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Benam SP, Mirabdali S, Ebrahimi N, Daneshvar M, Vahedi S, Abbasifard F, Rounagh M. Does flaxseed supplementation affect apo-lipoproteins? A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 174:106872. [PMID: 39002708 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Several studies indicated the ameliorating effects of flaxseed supplementation on apolipoproteins, although others have conflicting results. Therefore, the present research was conducted in order to accurately and definitively understand the effect of flaxseed on apolipoproteins in adults. All articles published up to Juan 2024 were systematically searched through PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science to collect all randomized clinical trials (RCTs). A random effects model was used to measure the combined effect sizes. Also, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were used to report the combined effect size. Our results showed that flaxseed supplementation significantly reduced apo-BI (SMD: -0.57; 95 % CI: -0.95, -0.19, p = 0.003; I2 = 83.2 %, heterogeneity p < 0.001) and lipo(a) decreased (SMD: -0.34; 95 % CI: -0.59, -0.09, p=0.007; I2=30.3 %, heterogeneity p=0.197). However, flaxseed did not change apo-AI levels (SMD: -0.37; 95 % CI: -0.87, 0.13, p = 0.146; I2 = 89.2 %, p-heterogeneity < 0.001). This meta-analysis has shown that flaxseed supplementation may have beneficial effects on apolipoproteins. Future high-quality, long-term clinical trials are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Negar Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Shima Vahedi
- Food Science and Safety, Chemistry Faculty, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Fateme Abbasifard
- School of Medicine,Tonekabon Branch,Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Rounagh
- Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch of Medical Science,Tehran, Iran.
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Mu J, Wang RD, Zhao YS, Lu TC, Chen SS, Wang YJ, Wei H, Zou LW. Discovery of lignans and curcuminoids as the effective inhibitors of pancreatic lipase: structure-activity relationship and inhibitory mechanism. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 39324240 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2408657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase (PL) is the main enzyme in the digestive system that breaks down triglyceride and promotes its absorption. In this paper, we found that lignans 2, 3 and 21, curcuminoids 24-26 exhibited significant inhibitory potential against PL. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) indicated that benzo-1, 3-dioxole group in the construction of lignans is essential to inhibitory effects against PL, while double bonds at C-7/C-2 position and 4-hydroxyphenyl moiety in the structure of curcuminoids are beneficial for PL inhibition. The kinetic studies and molecular docking were also conducted, the results showed that the three curcuminoids with the strongest inhibition effect above were all mixed inhibitors of PL. Furthermore, curcuminoids 24-26 displayed a preferential selectivity towards, in contrast to other serine hydrolases. The above results indicate that lignans and curcuminoids are natural functional components for PL inhibition, providing new ideas for finding and developing novel lead compounds for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Dong Wang
- Clinical Research Institute, Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Shu Zhao
- Shanghai Innostar Bio-tech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Chi Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Si Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jing Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Medical Guarantee Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Safavi K, Hajibabaie F, Abedpoor N. Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics Analysis Explored the Role of Linum usitatissimum in Diabetic Heart Conditions: Experimental Analysis in H9c2 Rat Embryonic Cardiomyocytes Cell Lines. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2024; 14:27. [PMID: 39380770 PMCID: PMC11460736 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Cytokine storms and inflammation lead to heart failure (HF). Bioactive compounds, as complementary medicine, can be the primary source of compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. Linum usitatissimum (LiU) has antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity. Here, candidate hugeness was selected based on the in silico studies, bio-cheminformatics, and bioinformatic analysis for excremental validation. Methods We selected the vital genes with differential expression from the GSE26887 dataset. Based on the bioinformatics analysis, several parameters are determined to choose switchable genes involved in diabetic HF (DHF). We designed the protein-protein interactions network to consider the nodes' degree, modularity, and betweenness centrality. Hence, we selected the interleukin (IL)-6 protein as a target for drug design and discovery to reduce diabetes complications in the heart. Here, H9c2 cell lines of rat embryonic cardiomyocytes induce HF using hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions. Real-time polymerase chain reaction evaluated the relative expression of SMAD7/NRF-2/STAT3. Furthermore, we assessed the concentration of IL-6 using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results Based on the bioinformatic analysis, we found that IL-6 with the highest network parameters score might be presented as a druggable protein in the DHF. Bioactive compounds and phytochemicals have potential strategies to manage DHF. LiUs decreased the expression level of the SMAD7 (P <0.0001) and STAT3 (P < 0.0001), and increased the expression level of the NRF2 (P < 0.0001). In addition, LiUs significantly reduced the concentration of IL-6 (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Our data proposed that LiUs regulated inflammation and triggered the antioxidant defense in HF. Moreover, LiUs could have potential approaches to managing and preventing DHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Safavi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hajibabaie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Navid Abedpoor
- Department of Physiology, Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Tabrizi R, Azizi Z, Bazmi S, Keshavarzian O, Akbari M, Karimimoghadam Z, Haghpanah A. The impact of flaxseed oil on lipid profiles, weight loss, and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ther Apher Dial 2024; 28:534-546. [PMID: 38726572 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Studies investigating the effects of flaxseed oil on lipid profiles, weight loss, and inflammatory markers have produced inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to explore the impact of flaxseed oil on these parameters in hemodialysis patients. The study protocol was registered online (PROSPERO number: CRD42023484076). The meta-analyses showed a significant decrease in triglyceride (TG) levels (WMD = -85.78 mg/dL, 95% CI: -155.24 to -16.32, I2 = 98.32%) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (WMD = -2.66 mg/L, 95% CI: -4.07 to -1.24, I2 = 92.26%) following consumption of flaxseed oil. Subgroup analyses revealed significant changes in LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC levels only in trials utilizing a dosage higher than 10 g per day and using ground flaxseed oil. Based on the results, flaxseed oil improves CRP and TG levels, and higher doses positively affect lipid profiles. However, it has no significant effect on anthropometric measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tabrizi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Valiasr Hospital, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Sina Bazmi
- USERN Office, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Omid Keshavarzian
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Akbari
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Karimimoghadam
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Haghpanah
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ookoshi K, Sawane K, Fukumitsu S, Aida K. Availability of dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside on borderline blood cholesterol level in men: a randomized, parallel, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:261-266. [PMID: 38799144 PMCID: PMC11111469 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (120-139 mg/dl) increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the use of functional dietary nutrients is expected to control blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside on blood cholesterol in healthy adults with borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. A randomized, parallel, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial was performed for participants with borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, for 12 weeks with secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (60 mg/day) or placebo. Lipid profile [low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol, and triglycerides] and liver disease risk markers were measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Analyzing 36 participants in each group revealed a significant interaction between treatment and time, indicating reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.049) and total cholesterol (p = 0.020) levels in secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-receiving men but not women. However, no significant differences were observed in other markers regardless of gender. The results suggest that a daily intake of 60 mg of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in men with borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, proposing secoisolariciresinol diglucoside potential as a functional dietary nutrient for cardiovascular disease prevention. This study was registered in the UMIN-CTR database (UMIN000046202).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouta Ookoshi
- Innovation Center, Central Research Laboratory, NIPPN Corporation, 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
| | - Kento Sawane
- Innovation Center, Central Research Laboratory, NIPPN Corporation, 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumitsu
- Innovation Center, Central Research Laboratory, NIPPN Corporation, 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Aida
- Innovation Center, Central Research Laboratory, NIPPN Corporation, 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
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Rosqvist F, Niinistö S. Fats and oils - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2024; 68:10487. [PMID: 38370114 PMCID: PMC10870979 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.10487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 summarizes the available evidence on fats and oils from a food level perspective. A literature search for systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses was conducted in PubMed. There are few SRs and meta-analyses available that investigate the association between fats and oils (food level) and health outcomes; the majority report associations at the nutrient level (fatty acid classes). All identified SRs and meta-analyses were of low methodological quality, thus the findings and conclusions presented within this scoping review should be interpreted cautiously. Based on this limited evidence, the following results were indicated: the intake of olive oil may be associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and total mortality in prospective cohort studies. The intake of butter was not associated with the risk of CVD but may be related to slightly lower risk of T2D and higher risk of total mortality in prospective cohort studies. For cancer, the evidence is sparse and primarily based on case-control studies. The intake of olive oil may be associated with reduced risk of cancer, whereas the intake of butter may be associated with increased risk of certain cancer types. Butter increases LDL-cholesterol when compared to virtually all other fats and oils. Palm oil may increase LDL-cholesterol when compared to oils rich in MUFA or PUFA but may not have any effect on glucose or insulin. Coconut oil may increase LDL-cholesterol when compared to other plant oils but may decrease LDL-cholesterol when compared to animal fats rich in SFA. Canola/rapeseed oil may decrease LDL-cholesterol compared to olive oil, sunflower oil and sources of SFA and may also reduce body weight compared to other oils. Olive oil may decrease some inflammation markers but may not have a differential effect on LDL-cholesterol compared to other fats and oils. The effect on risk markers likely differs depending on the type/version of oil, for example, due to the presence of polyphenols, phytosterols and other minor components. Taken together, based on the available evidence, oils rich in unsaturated fat (e.g. olive oil, canola oil) are to be preferred over oils and fats rich in saturated fat (e.g. butter, tropical oils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sari Niinistö
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Houston L, Probst YC, Chandra Singh M, Neale EP. Tree Nut and Peanut Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1029-1049. [PMID: 37149262 PMCID: PMC10509427 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Habitual consumption of tree nuts and peanuts is associated with cardioprotective benefits. Food-based dietary guidelines globally recommend nuts as a key component of a healthy diet. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between tree nut and peanut consumption and risk factors for CVD in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (PROSPERO: CRD42022309156). MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central databases were searched up to 26 September, 2021. All RCT studies that assessed the effects of tree nut or peanut consumption of any dose on CVD risk factors were included. Review Manager software was used to conduct a random effect meta-analysis for CVD outcomes from RCTs. Forest plots were generated for each outcome, between-study heterogeneity was estimated using the I2 test statistic and funnel plots and Egger's test for outcomes with ≥10 strata. The quality assessment used the Health Canada Quality Appraisal Tool, and the certainty of the evidence was assessed using grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE). A total of 153 articles describing 139 studies (81 parallel design and 58 cross-over design) were included in the systematic review, with 129 studies in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed a significant decrease for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), TC:high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B (apoB) following nut consumption. However, the quality of evidence was "low" for only 18 intervention studies. The certainty of the body of evidence for TC:HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol, and apoB were "moderate" because of inconsistency, for TG were "low," and for LDL cholesterol and TC were "very low" because of inconsistency and the likelihood of publication bias. The findings of this review provide evidence of a combined effect of tree nuts and peanuts on a range of biomarkers to create an overall CVD risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Houston
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Yasmine C Probst
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mamatha Chandra Singh
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Emamat H, Najafpour Boushehri S, Eslami MA, Saneei Totmaj A, Ghalandari H. The effects of flaxseed or its oil supplementations on polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review of clinical trials. Phytother Res 2023; 37:1082-1091. [PMID: 36433633 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders around the world that can endanger reproductive, metabolic, and psychological health in women. Flaxseed is considered as a functional food which provides remarkable amounts of α-linolenic acid (ALA), phytosterogenic lignans, and dietary fibers. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of flaxseed or its oil supplementation on PCOS patients. We systematically searched all published randomized clinical trials indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from inception up to May 2022. Intended exposure and outcome were flaxseed or its oil and metabolic, anthropometric, and hormonal status of women with PCOS, respectively. Initial search via related keywords revealed 69 articles. After excluding duplicates, title and abstract of 55 remaining papers were screened. Fourteen papers were obtained for full text screening. Finally, nine clinical trials published between 2011 and 2021 were included in qualitative synthesis. Based on the results of the present systematic review, we suggest that flaxseed supplementation has the potential to improve metabolic, hormonal, and anthropometric parameters in women with PCOS. However, we also deduce that due to the scarcity of high-quality studies, additional studies need to be conducted in order to derive a solid conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Emamat
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Saeid Najafpour Boushehri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eslami
- General Practitioner, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Saneei Totmaj
- Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghalandari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Xi H, Zhou W, Sohaib M, Niu Y, Zhu R, Guo Y, Wang S, Mao J, Wang X, Guo L. Flaxseed supplementation significantly reduces hemoglobin A1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res 2023; 110:23-32. [PMID: 36640581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed is a functional food because of its high content of alpha-linolenic acid, lignans, and dietary fiber. We hypothesized that flaxseed supplementation would improve cardiometabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, clinical trials have shown conflicting results. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of flaxseed supplementation in patients with T2DM. Randomized controlled trials were systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase until 25 March 2022. A total of 13 studies were included, and the results showed that flaxseed supplementation significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in participants with T2DM compared with the control group. In contrast, it had no effects on body weight, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and lipid parameters. In the subgroup analyses, FBG was significantly reduced with supplementation of flaxseed in participants with baseline FBG ≥8.0 mmol/L or baseline HbA1c ≥7.0%. And a significant decrease in HbA1c in participants with baseline HbA1c ≥7.0% after flaxseed supplementation. In addition, subgroup analyses indicated that whole flaxseed supplementation significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduced total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in participants with T2DM. In conclusion, flaxseed supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c in participants with T2DM, especially those with poorly controlled blood sugar levels. However, larger scale studies with better designs are needed to confirm insignificant and/or ambiguous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xi
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Wei Zhou
- The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | | | - Yirou Niu
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Ruiting Zhu
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Yingze Guo
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Saikun Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Xingyu Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Lirong Guo
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021.
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10
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The Role of Flaxseed in Improving Human Health. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030395. [PMID: 36766971 PMCID: PMC9914786 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed contains high amounts of biologically active components such as α-linolenic acid, lignans, and dietary fiber. Due to its numerous nutritional properties, flaxseed has been classified as a "superfood", that is, a food of natural origin with various bioactive components and many health-promoting benefits. Flaxseed consumption can be an important factor in the prevention of diseases, particularly related to nutrition. The regular consumption of flaxseed may help to improve lipid profile and lower blood pressure, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Moreover, flaxseed is characterized by anticancer and antioxidant properties and can significantly reduce the intensity of symptoms associated with menopause, constipation, and mental fatigue, improve skin condition, and accelerate wound healing. In addition to its bioactive compounds, flaxseed also contains antinutrients such as cyanogenic glycosides (CGs), cadmium, trypsin inhibitors, and phytic acid that can reduce the bioavailability of essential nutrients and/or limit its health-promoting effects. Three common forms of flaxseed available for human consumption include whole flaxseed, ground flaxseed, and flaxseed oil. The bioavailability of ALA and lignans is also dependent on the form of flaxseed consumed. To ensure high bioavailability of its bioactive components, flaxseed should be consumed in the ground form.
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Trandafir LM, Dodi G, Frasinariu O, Luca AC, Butnariu LI, Tarca E, Moisa SM. Tackling Dyslipidemia in Obesity from a Nanotechnology Perspective. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183774. [PMID: 36145147 PMCID: PMC9504099 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and dyslipidemia are the main features of metabolic syndrome, expressed mainly by adipose tissue dysfunction and connected by similar pathways and pharmacotherapy. Conventional drugs used in these two associated disorders are limited due to poor drug efficiency, non-specificity, and toxic side effects. Therefore, novel solutions for tackling obesity-associated diseases and providing insights into the development of innovative or improved therapies are necessary. Targeted nanotherapy is a revolutionary technology, offering a promising solution for combatting the disadvantages of currently available therapies for treating obesity and dyslipidemia due to its superior features, which include specific cell targeting, the protection of drugs against physiological degradation, and sustained drug release. This review presents a brief assessment of obesity and dyslipidemia, their impacts on human health, current treatment, and limitations, and the role and potential use of nanotechnology coupled with targeted drug delivery and nutraceuticals as emerging therapies. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents, for the first time in the literature, a comparison between obesity and dyslipidemia nano-formulations based on drugs and/or natural extracts applied in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Trandafir
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gianina Dodi
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700454 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Otilia Frasinariu
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina C. Luca
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lacramioara I. Butnariu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Tarca
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Stefana M. Moisa
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Villarreal-Renteria AI, Herrera-Echauri DD, Rodríguez-Rocha NP, Zuñiga LY, Muñoz-Valle JF, García-Arellano S, Bernal-Orozco MF, Macedo-Ojeda G. Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation on glycemic control and insulin resistance in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2022; 70:102852. [PMID: 35843472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediabetes and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by increased blood sugar concentration and insulin resistance. Although there are only a few reports of potential benefits of flaxseed's consumption on different metabolic parameters, there is no evidence of its effect among people with these conditions. OBJECTIVES The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of flaxseed supplementation on glycemic control variables and insulin resistance in prediabetes and T2DM. METHODS A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science, to identify Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of milled or ground flaxseed supplementation on fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin concentrations, or HOMA-IR. The data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software version 3.3 in a fixed-effect model. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis, the results showed a significant reduction on fasting blood sugar (SMD: -0.392, 95% CI: -0.596, -0.187, p = <0.001, I2 = 64.81%) insulin concentrations, (SMD: -0.287, 95% CI: -0.534, -0.041, p = 0.022, I2 = 32.53%), HbA1c (SMD: -0.442, 95% CI: -0.770, -0.114, p = 0.008, I2 = 11.058%), and HOMA-IR (SMD: -0.284, 95% CI: -0.530, -0.038, p = 0.024, I2 = 0.00%) after flaxseed supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Flaxseed supplementation seems to improve glycemic control variables and insulin resistance in prediabetes and T2DM; however, more RCTs are needed to have more decisive evidence about doses, method of supplementation, and the possible effect of synergy with the dietetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Isabel Villarreal-Renteria
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Dulce Daniela Herrera-Echauri
- Department of Public Health, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS) University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Norma Patricia Rodríguez-Rocha
- Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico; Department of Public Health, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS) University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Laura Yareni Zuñiga
- Department of Health and Disease, University Center of Tonala (CUT), University of Guadalajara, 555 Nuevo Periferico, ZC 45425 Tonala, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - María Fernanda Bernal-Orozco
- Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Macedo-Ojeda
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences (IICB), University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Translational Nutritional Sciences, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco México Guadalajara, Mexico; Department of Public Health, University Center for Health Sciences (CUCS) University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada, ZC 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Takic M, Pokimica B, Petrovic-Oggiano G, Popovic T. Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Treatment and the Efficiency of Its Conversion to Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Obesity and Related Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144471. [PMID: 35889342 PMCID: PMC9317994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is present in high amounts in oils such as flaxseed, soy, hemp, rapeseed, chia, and perilla, while stearidonic acid is abundant in echium oil. ALA is metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by desaturases and elongases in humans. The conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited, and these long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mainly provided from dietary sources (fish and seafood). This review provides an overview of studies that explored the effects of dietary supplementation with ALA in obesity and related diseases. The obesity-associated changes of desaturase and elongase activities are summarized, as they could influence the metabolic conversion of ALA. Generally, supplementation with ALA or ALA-rich oils leads to an increase in EPA levels and has no effect on DHA or omega-3 index. According to the literature data, stearidonic acid could enhance conversion of ALA to long-chain n−3 PUFA in obesity. Recent studies confirm that EPA and DHA intake should be considered as a primary dietary treatment strategy for improving the omega-3 index in obesity and related diseases.
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Błaszczuk A, Barańska A, Kanadys W, Malm M, Jach ME, Religioni U, Wróbel R, Herda J, Polz-Dacewicz M. Role of Phytoestrogen-Rich Bioactive Substances ( Linum usitatissimum L., Glycine max L., Trifolium pratense L.) in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:2467. [PMID: 35745197 PMCID: PMC9228013 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this report was to determine the impact of flaxseed, soy and red clover, and their bioactive substances on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women in cardiovascular diseases prevention. We used the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Meta-analysis indicates that the intake of flaxseed by postmenopausal women is associated with a statistically significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC) levels (weighted-mean difference (WMD) = -0.26; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): -0.38 to -0.13; p = 0.0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (WMD = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.08; p = 0.0006), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD = -0.06; 95% CI: -0.11 to -0.01; p = 0.0150). The effect of soy protein on the lipid profile showed a significant decrease in TC levels: WMD = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.25-0.05; p = 0.0048, LDL-C levels: WMD = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.25-0.05; p = 0.0067, as well as a significant increase in HDL-C levels: WMD = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02-0.08; p = 0.0034. Changes in the lipid profile showed a significant reduction in TC levels after the use of red clover (WMD = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.18--0.04; p = 0.0017) and a significant increase in HDL-C levels (WMD = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.07; p = 0.0165). This meta-analysis provides evidence that consuming flaxseed, soy and red clover can have a beneficial effect on lipids in postmenopausal women and suggest a favorable effect in preventing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Błaszczuk
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Agnieszka Barańska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with e-Health Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Maria Malm
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with e-Health Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Elżbieta Jach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Health, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Urszula Religioni
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education of Warsaw, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Rafał Wróbel
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Herda
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.-D.)
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