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Luo H, Liang Z, Lin J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Mei K, Zhao M, Huang S. Research progress of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S protein. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396894. [PMID: 38873162 PMCID: PMC11169810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus with a capsid membrane that causes acute infectious gastrointestinal disease characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration in swine. Piglets are more susceptible to PEDV than adults, with an infection rate reaching 90% and a fatality rate as high as 100%. Moreover, PEDV has a rapid transmission rate and broad transmission range. Consequently, PEDV has caused considerable economic losses and negatively impacted the sustainability of the pig industry. The surface spike (S) glycoprotein is the largest structural protein in PEDV virions and is closely associated with host cell fusion and virus invasion. As such, the S protein is an important target for vaccine development. In this article, we review the genetic variation, immunity, apoptosis-induction function, virulence, vaccine potential, and other aspects of the PEDV S protein. This review provides a theoretical foundation for preventing and controlling PEDV infection and serves as a valuable resource for further research and development of PEDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Kun Mei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Hua Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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Ye M, Zhu H, Yang Z, Gao Y, Bai J, Jiang P, Liu X, Wang X. Identification of Three Novel Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Non-Structural Protein 3 of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2024; 16:424. [PMID: 38543789 PMCID: PMC10975687 DOI: 10.3390/v16030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic swine coronavirus that causes diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses within the global swine industry. Nonstructural protein 3 (Nsp3) is the largest in coronavirus, playing critical roles in viral replication, such as the processing of polyproteins and the formation of replication-transcription complexes (RTCs). In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 7G4, 5A3, and 2D7, targeting PEDV Nsp3 were successfully generated, and three distinct linear B-cell epitopes were identified within these mAbs by using Western blotting analysis with 24 truncations of Nsp3. The epitope against 7G4 was located on amino acids 31-TISQDLLDVE-40, the epitope against 5A3 was found on amino acids 141-LGIVDDPAMG-150, and the epitope against 2D7 was situated on amino acids 282-FYDAAMAIDG-291. Intriguingly, the epitope 31-TISQDLLDVE-40 recognized by the mAb 7G4 appears to be a critical B-cell linear epitope due to its high antigenic index and exposed location on the surface of Nsp3 protein. In addition, bioinformatics analysis unveiled that these three epitopes were highly conserved in most genotypes of PEDV. These findings present the first characterization of three novel linear B-cell epitopes in the Nsp3 protein of PEDV and provide potential tools of mAbs for identifying host proteins that may facilitate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Huixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.G.); (J.B.); (P.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Su M, Zheng G, Xu X, Song H. Antigen epitopes of animal coronaviruses: a mini-review. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023; 3:14. [PMID: 37220551 PMCID: PMC10189233 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are widespread in nature and can infect mammals and poultry, making them a public health concern. Globally, prevention and control of emerging and re-emerging animal coronaviruses is a great challenge. The mechanisms of virus-mediated immune responses have important implications for research on virus prevention and control. The antigenic epitope is a chemical group capable of stimulating the production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes, playing an important role in antiviral immune responses. Thus, it can shed light on the development of diagnostic methods and novel vaccines. Here, we have reviewed advances in animal coronavirus antigenic epitope research, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and control of animal and human coronaviruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44149-023-00080-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xiangwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
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Liu G, Wang K, Yang Z, Tang X, Chang YF, Dai K, Tang X, Hu B, Zhang Y, Cao S, Huang X, Yan Q, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Wen X, Wen Y. Identification of a Novel Linear B-Cell Epitope of HbpA Protein from Glaesserella parasuis Using Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8638. [PMID: 37239984 PMCID: PMC10218323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis.) is the etiological pathogen of Glässer's disease, which causes high economic losses to the pig industry. The heme-binding protein A precursor (HbpA) was a putative virulence-associated factor proposed to be potential subunit vaccine candidate in G. parasuis. In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 5D11, 2H81, and 4F2 against recombinant HbpA (rHbpA) of G. parasuis SH0165 (serotype 5) were generated by fusing SP2/0-Ag14 murine myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with the rHbpA. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated that the antibody designated 5D11 showed a strong binding affinity with the HbpA protein and was chosen for subsequent experiments. The subtypes of the 5D11 were IgG1/κ chains. Western blot analysis showed that mAb 5D11 could react with all 15 serotype reference strains of G. parasuis. None of the other bacteria tested reacted with 5D11. In addition, a linear B-cell epitope recognized by 5D11 was identified by serial truncations of HbpA protein and then a series of truncated peptides were synthesized to define the minimal region that was required for mAb 5D11 binding. The 5D11 epitope was located on amino acids 324-LPQYEFNLEKAKALLA-339 by testing the 5D11 monoclonal for reactivity with 14 truncations. The minimal epitope 325-PQYEFNLEKAKALLA-339 (designated EP-5D11) was pinpointed by testing the mAb 5D11 for reactivity with a series of synthetic peptides of this region. The epitope was highly conserved among G. parasuis strains, confirmed by alignment analysis. These results indicated that mAb 5D11 and EP-5D11 might potentially be used to develop serological diagnostic tools for G. parasuis. Three-dimensional structural analysis revealed that amino acids of EP-5D11 were in close proximity and may be exposed on the surface of the HbpA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyan Liu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Kang Wang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Ke Dai
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinwei Tang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Bangdi Hu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
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Zhuang H, Sun L, Wang X, Xiao M, Zeng L, Wang H, Yang H, Lin F, Wang C, Qin L, Wang C. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in China from 2020 to 2021. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:392. [DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteric coronavirus, has become the major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in piglets since 2010 in China.
Results
In the current study, 91 complete spike (S) gene sequences were obtained from PEDV positive samples collected from 17 provinces in China from March 2020 to March 2021. A phylogenetic analysis showed that 92.3% (84 out of 91) of the identified strains belonged to GII subtype, while 7.7% (7 out of 91) were categorized as S-INDEL like strains and grouped within GI-c clade. Based on a recombination analysis, six of S-INDEL like strains were recombinant strains originated from S-INDEL strain FR/001/2014 and virulent strain AJ1102. In addition, PEDV variant strains (CH/GDMM/202012, CH/GXDX/202010 et al) carrying novel insertions (360QGRKS364 and 1278VDVF1281) in the S protein were observed. Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequences for the S protein showed that multiple amino acid substitutions in the antigenic epitopes in comparison with the vaccine strains.
Conclusions
In conclusion, these data provide novel molecular evidence on the epidemiology and molecular diversity of PEDV in 2020–2021. This information may help design a strategy for controlling and preventing the prevalence of PEDV variant strains in China.
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Olech M. Current State of Molecular and Serological Methods for Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101074. [PMID: 36297131 PMCID: PMC9612268 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the Coronaviridae family, is the etiological agent of an acute and devastating enteric disease that causes moderate-to-high mortality in suckling piglets. The accurate and early detection of PEDV infection is essential for the prevention and control of the spread of the disease. Many molecular assays have been developed for the detection of PEDV, including reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays. Additionally, several serological methods have been developed and are widely used for the detection of antibodies against PEDV. Some of them, such as the immunochromatography assay, can generate results very quickly and in field conditions. Molecular assays detect viral RNA in clinical samples rapidly, and with high sensitivity and specificity. Serological assays can determine prior immune exposure to PEDV, can be used to monitor the efficacy of vaccination strategies and may help to predict the duration of immunity in piglets. However, they are less sensitive than nucleic acid-based detection methods. Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) allow the analysis of PEDV cDNA or RNA sequences, and thus, provide highly specific results. Furthermore, NGS based on nonspecific DNA cleavage in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–Cas systems promise major advances in the diagnosis of PEDV infection. The objective of this paper was to summarize the current serological and molecular PEDV assays, highlight their diagnostic performance and emphasize the advantages and drawbacks of the application of individual tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Yu R, Dong S, Chen B, Liu Y, Li F, Si F, Xie C, Li Z. Antigenicity Alternations of Variant PEDV S Protein Disclosed by Linear B Cell Epitope Mapping. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071371. [PMID: 35891352 PMCID: PMC9322158 DOI: 10.3390/v14071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein (S) plays a crucial role in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection and induces neutralizing antibodies. Mutations of the S protein are supposed to provide the main antigenic shift leading to the antigenic escape of PEDVs. It is therefore a significant question how much accumulation of antigenic shift could lead to the antigenic escape of the variant PEDV. To provide an answer in the study, B cell epitopes (BCEs) on the S protein of the PEDV vaccine strain CV777 (SCV777) and variant strain SD2014 (SSD2014) were mapped using biosynthetic peptides and rabbit anti-PEDV S serum. Seventy-nine and 68 linear BCEs were identified from SCV777 and SSD2014, respectively. While 66.2% of the BCEs of SSD2014 could be recognized by anti-SCV777 serum and 67.1% of SCV777 BCEs could be recognized by anti-SSD2014 serum, more than 40% of the BCEs identified using anti-SCV777 serum on SCV777 could not be recognized by anti-SSD2014 serum and vice versa. The completely shared BCEs took low percentages of 29.4% and 25.3% for SSD2014 and SCV777, respectively. These results indicate a low conservation of antigenicity of the S protein compared to a relatively high amino acid sequence similarity of 92.2% between the two strains. The study provided a BCE shift reference of PEDV antigenic escape and surveillance control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6220-6391
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Polyiam K, Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Mekvichitsaeng P, Kaeoket K, Hoonsuwan T, Joiphaeng P, Roshorm YM. Immunodominant and Neutralizing Linear B-Cell Epitopes Spanning the Spike and Membrane Proteins of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Immunol 2022; 12:785293. [PMID: 35126354 PMCID: PMC8807655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of PED, an enteric disease that causes high mortality rates in piglets. PEDV is an alphacoronavirus that has high genetic diversity. Insights into neutralizing B-cell epitopes of all genetically diverse PEDV strains are of importance, particularly for designing a vaccine that can provide broad protection against PEDV. In this work, we aimed to explore the landscape of linear B-cell epitopes on the spike (S) and membrane (M) proteins of global PEDV strains. All amino acid sequences of the PEDV S and M proteins were retrieved from the NCBI database and grouped. Immunoinformatics-based methods were next developed and used to identify putative linear B-cell epitopes from 14 and 5 consensus sequences generated from distinct groups of the S and M proteins, respectively. ELISA testing predicted peptides with PEDV-positive sera revealed nine novel immunodominant epitopes on the S protein. Importantly, seven of these novel immunodominant epitopes and other subdominant epitopes were demonstrated to be neutralizing epitopes by neutralization–inhibition assay. Our findings unveil important roles of the PEDV S2 subunit in both immune stimulation and virus neutralization. Additionally, our study shows the first time that the M protein is also the target of PEDV neutralization with seven neutralizing epitopes identified. Conservancy profiles of the epitopes are also provided. In this study, we offer immunoinformatics-based methods for linear B-cell epitope identification and a more complete profile of linear B-cell epitopes across the PEDV S and M proteins, which may contribute to the development of a greater next-generation PEDV vaccine as well as peptide-based immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Polyiam
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | | | | | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm,
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9
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Novel Neutralizing Epitope of PEDV S1 Protein Identified by IgM Monoclonal Antibody. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010125. [PMID: 35062329 PMCID: PMC8778753 DOI: 10.3390/v14010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes devastating enteric disease that inflicts huge economic damage on the swine industry worldwide. A safe and highly effective PEDV vaccine that contains only the virus-neutralizing epitopes (not enhancing epitope), as well as a ready-to-use PEDV neutralizing antibody for the passive immunization of PEDV vulnerable piglets (during the first week of life) are needed, particularly for PEDV-endemic farms. In this study, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the recombinant S1 domain of PEDV spike (S) protein and tested their PEDV neutralizing activity by CPE-reduction assay. The mAb secreted by one hybrodoma clone (A3), that also bound to the native S1 counterpart from PEDV-infected cells (tested by combined co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting), neutralized PEDV infectivity. Epitope of the neutralizing mAb (mAbA3) locates in the S1A subdomain of the spike protein, as identified by phage mimotope search and multiple sequence alignment, and peptide binding-ELISA. The newly identified epitope is shared by PEDV G1 and G2 strains and other alphacoronaviruses. In summary, mAbA3 may be useful as a ready-to-use antibody for passive immunization of PEDV-susceptible piglets, while the novel neutralizing epitope, together with other, previously known protective epitopes, have potential as an immunogenic cocktail for a safe, next-generation PEDV vaccine.
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10
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EGR1 suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by regulating IRAV to degrade viral nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 2021; 95:e0064521. [PMID: 34287043 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00645-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a globally distributed alphacoronavirus that has re-emerged lately, resulting in large economic losses. During viral infection, interferon (IFN-I) plays a vital role in the antiviral innate immunity. However, PEDV has evolved strategies to limit IFN-I production. To suppress virus replication, the host must activate the IFN-stimulated genes and some host restriction factors to circumvent viral replication. This study observed that PEDV infection-induced early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) expression in PEDV-permissive cells. EGR1 overexpression remarkably suppressed PEDV replication. In contrast, depletion of EGR1 led to a significant increase in viral replication. EGR1 suppressed PEDV replication by directly binding to the IFN-regulated antiviral (IRAV) promoter and upregulating IRAV expression. A detailed analysis revealed that IRAV interacts and colocalizes with the PEDV nucleocapsid (N) protein, inducing N protein degradation via E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 to catalyze N protein ubiquitination. Knockdown of endogenous MARCH8 significantly reversed IRAV-mediated N protein degradation. The collective findings demonstrate a new mechanism of EGR1-mediated viral restriction, in which EGR1 upregulates the expression of IRAV to degrade PEDV N protein through MARCH8. IMPORTANCE PEDV is a highly contagious enteric coronavirus that has rapidly emerged worldwide and caused severe economic losses. No currently available drugs or vaccines could effectively control PEDV. PEDV has evolved many strategies to limit IFN-1 production. We identified EGR1 as a novel host restriction factor and demonstrated that EGR1 suppresses PEDV replication by directly binding to the IRAV promoter and upregulating the expression of IRAV, which interacts and degrades the PEDV N protein via E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 to catalyze nucleocapsid protein ubiquitination, which adds another layer of complexity to innate antiviral immunity of this newly identified restriction factor. A better understanding of the innate immune response to PEDV infection will aid the development of novel therapeutic targets and more effective vaccines against virus infection.
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11
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Wen F, Yang J, Li A, Gong Z, Yang L, Cheng Q, Wang C, Zhao M, Yuan S, Chen Y, El-Ashram S, Li Y, Yu H, Guo J, Huang S. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Guangdong, China, between 2018 and 2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253622. [PMID: 34166425 PMCID: PMC8224968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a leading cause of piglet diarrhea outbreaks, poses a significant danger to the swine industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemic characteristics of PEDV that was circulating in Guangdong province, one of China's major pig producing provinces. Clinical samples were collected from eight pig farms in Guangdong province between 2018 and 2019 and tested for the major porcine enteric pathogens, including PEDV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV), Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and porcine rotavirus (RV). As a result, only PEDV and RV were detected at a rate of 47.0% (16/34) and 18.6% (8/34), respectively. Coinfectoin with PEDV and RV occurred at a rate of PEDV 12.5% (2/16). Subsequently, the full-length S gene sequences of 13 PEDV strains were obtained, and phylogenetic analysis suggested the presence of GII-c group PEDV strains in this region (non-S-INDEL). Two novel common amino acid insertions (55T/IG56 and 551L) and one novel glycosylation site (1199G+) were detected when the CV777 and ZJ08 vaccine strains were compared. Furthermore, intragroup recombination events in the S gene regions 51-548 and 2478-4208 were observed in the PEDV strains studied. In summary, the observations provide current information on the incidence of viral agents causing swine diarrhea in southern China and detailed the genetic characteristics and evolutionary history of the dominant PEDV field strains. Our findings will aid in the development of an updated vaccine for the prevention and control of PEDV variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhonggui Gong
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Congying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (JG); (SH)
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (JG); (SH)
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12
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Chen X, Sun N, Li R, Sang X, Li X, Zhao J, Han J, Yang J, Ikezoe T. Targeting HLA-F suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells via a reduction in hexokinase 2-dependent glycolysis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1263-1276. [PMID: 33867844 PMCID: PMC8040476 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-F, a nonclassical HLA class I molecule, is required for regulating immune tolerance. In recent years, HLA-F has been found to play a role in a variety of cancers, including glioma (GM). Additionally, high expression of HLA-F predicts the poor overall survival of individuals with GM. However, the functions of HLA-F in GM remain to be further elucidated. In this study, we found that HLA-F expression was elevated in GM tissues. High levels of HLA-F resulted in a high cell proliferation index and predicted GM recurrence. Forced expression of HLA-F promoted the growth of murine C8-D1A cells transplanted in immunodeficient Rag2-/- mice. In contrast, silencing HLA-F inhibited cell growth in vitro. Furthermore, targeting HLA-F with an anti-HLA-F antibody suppressed the growth of C8-D1A cells stably expressing HLA-F transplanted in immunodeficient Rag2-/- mice. In further experiments, we found that forced expression of HLA-F contributed to the aerobic glycolysis phenotype in C8-D1A cells along with an increase in HK2 protein stabilization. Conversely, silencing HK2 by shRNA reduced HLA-F-mediated glycolysis and cell proliferation. Our data indicated that HLA-F promoted cell proliferation via HK2-dependent glycolysis. HLA-F could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Na Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rongqin Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuejia Sang
- China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Takayuki Ikezoe
- The Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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13
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Díaz I, Pujols J, Cano E, Cortey M, Navarro N, Vidal A, Mateu E, Martín M. Immune response does not prevent homologous Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus reinfection five months after the initial challenge. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:997-1009. [PMID: 33662178 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the duration of protective immunity against Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV). To do so, a two phases study was performed. In the first phase, 75 four-week-old pigs (group A) were orally inoculated (0 days post-inoculation; dpi) with a European PEDV G1b strain and 14 were kept as controls (group B). The second phase started five months later (154 dpi), when animals in group A were homologous challenged and animals in group B were challenged for first time. Clinical signs, viral shedding and immune responses were evaluated after each inoculation, including the determination of antibodies (ELISA and viral neutralization test, IgA and IgG ELISPOTs using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph node cells) and the frequency of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cells. During the first phase, loose stools/liquid faeces were observed in all group A animals. Faecal shedding of PEDV occurred mostly during the first 14 days but, in some animals, persisted until 42 dpi. All inoculated animals seroconverted for specific-PEDV IgG and IgA, and for neutralizing antibodies (NA). At 154 dpi, 77% of pigs were still positive for NA. After that, the homologous challenge resulted in a booster for IgG, IgA, NA, as well as specific-PEDV IgG, IgA and IFN-γ secreting cells. In spite of that, PEDV was detected in faeces of all pigs from group A, indicating that the immune response did not prevent reinfection, although the duration of the viral shedding and the total load of virus shed were significantly lower for previously challenged pigs (p < .05). Taken together, the results indicated that, potentially, maintenance of PEDV infection within an endemic farm may occur by transmission to and from previously infected animals and also indicates that sterilizing immunity is shorter than the productive life of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Cano
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Navarro
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Vidal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu C, Jiang Y, Du N, Li L, Li G, Yu L, Zhou Y, Tong W, Zhao K, Tong G, Gao F. Development of a Monoclonal Antibody Against Porcine CD163 SRCR5 Domain Which Partially Blocks Infection of PRRSV. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:597843. [PMID: 33251273 PMCID: PMC7674782 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.597843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which seriously endangers the world pig industry, invades host cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis involving clathrin. CD163 is an essential receptor for PRRSV during its infection of cells. The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich 5 (SRCR5) domain of the CD163 molecule is necessary for PRRSV infection, and interacts with glycoproteins GP2a and GP4 of PRRSV, allowing the virus to infect the host cells. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the SRCR5-6 region of porcine CD163 was developed, and the target epitope of the mAb was determined as 497TWGTVCDSDF506, which is directly adjacent to the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) domain (487-495aa) of CD163. Further study indicated that the mAb could partially block PRRSV infection of its target cells, pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The mAb developed in the study may provide a foundation of antiviral therapy for PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Du
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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15
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Li Z, Ma Z, Li Y, Gao S, Xiao S. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Molecular mechanisms of attenuation and vaccines. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104553. [PMID: 33011361 PMCID: PMC7527827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes an emerging and re-emerging coronavirus disease characterized by vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, leading to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. Vaccination remains the most promising and effective way to prevent and control PEDV. However, effective vaccines for PEDV are still under development. Understanding the genomic structure and function of PEDV and the influence of the viral components on innate immunity is essential for developing effective vaccines. In the current review, we systematically describe the recent developments in vaccine against PEDV and the roles of structural proteins, non-structural proteins and accessory proteins of PEDV in affecting viral virulence and regulating innate immunity, which will provide insight into the rational design of effective and safe vaccines for PEDV or other coronaviruses. Advances in vaccines of PEDV, such as inactivated and attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. The application of reverse genetics in the development of live attenuated PEDV vaccines. The roles of PEDV proteins in affecting viral virulence and regulating innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Cui JT, Qiao H, Hou CY, Zheng HH, Li XS, Zheng LL, Chen HY. Characteristics of the spike and ORF3 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Henan and Shanxi provinces of China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2323-2333. [PMID: 32715325 PMCID: PMC7382918 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the epidemic characteristics of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), 135 clinical samples (including intestinal tissues and feces) were collected from diseased piglets during outbreaks of diarrhea from 2015 to 2019 on farms in Henan and Shanxi provinces of China where swine had been immunized with attenuated PEDV (CV777). A total of 86 clinical samples (86/135, 63.7%) were positive for PEDV by RT-PCR, and subsequently, the complete spike (S) and ORF3 genes of 32 PEDV samples were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 32 PEDV strains obtained in this study belonged to group 2 (pandemic variant strains) and had a close relationship to 17 Chinese strains after 2010, two South Korean strains (KNU-1305 and KNU-1807), three American strains (PC22A-P140.BI, USA/Colorado/2013, and USA/OK10240-6/2017) and a Mexican strain (PEDV/MEX/QRO/02/2017), but differed genetically from a South Korean strain (SM98), a European strain (Br1/87), a Chinese strain (LZC), and a vaccine strain (CV777). G2-a subgroup strains were the dominant pandemic variant strains circulating in Henan and Shanxi provinces of China. Furthermore, a cross-recombination event was identified in the S region of the SX/TY2/2017 strain, and the putative parental strains were the epidemic strains CH/GDGZ/2012 and CH/YZ1/2015, identified in China in 2012 and 2015, respectively. These results provide further information about PEDV evolution, which could improve our understanding of the circulation of PEDV in Henan and Shanxi provinces. This information will also be helpful for developing new strategies for prevention and control of variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tao Cui
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63#, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake #15, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Qiao
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yao Hou
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63#, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake #15, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hua Zheng
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63#, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake #15, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63#, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake #15, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63#, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake #15, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Pig Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63#, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake #15, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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