Ltd, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rina Su
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qin Mao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengfan Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingwei Mu
- Shanghai Kaibao Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ningbo Zhao
- Shanghai Kaibao Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yu Hao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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Moradimotlagh A, Chen S, Koohbor S, Moon KM, Foster LJ, Reiner N, Nandan D. Leishmania infection upregulates and engages host macrophage Argonaute 1, and system-wide proteomics reveals Argonaute 1-dependent host response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287539. [PMID: 38098491 PMCID: PMC10720368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of leishmaniasis in humans. It is becoming increasingly clear that several intracellular pathogens target host cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathways to promote their survival. Complexes of Argonaute proteins with small RNAs are core components of the RNAi. In this study, we investigated the potential role of host macrophage Argonautes in Leishmania pathogenesis. Using Western blot analysis of Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages, we show here that Leishmania infection selectively increased the abundance of host Argonaute 1 (Ago1). This increased abundance of Ago1 in infected cells also resulted in higher levels of Ago1 in active Ago-complexes, suggesting the preferred use of Ago1 in RNAi in Leishmania-infected cells. This analysis used a short trinucleotide repeat containing 6 (TNRC6)/glycine-tryptophan repeat protein (GW182) protein-derived peptide fused to Glutathione S-transferase as an affinity matrix to capture mature Ago-small RNAs complexes from the cytosol of non-infected and Leishmania-infected cells. Furthermore, Ago1 silencing significantly reduced intracellular survival of Leishmania, demonstrating that Ago1 is essential for Leishmania pathogenesis. To investigate the role of host Ago1 in Leishmania pathogenesis, a quantitative whole proteome approach was employed, which showed that expression of several previously reported Leishmania pathogenesis-related proteins was dependent on the level of macrophage Ago1. Together, these findings identify Ago1 as the preferred Argonaute of RNAi machinery in infected cells and a novel and essential virulence factor by proxy that promotes Leishmania survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Moradimotlagh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stella Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Koohbor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Reiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Devki Nandan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Matía A, Lorenzo MM, Romero-Estremera YC, Sánchez-Puig JM, Zaballos A, Blasco R. Identification of β2 microglobulin, the product of B2M gene, as a Host Factor for Vaccinia Virus Infection by Genome-Wide CRISPR genetic screens. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010800. [PMID: 36574441 PMCID: PMC9829182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide genetic screens are powerful tools to identify genes that act as host factors of viruses. We have applied this technique to analyze the infection of HeLa cells by Vaccinia virus, in an attempt to find genes necessary for infection. Infection of cell populations harboring single gene inactivations resulted in no surviving cells, suggesting that no single gene knock-out was able to provide complete resistance to Vaccinia virus and thus allow cells to survive infection. In the absence of an absolute infection blockage, we explored if some gene inactivations could provide partial protection leading to a reduced probability of infection. Multiple experiments using modified screening procedures involving replication restricted viruses led to the identification of multiple genes whose inactivation potentially increase resistance to infection and therefore cell survival. As expected, significant gene hits were related to proteins known to act in virus entry, such as ITGB1 and AXL as well as genes belonging to their downstream related pathways. Additionally, we consistently found β2-microglobulin, encoded by the B2M gene, among the screening top hits, a novel finding that was further explored. Inactivation of B2M resulted in 54% and 91% reduced VV infection efficiency in HeLa and HAP1 cell lines respectively. In the absence of B2M, while virus binding to the cells was unaffected, virus internalization and early gene expression were significantly diminished. These results point to β2-microglobulin as a relevant factor in the Vaccinia virus entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Matía
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria M. Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolimar C. Romero-Estremera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M. Sánchez-Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Zaballos
- Unidad de Genómica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Lou F, Hu R, Chen Y, Li M, An X, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Coxsackievirus Class A Type 9 Infection by Blocking Virus Attachment and Internalisation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213727. [PMID: 36430203 PMCID: PMC9691179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses, a genus of enteroviruses in the small RNA virus family, cause fatal infectious diseases in humans. Thus far, there are no approved drugs to prevent these diseases. Human milk contains various biologically active components against pathogens. Currently, the potential activity of breast milk components against the coxsackievirus remains unclear. In our study, the inhibitory effect of 16 major human milk components was tested on coxsackievirus class A type 9 isolate (CV-A9), BUCT01; 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) was identified to be effective. Time-of-addition, attachment internalisation assays, and the addition of 2'-FL at different time points were applied to investigate its specific role in the viral life cycle. Molecular docking was used to predict 2'-FL's specific cellular targets. The initial screening revealed a significant inhibitory effect (99.97%) against CV-A9 with 10 mg/mL 2'-FL, with no cytotoxicity observed. Compared with the control group, 2'-FL blocked virus entry (85%) as well as inhibited viral attachment (48.4%) and internalisation (51.3%), minimising its infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. The cell pre-incubation with 2'-FL exhibited significant inhibition (73.2-99.9%). Extended incubation between cells with 2'-FL reduced CV-A9 infection (93.9%), suggesting that 2'-FL predominantly targets cells to block infection. Molecular docking results revealed that 2'-FL interacted with the attachment receptor αvβ6 and the internalisation receptor FCGRT and β2M with an affinity of -2.14, -1.87, and -5.43 kcal/mol, respectively. This study lays the foundation for using 2'-FL as a food additive against CV-A9 infections.
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Hietanen E, Susi P. Recombination Events and Conserved Nature of Receptor Binding Motifs in Coxsackievirus A9 Isolates. Viruses 2020; 12:E68. [PMID: 31935831 PMCID: PMC7019539 DOI: 10.3390/v12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9) is an enterically transmitted enterovirus and one of the most pathogenic type among human enteroviruses. CVA9 isolates use a distinctive RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif within VP1 capsid protein that defines its ability to bind to integrin receptor(s) for cellular entry. To investigate CVA9 evolution and pathogenicity, genetic relationships and recombination events were analyzed between 54 novel clinical isolates of CVA9, as well as 21 previously published full length CVA9 sequences from GenBank. Samples were investigated by partial sequencing of the novel VP1 and 3Dpol genes, as well as including the corresponding areas from GenBank sequences. Phylogenetic analyses were combined with clinical data in a further attempt to analyze whether sequence evolution reflects CVA9 pathogenicity in the phylogenies. Furthermore, VP1 gene was also analyzed for receptor binding sites including the RGD motif and the putative heparan sulfate (HS) site. Analysis of the 559-nucleotide-long VP1 sequences identified six clades. Although most of the strains within each clade showed geographical clustering, the grouping pattern of the isolates in the analysis of the VP1 gene was strikingly different from grouping of 3Dpol, which suggests that recombination events may have occurred in the region encoding the nonstructural proteins. Inclusion of clinical data did not provide any evidence of symptom based phylogenetic clustering of CVA9 isolates. Amino acid sequence analysis of the VP1 polypeptide demonstrated that the RGD motif was fully conserved among the isolates while the putative HS binding site was only found in one isolate. These data suggest that integrin binding is essential for virus tropism, but do not explain the symptom repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petri Susi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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Sridhar A, Karelehto E, Brouwer L, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Parechovirus A Pathogenesis and the Enigma of Genotype A-3. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111062. [PMID: 31739613 PMCID: PMC6893760 DOI: 10.3390/v11111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A is a species in the Parechovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family that can cause severe disease in children. Relatively little is known on Parechovirus A epidemiology and pathogenesis. This review aims to explore the Parechovirus A literature and highlight the differences between Parechovirus A genotypes from a pathogenesis standpoint. In particular, the curious case of Parechovirus-A3 and the genotype-specific disease association will be discussed. Finally, a brief outlook on Parechovirus A research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Lieke Brouwer
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
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Wolthers KC, Susi P, Jochmans D, Koskinen J, Landt O, Sanchez N, Palm K, Neyts J, Butcher SJ. Progress in human picornavirus research: New findings from the AIROPico consortium. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:100-107. [PMID: 30472162 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several research groups in Europe are active on different aspects of human picornavirus research. The AIROPico (Academia-Industry R&D Opportunities for Picornaviruses) consortium combined the disciplines of pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy development in order to fill the gaps in our understanding of how picornaviruses cause human disease and how to combat them. AIROPico was the first EU consortium dedicated to human picornavirus research and development, and has largely accelerated and improved R&D on picornavirus biology, diagnostics and therapy. In this article, we present the progress on pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment strategy developments for human picornaviruses resulting from the structured, translational research approach of the AIROPico consortium. We here summarize new insights in protection against infection by maternal or cross-protective antibodies, the visualisation of interactions between virus and neutralizing antibodies by cryoEM structural imaging, and the outcomes from a picornavirus-infected human 3D organoid. Progress in molecular detection and a fast typing assay for rhinovirus species are presented, as well as the identification of new compounds potentially interesting as therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Petri Susi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janne Koskinen
- Research and Development Department, ArcDia International Ltd, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- HiLIFE -Institute of Biotechnology, and Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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