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Meijer WC, Gorter JA. Role of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in the development of poststroke epilepsy. Epilepsia 2024. [PMID: 39101543 DOI: 10.1111/epi.18072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity worldwide and the most common cause of epilepsy in the elderly in high income nations. In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes induce dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and that this impairment can contribute to epileptogenesis. Nevertheless, studies directly comparing BBB dysfunction and poststroke epilepsy (PSE) are largely absent. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of BBB dysfunction in the development of PSE in animal models and clinical studies. There are multiple mechanisms whereby stroke induces BBB dysfunction, including increased transcytosis, tight junction dysfunction, spreading depolarizations, astrocyte and pericyte loss, reactive astrocytosis, angiogenesis, matrix metalloproteinase activation, neuroinflammation, adenosine triphosphate depletion, oxidative stress, and finally cell death. The degree to which these effects occur is dependent on the severity of the ischemia, whereby cell death is a more prominent mechanism of BBB disruption in regions of critical ischemia. BBB dysfunction can contribute to epileptogenesis by increasing the risk of hemorrhagic transformation, increasing stroke size and the amount of cerebral vasogenic edema, extravasation of excitatory compounds, and increasing neuroinflammation. Furthermore, albumin extravasation after BBB dysfunction contributes to epileptogenesis primarily via increased transforming growth factor β signaling. Finally, seizures themselves induce BBB dysfunction, thereby contributing to epileptogenesis in a cyclical manner. In repairing this BBB dysfunction, pericyte migration via platelet-derived growth factor β signaling is indispensable and required for reconstruction of the BBB, whereby astrocytes also play a role. Although animal stroke models have their limitations, they provide valuable insights into the development of potential therapeutics designed to restore the BBB after stroke, with the ultimate goal of improving outcomes and minimizing the occurrence of PSE. In pursuit of this goal, rapamycin, statins, losartan, semaglutide, and metformin show promise, whereby modulation of pericyte migration could also be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Meijer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Lv L, Li Y, Chen X, Qin Z. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the effects of maternal exposure to bisphenol AF on hypothalamic development in male neonatal mice. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:304-313. [PMID: 38408830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Fragmented data suggest that bisphenol AF (BPAF), a chemical widely used in a variety of products, might have potential impacts on the hypothalamus. Here, we employed male neonatal mice following maternal exposure to explore the effects of low-dose BPAF on hypothalamic development by RNA-sequencing. We found that maternal exposure to approximately 50 µg/(kg·day) BPAF from postanal day (PND) 0 to PND 15 altered the hypothalamic transcriptome, primarily involving the pathways and genes associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) and intercellular adhesion, neuroendocrine regulation, and neurological processes. Further RNA analysis confirmed the changes in the expression levels of concerned genes. Importantly, we further revealed that low-dose BPAF posed a stimulatory impact on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and induced the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue. All findings indicate that developmental exposure to low-dose BPAF could interfere with hypothalamic development and thereby lead to alterations in the metabolism. Interestingly, 5000 µg/(kg·day) BPAF caused slighter, non-significant or even inverse alterations than the low dose of 50 µg/(kg·day), displaying a dose-independent effect. Further observations suggest that the the dose-independent effects of BPAF might be associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses caused by the high dose. Overall, our study highlights a risk of low-dose BPAF to human neuroendocrine regulation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuanyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhanfen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Yang JC, Chen SP, Wang YF, Chang CH, Chang KH, Fuh JL, Chow LH, Han CL, Chen YJ, Wang SJ. Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome Map Reveals Molecular Signatures of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100794. [PMID: 38839039 PMCID: PMC11263949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a complex neurovascular disorder characterized by repetitive thunderclap headaches and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction. The pathophysiological mechanism of this mysterious syndrome remains underexplored and there is no clinically available molecular biomarker. To provide insight into the pathogenesis of RCVS, this study reported the first landscape of dysregulated proteome of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with RCVS (n = 21) compared to the age- and sex-matched controls (n = 20) using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. Protein-protein interaction and functional enrichment analysis were employed to construct functional protein networks using the RCVS proteome. An RCVS-CSF proteome library resource of 1054 proteins was established, which illuminated large groups of upregulated proteins enriched in the brain and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Personalized RCVS-CSF proteomic profiles from 17 RCVS patients and 20 controls reveal proteomic changes involving the complement system, adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix, which may contribute to the disruption of BBB and dysregulation of neurovascular units. Moreover, an additional validation cohort validated a panel of biomarker candidates and a two-protein signature predicted by machine learning model to discriminate RCVS patients from controls with an area under the curve of 0.997. This study reveals the first RCVS proteome and a potential pathogenetic mechanism of BBB and neurovascular unit dysfunction. It also nominates potential biomarker candidates that are mechanistically plausible for RCVS, which may offer potential diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities beyond the clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Ci Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Hua Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hao Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Naitonal Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lok-Hi Chow
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program in Clinical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gao XL, Pan T, Duan WB, Zhu WB, Liu LK, Liu YL, Yue LL. Systematic proteomics analysis revealed different expression of laminin interaction proteins in breast cancer: lower in luminal subtype and higher in claudin-low subtype. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:2108-2121. [PMID: 38881926 PMCID: PMC11170511 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a major public health concern. Proteomics enables identification of proteins with aberrant properties. Here, we identified proteins with abnormal expression levels in breast cancer tissues and systematically analyzed and validated the data to locate potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methods Protein expression level in breast cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were detected by Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) technology and further screened through Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database. Cellular components, protein domain and Reactome pathway analysis were performed to screen functional targets. Abnormal expression levels of functional targets were validated by Oncomine database, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and proteomics detection. Protein correlation analysis was performed to explain the abnormal expression levels of potential targets in breast cancer. Results Overall, 207 and 207 proteins were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in breast cancer tissues, and approximately 50% were also detected in the GEPIA database. The overlapping proteins were mainly extracellular proteins containing epidermal growth factor-like domain in leukocyte adhesion molecule (EGF-Lam) domain and enriched in laminin interaction pathway. Moreover, the downregulated laminin interaction proteins could be functional targets, which were also validated through Oncomine-Richardson and Oncomine-Curtis database. However, the lower expression level of laminin interaction proteins only fit for luminal breast cancer cells with no or low metastasis ability because the proteins achieved higher expression level in more invasive claudin-low breast cancer cells. In addition, when compared with corresponding in situ carcinoma tissues, above-mentioned proteins also showed higher expression levels in invasive carcinoma tissues. Finally, we have revealed the negative correlation between the laminin interaction proteins and the claudins. Conclusions The laminin interaction protein, especially for laminins with β1 and γ1 subunits and their integrin receptors with α1 and α6 subunits, showed lower expression levels in luminal breast cancer with no or lower metastatic ability, but showed higher expression levels in claudin-low breast cancer with higher metastatic ability; and their higher expression could be related to the low claudin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Gao
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Department of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wen-Bo Duan
- Department of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhu
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Li-Kun Liu
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yun-Long Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Li-Ling Yue
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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5
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Yang R, Chen J, Qu X, Liu H, Wang X, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Interleukin-22 Contributes to Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via STAT3/VEGFA Activation in Escherichia coli Meningitis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:988-999. [PMID: 38317607 PMCID: PMC10928716 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli continues to be the predominant Gram-negative pathogen causing neonatal meningitis worldwide. Inflammatory mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of meningitis and are key therapeutic targets. The role of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in various diseases is diverse, with both protective and pathogenic effects. However, little is understood about the mechanisms underlying the damaging effects of IL-22 on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in E. coli meningitis. We observed that meningitic E. coli infection induced IL-22 expression in the serum and brain of mice. The tight junction proteins (TJPs) components ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 were degraded in the mouse brain and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC) following IL-22 administration. Moreover, the meningitic E. coli-caused increase in BBB permeability in wild-type mice was restored by knocking out IL-22. Mechanistically, IL-22 activated the STAT3-VEGFA signaling cascade in E. coli meningitis, thus eliciting the degradation of TJPs to induce BBB disruption. Our data indicated that IL-22 is an essential host accomplice during E. coli-caused BBB disruption and could be targeted for the therapy of bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyi Qu
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hulin Liu
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers
Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International
Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry
of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers
Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International
Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry
of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers
Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International
Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry
of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Xiang J, Hua Y, Xi G, Keep RF. Mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid production. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 183:106159. [PMID: 37209923 PMCID: PMC11071066 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid homeostasis is fundamental for brain function with cerebral edema and hydrocephalus both being major neurological conditions. Fluid movement from blood into brain is one crucial element in cerebral fluid homeostasis. Traditionally it has been thought to occur primarily at the choroid plexus (CP) as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion due to polarized distribution of ion transporters at the CP epithelium. However, there are currently controversies as to the importance of the CP in fluid secretion, just how fluid transport occurs at that epithelium versus other sites, as well as the direction of fluid flow in the cerebral ventricles. The purpose of this review is to evaluate evidence on the movement of fluid from blood to CSF at the CP and the cerebral vasculature and how this differs from other tissues, e.g., how ion transport at the blood-brain barrier as well as the CP may drive fluid flow. It also addresses recent promising data on two potential targets for modulating CP fluid secretion, the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1, and the non-selective cation channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). Finally, it raises the issue that fluid secretion from blood is not constant, changing with disease and during the day. The apparent importance of NKCC1 phosphorylation and TRPV4 activity at the CP in determining fluid movement suggests that such secretion may also vary over short time frames. Such dynamic changes in CP (and potentially blood-brain barrier) function may contribute to some of the controversies over its role in brain fluid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Weiner S, Junkkari A, Sauer M, Luikku A, Rauramaa T, Kokkola T, Herukka SK, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Leinonen V, Gobom J. Novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers correlating with shunt responsiveness in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:40. [PMID: 37277809 PMCID: PMC10243080 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic Normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a form of adult hydrocephalus that is clinically characterized by progressive gait impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and urinary incontinence. The current standard method of treatment involves surgical installation of a CSF diversion shunt. However, only a fraction of patients shows an alleviation of symptoms from shunt surgery. Thus, the purpose of this prospective explorative proteomic study was to identify prognostic CSF biomarkers to predict shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients. Further, we evaluated the ability of the core Alzheimer's disease (AD) CSF biomarkers phosphorylated (p)-tau, total (t)-tau, and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) to serve as predictors of shunt response. METHODS We conducted a tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic analysis of lumbar CSF from 68 iNPH patients, sampled pre-shunt surgery. Tryptic digests of CSF samples were labelled with TMTpro reagents. The TMT multiplex samples were fractionated in 24 concatenated fractions by reversed-phase chromatography at basic pH and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) on an Orbitrap Lumos mass spectrometer. The relative abundances of the identified proteins were correlated with (i) iNPH grading scale (iNPHGS) and (ii) gait speed change 1 year after surgery from baseline to identify predictors of shunt responsiveness. RESULTS We identified four CSF biomarker candidates which correlated most strongly with clinical improvement on the iNPHGS and were significantly changed in shunt-responsive compared to shunt-unresponsive iNPH patients 1 year post-surgery: FABP3 (R = - 0.46, log2(fold change (FC)) = - 0.25, p < 0.001), ANXA4 (R = 0.46, log2(FC) = 0.32, p < 0.001), MIF (R = -0.49, log2(FC) = - 0.20, p < 0.001) and B3GAT2 (R = 0.54, log2(FC) = 0.20, p < 0.001). In addition, five biomarker candidates were selected based on their strong correlation with gait speed change 1 year after shunt installation: ITGB1 (R = - 0.48, p < 0.001), YWHAG (R = - 0.41, p < 0.01), OLFM2 (R = 0.39, p < 0.01), TGFBI (R = - 0.38, p < 0.01), and DSG2 (R = 0.37, p < 0.01). Concentrations of the CSF AD core biomarkers did not differ significantly with shunt responsiveness. CONCLUSION FABP3, MIF, ANXA4, B3GAT2, ITGB1, YWHAG, OLFM2, TGFBI and DSG2 in CSF are promising prognostic biomarker candidates to predict shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Antti Junkkari
- Department of Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mathias Sauer
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Antti Luikku
- Department of Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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Mármol I, Abizanda-Campo S, Ayuso JM, Ochoa I, Oliván S. Towards Novel Biomimetic In Vitro Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier for Drug Permeability Evaluation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050572. [PMID: 37237642 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current available animal and in vitro cell-based models for studying brain-related pathologies and drug evaluation face several limitations since they are unable to reproduce the unique architecture and physiology of the human blood-brain barrier. Because of that, promising preclinical drug candidates often fail in clinical trials due to their inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, novel models that allow us to successfully predict drug permeability through the BBB would accelerate the implementation of much-needed therapies for glioblastoma, Alzheimer's disease, and further disorders. In line with this, organ-on-chip models of the BBB are an interesting alternative to traditional models. These microfluidic models provide the necessary support to recreate the architecture of the BBB and mimic the fluidic conditions of the cerebral microvasculature. Herein, the most recent advances in organ-on-chip models for the BBB are reviewed, focusing on their potential to provide robust and reliable data regarding drug candidate ability to reach the brain parenchyma. We point out recent achievements and challenges to overcome in order to advance in more biomimetic in vitro experimental models based on OOO technology. The minimum requirements that should be met to be considered biomimetic (cellular types, fluid flow, and tissular architecture), and consequently, a solid alternative to in vitro traditional models or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Mármol
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Abizanda-Campo
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Oliván
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Xiong Y, Fu Y, Li Z, Zheng Y, Cui M, Zhang C, Huang XY, Jian Y, Chen BH. Laquinimod Inhibits Microglial Activation, Astrogliosis, BBB Damage, and Infarction and Improves Neurological Damage after Ischemic Stroke. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37161270 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial activation is involved in neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, which plays a key role in ischemic stroke-induced neuronal damage; therefore, regulating glial activation is an important way to inhibit ischemic brain injury. Effects of laquinimod (LAQ) include inhibiting axonal damage and neuroinflammation in multiple neuronal injury diseases. However, whether laquinimod can exert neuroprotective effects after ischemic stroke remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of LAQ on glial activation, BBB damage, and neuronal damage in an ischemic stroke model. Adult ICR mice were used to create a photothrombotic stroke (PT) model. LAQ was administered orally at 30 min after ischemic injury. Neurobehavioral tests, Evans Blue, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, Nissl staining, and western blot were performed to evaluate the neurofunctional outcome. Quantification of immunofluorescence was evaluated by unbiased stereology. LAQ post-treatment significantly reduced infarction and improved forepaw function at 5 days after PT. Interestingly, LAQ treatment significantly promoted anti-inflammatory microglial activation. Moreover, LAQ treatment reduced astrocyte activation, glial scar formation, and BBB breakdown in ischemic brains. Therefore, this study demonstrated that LAQ post-treatment restricted microglial polarization, astrogliosis, and glial scar and improved BBB damage and behavioral function. LAQ may serve as a novel target to develop new therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiong Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Maiyin Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation and Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chan Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yi Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jian
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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10
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Hamilton MG, Drewes LR. A year in review: brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2022. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37085841 PMCID: PMC10120509 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This aim of this editorial is to highlight progress made in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2022. It covers studies on the blood-brain, blood-retina and blood-CSF barriers (choroid plexus and meninges), signaling within the neurovascular unit and elements of the brain fluid systems. It further discusses how brain barriers and brain fluid systems are impacted in CNS diseases, their role in disease progression and progress being made in treating such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | | | - Mark G Hamilton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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11
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. Genetic disorders and genetic manipulation at the blood-brain barriers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:29. [PMID: 37081497 PMCID: PMC10120270 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | | | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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12
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Chen Z, Kelly JR, Morales JE, Sun RC, De A, Burkin DJ, McCarty JH. The alpha7 integrin subunit in astrocytes promotes endothelial blood-brain barrier integrity. Development 2023; 150:dev201356. [PMID: 36960827 PMCID: PMC10112902 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vascular endothelial cell boundary that partitions the circulation from the central nervous system to promote normal brain health. We have a limited understanding of how the BBB is formed during development and maintained in adulthood. We used quantitative transcriptional profiling to investigate whether specific adhesion molecules are involved in BBB functions, with an emphasis on understanding how astrocytes interact with endothelial cells. Our results reveal a striking enrichment of multiple genes encoding laminin subunits as well as the laminin receptor gene Itga7, which encodes the alpha7 integrin subunit, in astrocytes. Genetic ablation of Itga7 in mice led to aberrant BBB permeability and progressive neurological pathologies. Itga7-/- mice also showed a reduction in laminin protein expression in parenchymal basement membranes. Blood vessels in the Itga7-/- brain showed separation from surrounding astrocytes and had reduced expression of the tight junction proteins claudin 5 and ZO-1. We propose that the alpha7 integrin subunit in astrocytes via adhesion to laminins promotes endothelial cell junction integrity, all of which is required to properly form and maintain a functional BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jack R. Kelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John E. Morales
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raymond C. Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arpan De
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dean J. Burkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Joseph H. McCarty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Bkaily G, Jacques D. Morphological and Functional Remodeling of Vascular Endothelium in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031998. [PMID: 36768314 PMCID: PMC9916505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium plays a vital role during embryogenesis and aging and is a cell monolayer that lines the blood vessels. The immune system recognizes the endothelium as its own. Therefore, an abnormality of the endothelium exposes the tissues to the immune system and provokes inflammation and vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Its secretory role allows it to release vasoconstrictors and vasorelaxants as well as cardio-modulatory factors that maintain the proper functioning of the circulatory system. The sealing of the monolayer provided by adhesion molecules plays an important role in cardiovascular physiology and pathology.
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14
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Oliveira F, Bondareva O, Rodríguez-Aguilera JR, Sheikh BN. Cultured brain pericytes adopt an immature phenotype and require endothelial cells for expression of canonical markers and ECM genes. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1165887. [PMID: 37201162 PMCID: PMC10185779 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1165887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs) are essential components of the blood brain barrier. Brain PCs are critical for dynamically regulating blood flow, for maintaining vascular integrity and their dysregulation is associated with a myriad of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. To understand their physiological and molecular functions, studies have increasingly focused on primary brain PC isolation and culture. Multiple methods for PC culture have been developed over the years, however, it is still unclear how primary PCs compare to their in vivo counterparts. To address this question, we compared cultured brain PCs at passage 5 and 20 to adult and embryonic brain PCs directly isolated from mouse brains via single cell RNA-seq. Cultured PCs were highly homogeneous, and were most similar to embryonic PCs, while displaying a significantly different transcriptional profile to adult brain PCs. Cultured PCs downregulated canonical PC markers and extracellular matrix (ECM) genes. Importantly, expression of PC markers and ECM genes could be improved by co-culture with brain endothelial cells, showing the importance of the endothelium in maintaining PC identity and function. Taken together, these results highlight key transcriptional differences between cultured and in vivo PCs which should be considered when performing in vitro experiments with brain PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Oliveira
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Bondareva
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jesús Rafael Rodríguez-Aguilera
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bilal N. Sheikh
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bilal N. Sheikh,
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15
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Endres LM, Jungblut M, Divyapicigil M, Sauer M, Stigloher C, Christodoulides M, Kim BJ, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Development of a multicellular in vitro model of the meningeal blood-CSF barrier to study Neisseria meningitidis infection. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:81. [PMID: 36289516 PMCID: PMC9597984 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease that occurs when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis cross the meningeal blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (mBCSFB) and infect the meninges. Due to the human-specific nature of N. meningitidis, previous research investigating this complex host–pathogen interaction has mostly been done in vitro using immortalized brain endothelial cells (BECs) alone, which often do not retain relevant barrier properties in culture. Here, we developed physiologically relevant mBCSFB models using BECs in co-culture with leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) to examine N. meningitidis interaction. Methods We used BEC-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iBECs) or hCMEC/D3 cells in co-culture with LMCs derived from tumor biopsies. We employed TEM and structured illumination microscopy to characterize the models as well as bacterial interaction. We measured TEER and sodium fluorescein (NaF) permeability to determine barrier tightness and integrity. We then analyzed bacterial adherence and penetration of the cell barrier and examined changes in host gene expression of tight junctions as well as chemokines and cytokines in response to infection. Results Both cell types remained distinct in co-culture and iBECs showed characteristic expression of BEC markers including tight junction proteins and endothelial markers. iBEC barrier function as determined by TEER and NaF permeability was improved by LMC co-culture and remained stable for seven days. BEC response to N. meningitidis infection was not affected by LMC co-culture. We detected considerable amounts of BEC-adherent meningococci and a relatively small number of intracellular bacteria. Interestingly, we discovered bacteria traversing the BEC-LMC barrier within the first 24 h post-infection, when barrier integrity was still high, suggesting a transcellular route for N. meningitidis into the CNS. Finally, we observed deterioration of barrier properties including loss of TEER and reduced expression of cell-junction components at late time points of infection. Conclusions Here, we report, for the first time, on co-culture of human iPSC derived BECs or hCMEC/D3 with meningioma derived LMCs and find that LMC co-culture improves barrier properties of iBECs. These novel models allow for a better understanding of N. meningitidis interaction at the mBCSFB in a physiologically relevant setting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00379-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M. Endres
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Jungblut
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mustafa Divyapicigil
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Center for Convergent Biosciences & Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Markus Sauer
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Center for Convergent Biosciences & Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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