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Li J, Wan C, Li X, Quan C, Li X, Wu X. Characterization of tumor microenvironment and tumor immunology based on the double-stranded RNA-binding protein related genes in cervical cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:647. [PMID: 37735483 PMCID: PMC10515034 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers threatening women's health worldwide. Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins (dsRBPs) regulate innate immunity and are therefore believed to be involved in virus-related malignancies, however, their role in cervical cancer is not well known. METHODS We performed RNA-seq of tumor samples from cervical cancer patients in local cohort and also assessed the RNA-seq and clinical data derived from public datasets. By using single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) and univariate Cox analysis, patients were stratified into distinct dsRBP clusters. Stepwise Cox and CoxBoost were performed to construct a risk model based on optimal dsRBPs clusters-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and GSE44001 and CGCI-HTMCP-CC were employed as two external validation cohorts. Single cell RNA sequencing data from GSE168652 and Scissor algorithm were applied to evaluated the signature-related cell population. RESULTS The expression of dsRBP features was found to be associated with HPV infection and carcinogenesis in CESC. However, only Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) and Dicer, Drosha, and Argonautes (DDR) exhibited significant correlations with the overall survival (OS) of CESC patients. Based on these findings, CESC patients were divided into three dsRBP clusters. Cluster 3 showed superior OS but lower levels of ADAR and DDR. Additionally, Cluster 3 demonstrated enhanced innate immunity, with significantly higher activity in cancer immunity cycles, immune scores, and levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, particularly CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, a risk model based on nine dsRBP cluster-related DEGs was established. The accuracy of survival prediction for 1 to 5 years was consistently above 0.78, and this model's robust predictive capacity was confirmed by two external validation sets. The low-risk group exhibited significantly higher levels of immune checkpoints, such as PDCD1 and CTLA4, as well as a higher abundance of CD8+ T cells. Analysis of single-cell sequencing data revealed a significant association between the dsRBP signature and glycolysis. Importantly, low-risk patients showed improved OS and a higher response rate to immunotherapy, along with enduring clinical benefits from concurrent chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS dsRBP played a crucial role in the regulation of prognosis and tumor immunology in cervical cancer, and its prognostic signature provides a strategy for risk stratification and immunotherapy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chong Wan
- Precision Medicine Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenlian Quan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Li
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Yuan J, Xu L, Bao HJ, Wang JL, Zhao Y, Chen S. Biological roles of A-to-I editing: implications in innate immunity, cell death, and cancer immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:149. [PMID: 37328893 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, a key RNA modification widely found in eukaryotes, is catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Such RNA editing destabilizes endogenous dsRNAs, which are subsequently recognized by the sensors of innate immune and other proteins as autologous dsRNAs. This prevents the activation of innate immunity and type I interferon-mediated responses, thereby reducing the downstream cell death induced by the activation of the innate immune sensing system. ADARs-mediated editing can also occur in mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in different species. In mRNAs, A-to-I editing may lead to missense mutations and the selective splicing of coding regions. Meanwhile, in ncRNAs, A-to-I editing may affect targeting and disrupt ncRNAs maturation, leading to anomalous cell proliferation, invasion, and responses to immunotherapy. This review highlights the biological functions of A-to-I editing, its role in regulating innate immunity and cell death, and its potential molecular significance in tumorigenesis and cancer targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Targeted Therapy for Gynecologic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hai-Juan Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Targeted Therapy for Gynecologic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Lin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Targeted Therapy for Gynecologic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Targeted Therapy for Gynecologic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, P. R. China.
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Targeted Therapy for Gynecologic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No.63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, P. R. China.
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Nakamura K, Shigeyasu K, Okamoto K, Matsuoka H, Masuyama H. ADAR1 has an oncogenic function and can be a prognostic factor in cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4720. [PMID: 36959226 PMCID: PMC10036526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), a recently described epigenetic modifier, is believed to play a critical oncogenic role in human cancers. However, its functional role and clinical significance in cervical cancer (CC) remain unclear. ADAR1 knockdown was performed to investigate its oncogenic functions in SiHa (HPV16), HeLa (HPV18), and Yumoto (non-HPV) CC cell lines. Cytoplasmic and nuclear ADAR1 expression were examined to clarify their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in patients with CC. This resulted in increased apoptosis and necroptosis in HPV16 -type SiHa, HPV18-type HeLa, and non-HPV-type Yumoto CC cell lines. Progression-free survival (PFS) rates of patients exhibiting high cytoplasmic and nuclear ADAR1 expression were poorer than those in the other groups (P = 0.016). Multivariate analysis indicated that the combination of higher cytoplasmic and nuclear ADAR1 expression was an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with CC (P = 0.017). ADAR1 could be a potential therapeutic target for HPV-positive or HPV-negative CC. The combination of cytoplasmic and nuclear ADAR1 comprises a better prognostic factor for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kunitoshi Shigeyasu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Potential Benefits and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158530. [PMID: 35955666 PMCID: PMC9368833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are recognized as among the most common neoplasms, mostly in white people, with an increasing incidence rate. Among the NMSCs, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most prevalent malignancy known to affect people with a fair complexion who are exposed to extreme ultraviolet radiation (UVR), have a hereditary predisposition, or are immunosuppressed. There are several extrinsic and intrinsic determinants that contribute to the pathophysiology of the SCC. The therapeutic modalities depend on the SCC stages, from actinic keratosis to late-stage multiple metastases. Standard treatments include surgical excision, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. As SCC represents a favorable tumor microenvironment with high tumor mutational burden, infiltration of immune cells, and expression of immune checkpoints, the SCC tumors are highly responsive to immunotherapies. Until now, there are three checkpoint inhibitors, cemiplimab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab, that are approved for the treatment of advanced, recurrent, or metastatic SCC patients in the United States. Immunotherapy possesses significant therapeutic benefits for patients with metastatic or locally advanced tumors not eligible for surgery or radiotherapy to avoid the potential toxicity caused by the chemotherapies. Despite the high tolerability and efficiency, the existence of some challenges has been revealed such as, resistance to immunotherapy, less availability of the biomarkers, and difficulty in appropriate patient selection. This review aims to accumulate evidence regarding the genetic alterations related to SCC, the factors that contribute to the potential benefits of immunotherapy, and the challenges to follow this treatment regime.
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Liu J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhao B. ADAR1-Mediated RNA Editing and Its Role in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:956649. [PMID: 35898396 PMCID: PMC9309331 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the stability of RNA, the interaction between RNA and protein, and the correct translation of protein are significant forces that drive the transition from normal cell to malignant tumor. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is an RNA editing enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I), which is one dynamic modification that in a combinatorial manner can give rise to a very diverse transcriptome. ADAR1-mediated RNA editing is essential for survival in mammals and its dysregulation results in aberrant editing of its substrates that may affect the phenotypic changes in cancer. This overediting phenomenon occurs in many cancers, such as liver, lung, breast, and esophageal cancers, and promotes tumor progression in most cases. In addition to its editing role, ADAR1 can also play an editing-independent role, although current research on this mechanism is relatively shallowly explored in tumors. In this review, we summarize the nature of ADAR1, mechanisms of ADAR1 editing-dependent and editing-independent and implications for tumorigenesis and prognosis, and pay special attention to effects of ADAR1 on cancers by regulating non-coding RNA formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yindan Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingfeng Liu, ; Bixing Zhao,
| | - Bixing Zhao
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingfeng Liu, ; Bixing Zhao,
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6
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Yu L, Majerciak V, Zheng ZM. HPV16 and HPV18 Genome Structure, Expression, and Post-Transcriptional Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094943. [PMID: 35563334 PMCID: PMC9105396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses whose infection causes benign tumors or cancers. HPV16 and HPV18, the two most common high-risk HPVs, are responsible for ~70% of all HPV-related cervical cancers and head and neck cancers. The expression of the HPV genome is highly dependent on cell differentiation and is strictly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Both HPV early and late transcripts differentially expressed in the infected cells are intron-containing bicistronic or polycistronic RNAs bearing more than one open reading frame (ORF), because of usage of alternative viral promoters and two alternative viral RNA polyadenylation signals. Papillomaviruses proficiently engage alternative RNA splicing to express individual ORFs from the bicistronic or polycistronic RNA transcripts. In this review, we discuss the genome structures and the updated transcription maps of HPV16 and HPV18, and the latest research advances in understanding RNA cis-elements, intron branch point sequences, and RNA-binding proteins in the regulation of viral RNA processing. Moreover, we briefly discuss the epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and possible APOBEC-mediated genome editing in HPV infections and carcinogenesis.
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7
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Morales F, Pérez P, Tapia JC, Lobos-González L, Herranz JM, Guevara F, de Santiago PR, Palacios E, Andaur R, Sagredo EA, Marcelain K, Armisén R. Increase in ADAR1p110 activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway associated with aggressive phenotype in triple negative breast cancer cells. Gene 2022; 819:146246. [PMID: 35122924 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a challenge in the search for new therapeutic targets. TNBCs are aggressive and generate resistance to chemotherapy. Tumors of TNBC patients with poor prognosis present a high level of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1). We explore the connection of ADAR1 with the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and the effect of modulation of its expression in TNBC. Expression data from cell line sequencing (DepMap) and TCGA samples were downloaded and analyzed. We lentivirally generated an MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line that overexpress (OE) ADAR1p110 or an ADAR knockdown. Abundance of different proteins related to Wnt/β-catenin pathway and activity of nuclear β-catenin were analyzed by Western blot and luciferase TOP/FOP reporter assay, respectively. Cell invasion was analyzed by matrigel assay. In mice, we study the behavior of tumors generated from ADAR1p110 (OE) cells and tumor vascularization immunostaining were analyzed. ADAR1 connects to the canonical Wnt pathway in TNBC. ADAR1p110 overexpression decreased GSK-3β, while increasing active β-catenin. It also increased the activity of nuclear β-catenin and increased its target levels. ADAR1 knockdown has the opposite effect. MDA-MB-231 ADAR1 (OE) cells showed increased capacity of invasion. Subsequently, we observed that tumors derived from ADAR1p110 (OE) cells showed increased invasion towards the epithelium, and increased levels of Survivin and CD-31 expressed in vascular endothelial cells. These results indicate that ADAR1 overexpression alters the expression of some key components of the canonical Wnt pathway, favoring invasion and neovascularization, possibly through activation of the β-catenin, which suggests an unknown role of ADAR1p110 in aggressiveness of TNBC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Morales
- Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine, Pfizer Chile, Obispo Arturo Espinoza Campos 2526, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Pérez
- Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine, Pfizer Chile, Obispo Arturo Espinoza Campos 2526, Santiago, Chile; NIDCR, National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 10, Room 1A01, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julio C Tapia
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Centro De Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina - Clínica Alemana, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12496, Santiago, Chile; Fundación Ciencia & Vida - Andes Biotechnologies S.A., Av. Zanartu 1482, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Manuel Herranz
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Guevara
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida - Andes Biotechnologies S.A., Av. Zanartu 1482, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Rojas de Santiago
- Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine, Pfizer Chile, Obispo Arturo Espinoza Campos 2526, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernardo ÓHiggins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Palacios
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Andaur
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Nueva Bilbao 12501, Las Condes, Santiago Chile
| | - Eduardo A Sagredo
- Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine, Pfizer Chile, Obispo Arturo Espinoza Campos 2526, Santiago, Chile; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine Marcelain
- Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Armisén
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12461, Edificio 3, oficina 205, CP 7590943, Santiago, Chile.
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Baker AR, Slack FJ. ADAR1 and its implications in cancer development and treatment. Trends Genet 2022; 38:821-830. [PMID: 35459560 PMCID: PMC9283316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) regulates global gene expression output by catalyzing adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and through interacting with RNA and other proteins. ADARs play important roles in development and disease, including an increasing connection to cancer progression. ADAR1 has demonstrated a largely pro-oncogenic role in a growing list of cancer types, and its function in cancer has been attributed to diverse mechanisms. Here, we review existing literature on ADAR1 biology and function, its roles in human disease including cancer, and summarize known cancer-associated phenotypes and mechanisms. Lastly, we discuss implications and outstanding questions in the field, including strategies for targeting ADAR1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Baker
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Huo XX, Wang SJ, Song H, Li MD, Yu H, Wang M, Gong HX, Qiu XT, Zhu YF, Zhang JY. Roles of Major RNA Adenosine Modifications in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:779779. [PMID: 34899345 PMCID: PMC8657411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer malignancy worldwide and is known to have poor prognosis. The pathogenesis behind the development of HNSCC is not fully understood. Modifications on RNA are involved in many pathophysiological processes, such as tumor development and inflammation. Adenosine-related RNA modifications have shown to be linked to cancer and may play a role in cancer occurrence and development. To date, there are at least 170 different chemical RNA modifications that modify coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These modifications affect RNA stability and transcription efficiency. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the four major RNA adenosine modifications (N6-Methyladenosine, N1-Methyladenosine, Alternative Polyadenylation Modification and A-to-I RNA editing) and their potential molecular mechanisms related to HNSCC development and progression. We also touch on how these RNA modifications affect treatment of HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Huo
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Shu-Jie Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-de Li
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Xiao Gong
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Qiu
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Fu Zhu
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ding HY, Yang WY, Zhang LH, Li L, Xie F, Li HY, Chen XY, Tu Z, Li Y, Chen Y, Yang SY. 8-Chloro-Adenosine Inhibits Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating ADAR1/p53 Signaling Pathway. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720958656. [PMID: 32907379 PMCID: PMC7784596 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720958656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) has been shown to exhibit its antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 and H1299 cells or autophagy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is tightly associated with cancer development and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ADAR1 in the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell lines after 8-Cl-Ado exposure and its possible mechanisms. After 8-Cl-Ado exposure, CCK-8 assay was performed to determine the cell proliferation; flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle profiles and apoptosis; and the protein levels of ADAR1, p53, p21, and cyclin D1 were measured by western blotting. The results showed that the cell proliferation was greatly inhibited, G1 cell cycle was arrested, and apoptosis was induced after 8-Cl-Ado exposure. ADAR1 and cyclin D1 protein levels were dramatically decreased, while p53 and p21 levels were increased after 8-Cl-Ado exposure. Moreover, the cell growth inhibition was rescued, apoptosis was reduced, and p53 and p21 protein levels were downregulated, while cyclin D1 was upregulated when cells were transfected with plasmids expressing ADAR1 proteins. More importantly, RNA-binding domain of ADAR1 is critical to the cell growth inhibition of breast cancer cells exposed to 8-Cl-Ado. Together, 8-Cl-Ado inhibits the cell proliferation, induces G1 phase arrest and apoptosis at least by targeting ADAR1/p53/p21 signaling pathway. The findings may provide us with insights into the role of ADAR1 in breast cancer progression and help us better understand the effects of 8-Cl-Ado in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yue Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wan-Yong Yang
- Dongguan Waterfront Zone Central Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiology and Intervention, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Chiang DC, Li Y, Ng SK. The Role of the Z-DNA Binding Domain in Innate Immunity and Stress Granules. Front Immunol 2021; 11:625504. [PMID: 33613567 PMCID: PMC7886975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.625504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both DNA and RNA can maintain left-handed double helical Z-conformation under physiological condition, but only when stabilized by Z-DNA binding domain (ZDBD). After initial discovery in RNA editing enzyme ADAR1, ZDBD has also been described in pathogen-sensing proteins ZBP1 and PKZ in host, as well as virulence proteins E3L and ORF112 in viruses. The host-virus antagonism immediately highlights the importance of ZDBD in antiviral innate immunity. Furthermore, Z-RNA binding has been shown to be responsible for the localization of these ZDBD-containing proteins to cytoplasmic stress granules that play central role in coordinating cellular response to stresses. This review sought to consolidate current understanding of Z-RNA sensing in innate immunity and implore possible roles of Z-RNA binding within cytoplasmic stress granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chen Chiang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siew Kit Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Immune-related IncRNA LINC00944 responds to variations in ADAR1 levels and it is associated with breast cancer prognosis. Life Sci 2020; 268:118956. [PMID: 33383047 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of woman deaths worldwide, being a major public health problem. It has been reported that the expression of the RNA-editing enzyme Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNAs 1 (ADAR1) is upregulated in breast cancer, predicting poor prognosis in patients. A few reports in literature examine ADAR1 and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) interplay in cancer and suggest key roles in cancer-related pathways. This study aimed to investigate whether ADAR1 could alter the expression levels of lncRNAs and explore how those changes are related to breast cancer biology. MAIN METHODS ADAR1 overexpression and knockdown studies were performed in breast cancer cell lines to analyze the effects over lncRNAs expression. Guilt-by-Association correlation analysis of the TCGA-BRCA cohort was performed to predict the function of the lncRNA LINC00944. KEY FINDINGS Here, we show that LINC00944 is responsive to ADAR1 up- and downregulation in breast cancer cells. We found that LINC00944 expression has a strong relationship with immune signaling pathways. Further assessment of the TCGA-BRCA cohort showed that LINC00944 expression was positively correlated to tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and pro-apoptotic markers. Moreover, we found that LINC00944 expression was correlated to the age at diagnosis, tumor size, and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression. Finally, we show that low expression of LINC00944 is correlated to poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides further evidence of the effect of ADAR1 over lncRNA expression levels, and on the participation of LINC00944 in breast cancer, suggesting to further investigate its potential role as prognostic biomarker.
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13
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Behroozi J, Shahbazi S, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Mahmoodzadeh H. ADAR expression and copy number variation in patients with advanced gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:152. [PMID: 32410589 PMCID: PMC7227226 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is a world health problem and it is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The current practice for prognosis assessment in GC is based on radiological and pathological criteria and they may not result in an accurate prognosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate expression and copy number variation of the ADAR gene in advanced GC and clarify its correlation with survival and histopathological characteristics. Methods Forty two patients with stage III and IV GC were included in this study. ADAR gene expression and copy number variation were measured by real-time PCR and Quantitative multiplex fluorescent-PCR, respectively. Survival analysis performed based on the Kaplan–Meier method and Mantel–Cox test. Results ADAR mRNA was significantly overexpressed in the tumor tissues when compared to the adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.01). Also, ADAR expression level in stage IV was higher than stage III. 40% of patients showed amplification in ADAR gene and there was a positive correlation between ADAR copy number and expression. Increased ADAR expression was clearly correlated with poorer survival outcomes and Mantel–Cox test showed statistically significant differences between low and high expression groups (p < 0.0001). ADAR overexpression and amplification were significantly associated with metastasis, size and stage of tumor. Conclusions Together, our data indicate that amplification leads to over expression of ADAR and it could be used as a prognostic biomarker for disease progression, especially for the metastatic process in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Behroozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Pathogenic diversity of RNA variants and RNA variation-associated factors in cancer development. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:582-593. [PMID: 32346127 PMCID: PMC7210288 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, with the development of RNA sequencing technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) for RNA, numerous variations of alternatively processed RNAs made by alternative splicing, RNA editing, alternative maturation of microRNA (miRNA), RNA methylation, and alternative polyadenylation have been uncovered. Furthermore, abnormally processed RNAs can cause a variety of diseases, including obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. Especially in cancer development, aberrant RNAs caused by deregulated RNA modifiers or regulators are related to progression. Accumulating evidence has reported that aberrant RNAs promote carcinogenesis in many cancers, including liver cancer, leukemia, melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and other cancers, in which abnormal RNA processing occurs in normal cells. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the precise roles and mechanisms of disease-related RNA processing in various cancers for the development of therapeutic interventions. In this review, the underlying mechanisms of variations in the RNA life cycle and the biological impacts of RNA variations on carcinogenesis will be discussed, and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of tumor malignancies will be provided. We also discuss emerging roles of RNA regulators in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. A single gene can generate a variety of RNA products, and changes in this final RNA output can directly contribute to cancer onset and progression. The initial transcription of each DNA sequence yields a raw RNA strand that subsequently undergoes a variety of modification processes that shape its function. Hee Doo Yang and Suk Woo Nam, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, have reviewed the potential impact of these mechanisms on malignancy. Some cancers, for example, express RNA sequences that have been inappropriately edited by an enzymatic process called splicing, yielding abnormal RNAs that drive metastasis. Other tumors contain RNAs with atypical chemical modifications, or in which individual nucleotides have been enzymatically converted into other nucleotides. A deeper understanding of these RNA alterations and their impacts could lead to more effective and targeted cancer treatments.
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15
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Shi H, Chai P, Jia R, Fan X. Novel insight into the regulatory roles of diverse RNA modifications: Re-defining the bridge between transcription and translation. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:78. [PMID: 32303268 PMCID: PMC7164178 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications can be added or removed by a variety of enzymes that catalyse the necessary reactions, and these modifications play roles in essential molecular mechanisms. The prevalent modifications on mRNA include N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hm5C), pseudouridine (Ψ), inosine (I), uridine (U) and ribosemethylation (2’-O-Me). Most of these modifications contribute to pre-mRNA splicing, nuclear export, transcript stability and translation initiation in eukaryotic cells. By participating in various physiological processes, RNA modifications also have regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of tumour and non-tumour diseases. We discussed the physiological roles of RNA modifications and associated these roles with disease pathogenesis. Functioning as the bridge between transcription and translation, RNA modifications are vital for the progression of numerous diseases and can even regulate the fate of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P.R. China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 20025, P.R. China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Abstract
RNA plays essential roles in not only translating nucleic acids into proteins, but also in gene regulation, environmental interactions and many human diseases. Nature uses over 150 chemical modifications to decorate RNA and diversify its functions. With the fast-growing RNA research in the burgeoning field of 'epitranscriptome', a term describes post-transcriptional RNA modifications that can dynamically change the transcriptome, it becomes clear that these modifications participate in modulating gene expression and controlling the cell fate, thereby igniting the new interests in RNA-based drug discovery. The dynamics of these RNA chemical modifications is orchestrated by coordinated actions of an array of writer, reader and eraser proteins. Deregulated expression of these RNA modifying proteins can lead to many human diseases including cancer. In this review, we highlight several critical modifications, namely m6A, m1A, m5C, inosine and pseudouridine, in both coding and non-coding RNAs. In parallel, we present a few other cancer-related tRNA and rRNA modifications. We further discuss their roles in cancer promotion or tumour suppression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and turnover of these RNA modifications will be of great significance in the design and development of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phensinee Haruehanroengra
- Department of Chemistry and the RNA Institute, College of Arts and Science, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ya Ying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and the RNA Institute, College of Arts and Science, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and the RNA Institute, College of Arts and Science, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany, NY, USA
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17
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Aberrant Overexpression of RNA-Editing Enzyme ADAR1 Promotes the Progression of Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:575-584. [PMID: 32046435 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been invested to elucidate the potential mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of endometriosis. However, to date, prior research has not been conclusive. This research has examined one particular mechanism, i.e., the effect of ADAR1 on endometriosis lesions. Eutopic endometrium was collected from women with (n = 25) and without endometriosis (n = 25), respectively. The expression of ADAR1 mRNA was measured based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR). Both Western blot and immunohistochemistry were performed to establish ADAR1 protein expression levels. The results indicated that ADAR1 mRNA and proteins were significantly greater in the eutopic endometrium of the women with endometriosis, compared to the women without (P < 0.05). The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and EdU method were conducted to examine the effect of ADAR1 on cell viability and proliferation in eutopic endometriosis cells. A transwell assay was also used to detect the role of ADAR1 in the invasion of endometrial cells. The results obtained showed that ADAR1 promoted endometrial cell viability, proliferation, and invasion (P < 0.05). This informed our conclusion that the ADAR1 gene is upregulated in endometriosis, potentially paying a pivotal role in the physiopathology of endometriosis.
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18
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Pujantell M, Badia R, Galván-Femenía I, Garcia-Vidal E, de Cid R, Alcalde C, Tarrats A, Piñol M, Garcia F, Chamorro AM, Revollo B, Videla S, Parés D, Corral J, Tural C, Sirera G, Esté JA, Ballana E, Riveira-Muñoz E. ADAR1 function affects HPV replication and is associated to recurrent human papillomavirus-induced dysplasia in HIV coinfected individuals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19848. [PMID: 31882741 PMCID: PMC6934649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) alters the microenvironment of keratinocytes as a mechanism to evade the immune system. A-to-I editing by ADAR1 has been reported to regulate innate immunity in response to viral infections. Here, we evaluated the role of ADAR1 in HPV infection in vitro and in vivo. Innate immune activation was characterized in human keratinocyte cell lines constitutively infected or not with HPV. ADAR1 knockdown induced an innate immune response through enhanced expression of RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) signaling cascade, over-production of type-I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. ADAR1 knockdown enhanced expression of HPV proteins, a process dependent on innate immune function as no A-to-I editing could be identified in HPV transcripts. A genetic association study was performed in a cohort of HPV/HIV infected individuals followed for a median of 6 years (range 0.1-24). We identified the low frequency haplotype AACCAT significantly associated with recurrent HPV dysplasia, suggesting a role of ADAR1 in the outcome of HPV infection in HIV+ individuals. In summary, our results suggest that ADAR1-mediated innate immune activation may influence HPV disease outcome, therefore indicating that modification of innate immune effectors regulated by ADAR1 could be a therapeutic strategy against HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pujantell
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Roger Badia
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Iván Galván-Femenía
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab Group - Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Badalona, Spain
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Edurne Garcia-Vidal
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab Group - Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Badalona, Spain
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Carmen Alcalde
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antonio Tarrats
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Piñol
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Garcia
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana M Chamorro
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Boris Revollo
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Videla
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - David Parés
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Corral
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Tural
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Guillem Sirera
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - José A Esté
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain.
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
| | - Ester Ballana
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain.
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
| | - Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain
- Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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19
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Xiao H, Cheng Q, Wu X, Tang Y, Liu J, Li X. ADAR1 may be involved in the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells via regulation of the Wnt pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8547-8555. [PMID: 31572009 PMCID: PMC6759212 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s210504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia and characterized by the malignant growth of leukemic cells. Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) have been shown to participate in the proliferation of cancer cells and progression of various cancers. However, the role of ADAR1 in AML has not been investigated. Patients and methods We compared the expression levels of ADAR1 between samples obtained from different AML patients and controls using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We also investigated the functional role and possible mechanisms via silencing the expression of ADAR1 in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that the mRNA and protein levels of ADAR1 were significantly higher in AML patients. The mRNA expression of ADAR1 was positively correlated with the ratio of leukemic cells. Additionally, silencing of ADAR1 expression significantly suppressed the proliferation of AML cells and induced G0/1 arrest. For the analysis of the mechanism, the quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting results revealed that ADAR1 knockdown resulted in the decreased expression of Wingless-Int (Wnt) effectors including β-catenin, c-Myc, transcription factor 4, and cyclin D2. In the nude mouse model, inhibition of ADAR1 expression reduced the tumorigenic potential and decreased the expression o]f Wnt effectors. Conclusion These results demonstrate that ADAR1 may be involved in the regulation of the proliferation of AML cells partially via regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishu Tang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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20
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Snoek BC, Babion I, Koppers-Lalic D, Pegtel DM, Steenbergen RD. Altered microRNA processing proteins in HPV-induced cancers. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39:23-32. [PMID: 31408800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) infections are associated with the development of anogenital cancers, in particular cervical cancer, and a subset of head and neck cancers. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the development and progression of HPV-induced malignancies. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that exist as multiple length and sequence variants, termed isomiRs. Efficient processing of miRNAs and generation of isomiRs is accomplished by several processing proteins. Deregulation of Drosha, AGO2, and TENT2, among others, has been observed in HPV-induced cancers and was even found at the precancerous stage. This suggests that miRNA processing proteins may be involved during early cancer development and that the generated isomiRs could provide promising biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Snoek
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Iris Babion
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danijela Koppers-Lalic
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk M Pegtel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Renske Dm Steenbergen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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21
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Frankiw L, Baltimore D, Li G. Alternative mRNA splicing in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:675-687. [PMID: 31363190 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are yielding effective treatments for several previously untreatable cancers. Still, the identification of suitable antigens specific to the tumour that can be targets for cancer vaccines and T cell therapies is a challenge. Alternative processing of mRNA, a phenomenon that has been shown to alter the proteomic diversity of many cancers, may offer the potential of a broadened target space. Here, we discuss the promise of analysing mRNA processing events in cancer cells, with an emphasis on mRNA splicing, for the identification of potential new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Further, we highlight the challenges that must be overcome for this new avenue to have clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Frankiw
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Guideng Li
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.
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22
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Lamers MM, van den Hoogen BG, Haagmans BL. ADAR1: "Editor-in-Chief" of Cytoplasmic Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1763. [PMID: 31404141 PMCID: PMC6669771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized receptors that recognize molecular patterns such as double stranded RNA duplexes-indicative of viral replication-are potent triggers of the innate immune system. Although their activation is beneficial during viral infection, RNA transcribed from endogenous mobile genetic elements may also act as ligands potentially causing autoimmunity. Recent advances indicate that the adenosine deaminase ADAR1 through RNA editing is involved in dampening the canonical antiviral RIG-I-like receptor-, PKR-, and OAS-RNAse L pathways to prevent autoimmunity. However, this inhibitory effect must be overcome during viral infections. In this review we discuss ADAR1's critical role in balancing immune activation and self-tolerance.
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23
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Kori M, Gov E, Arga KY. Novel Genomic Biomarker Candidates for Cervical Cancer As Identified by Differential Co-Expression Network Analysis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:261-273. [PMID: 31038390 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy and the third reason for mortality among women in developing countries. Although infection by the oncogenic human papilloma viruses is a major cause, genomic contributors are still largely unknown. Network analyses, compared with candidate gene studies, offer greater promise to map the interactions among genomic loci contributing to cervical cancer risk. We report here a differential co-expression network analysis in five gene expression datasets (GSE7803, GSE9750, GSE39001, GSE52903, and GSE63514, from the Gene Expression Omnibus) in patients with cervical cancer and healthy controls. Kaplan-Meier Survival and principle component analyses were employed to evaluate prognostic and diagnostic performances of biomarker candidates, respectively. As a result, seven distinct co-expressed gene modules were identified. Among these, five modules (with sizes of 9-45 genes) presented high prognostic and diagnostic capabilities with hazard ratios of 2.28-11.3, and diagnostic odds ratios of 85.2-548.8. Moreover, these modules were associated with several key biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, keratinization, neutrophil degranulation, and the phospholipase D signaling pathway. In addition, transcription factors ETS1 and GATA2 were noted as common regulatory elements. These genomic biomarker candidates identified by differential co-expression network analysis offer new prospects for translational cancer research, not to mention personalized medicine to forecast cervical cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Looking into the future, we also suggest that the search for a molecular basis of common complex diseases should be complemented by differential co-expression analyses to obtain a systems-level understanding of disease phenotype variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medi Kori
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Gov
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Kazım Yalçın Arga
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Xu LD, Öhman M. ADAR1 Editing and its Role in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010012. [PMID: 30585209 PMCID: PMC6356570 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that somatic mutations and escape of immune disruption are two essential factors in cancer initiation and progression. With an increasing number of second-generation sequencing data, transcriptomic modifications, so called RNA mutations, are emerging as significant forces that drive the transition from normal cell to malignant tumor, as well as providing tumor diversity to escape an immune attack. Editing of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) in double-stranded RNA, catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), is one dynamic modification that in a combinatorial manner can give rise to a very diverse transcriptome. Since the cell interprets inosine as guanosine (G), A-to-I editing can result in non-synonymous codon changes in transcripts as well as yield alternative splicing, but also affect targeting and disrupt maturation of microRNAs. ADAR-mediated RNA editing is essential for survival in mammals, however, its dysregulation causes aberrant editing of its targets that may lead to cancer. ADAR1 is commonly overexpressed, for instance in breast, lung, liver and esophageal cancer as well as in chronic myelogenous leukemia, where it promotes cancer progression. It is well known that ADAR1 regulates type I interferon (IFN) and its induced gene signature, which are known to operate as a significant barrier to tumor formation and progression. Adding to the complexity, ADAR1 expression is also regulated by IFN. In this review, we discussed the regulatory mechanisms of ADAR1 during tumorigenesis through aberrant editing of specific substrates. Additionally, we hypothesized that elevated ADAR1 levels play a role in suppressing an innate immunity response in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Di Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marie Öhman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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RNA editing derived epitopes function as cancer antigens to elicit immune responses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3919. [PMID: 30254248 PMCID: PMC6156571 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to genomic mutations, RNA editing is another major mechanism creating sequence variations in proteins by introducing nucleotide changes in mRNA sequences. Deregulated RNA editing contributes to different types of human diseases, including cancers. Here we report that peptides generated as a consequence of RNA editing are indeed naturally presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. We provide evidence that effector CD8+ T cells specific for edited peptides derived from cyclin I are present in human tumours and attack tumour cells that are presenting these epitopes. We show that subpopulations of cancer patients have increased peptide levels and that levels of edited RNA correlate with peptide copy numbers. These findings demonstrate that RNA editing extends the classes of HLA presented self-antigens and that these antigens can be recognised by the immune system. RNA editing is a biological process that creates sequence variation. Here the authors show that peptides generated as a consequence of RNA editing are naturally presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and serve as antigens to elicit anti-tumour immune responses.
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26
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Zhao YX, Liu JF, Sun WJ, Zeng RF, Li T, Ma RM. Long non-coding RNA-ENST00000434223 suppresses tumor progression in gastric cancer cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:491-501. [PMID: 30138664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) develops from the lining of the stomach. The present study aimed to explore the effects of long non-coding RNA-ENST00000434223 (lncRNA ENST00000434223) on gastric cancer (GC) cells. METHODS One hundred and four GC tissues and paracancerous tissues were collected from GC patients, and expression of ENST00000434223, Wnt2b, β-catenin, cyclinD1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail was subsequently assessed. Morphological changes in cells were assessed using an inverted microscope, and expression of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 was examined. RESULTS We found that expression of Wnt2b, β-catenin, cyclinD1, N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail was increased in GC tissues, while expression of ENST00000434223 and E-cadherin was decreased. SGC-7901 cells were closely arranged, and expression of Wnt2b, β-catenin, CyclinD1, N-cadherin, Vimentin, snail and Bcl-2 was increased, whereas expression of ENST00000434223, E-cadherin, Bax and caspase-3 was decreased. Furthermore, the rate of apoptosis was decreased and cell proliferation, invasion and migration were increased in response to downregulation of ENST00000434223. By contrast, upregulation of ENST00000434223 exhibited the opposite effects in MKN-45 cells. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide a promising experimental basis for the treatment of gastric cancer through interventional targeting of lncRNA ENST00000434223.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xin Zhao
- Departments of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China.
| | - Jie-Fan Liu
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Wei-Jian Sun
- Departments of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Rui-Feng Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Rui-Min Ma
- Departments of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
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27
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Tusup M, Kundig T, Pascolo S. Epitranscriptomics of cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2018; 9:42-55. [PMID: 29900123 PMCID: PMC5997933 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v9.i3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional impact of modifications of cellular RNAs, including mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs, is a field of intense study. The role of such modifications in cancer has started to be elucidated. Diverse and sometimes opposite effects of RNA modifications have been reported. Some RNA modifications promote, while others decrease the growth and invasiveness of cancer. The present manuscript reviews the current knowledge on the potential impacts of N6-Methyladenosine, Pseudouridine, Inosine, 2’O-methylation or methylcytidine in cancer’s RNA. It also highlights the remaining questions and provides hints on research avenues and potential therapeutic applications, whereby modulating dynamic RNA modifications may be a new method to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tusup
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kundig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
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28
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The Ethyl Acetate Extract of Gynura formosana Kitam. Leaves Inhibited Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation via Induction of Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4780612. [PMID: 29992145 PMCID: PMC5994325 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4780612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gynura formosana Kitam. belongs to the Compositae family and has been traditionally used for the prevention of cancer, diabetes, and inflammation in China. Previous studies had indicated that the ethyl acetate extract of Gynura formosana Kitam. leaves (EAEG) exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In this report, we demonstrated that EAEG possessed potent anticancer activity through autophagy-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. EAEG induced a strong cytostatic effect towards HeLa cells and, to a lesser extent, HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. This cytostatic effect of EAEG was not a consequence of increased apoptosis, as neither DNA fragmentation nor change in protein expression level for a number of apoptosis-related genes including Bid, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 was observed after EAEG treatment, and the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK did not inhibit the EAEG-elicited cytostatic effect. On the other hand, EAEG induced autophagy in a dose-dependent fashion, as shown by increased GFP puncta formation, enhanced conversion of the microtubule-associated protein light chain LC3-I to LC3-II, and downregulation of the p62 protein. Treating the HeLa cells with EAEG together with Chloroquine (CQ) further accelerated LC3 conversion and p62 clearance, indicating that EAEG induced complete autophagy flux. Importantly, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA) significantly abrogated the cytostatic effect of EAEG, strongly suggesting that EAEG inhibited HeLa cell proliferation through the induction of autophagy rather than apoptosis. Our results provided a novel and interesting mechanistic insight into the anticancer action of EAEG, supporting the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of the cancer.
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29
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Fritzell K, Xu LD, Lagergren J, Öhman M. ADARs and editing: The role of A-to-I RNA modification in cancer progression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 79:123-130. [PMID: 29146145 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer arises when pathways that control cell functions such as proliferation and migration are dysregulated to such an extent that cells start to divide uncontrollably and eventually spread throughout the body, ultimately endangering the survival of an affected individual. It is well established that somatic mutations are important in cancer initiation and progression as well as in creation of tumor diversity. Now also modifications of the transcriptome are emerging as a significant force during the transition from normal cell to malignant tumor. Editing of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNA, catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), is one dynamic modification that in a combinatorial manner can give rise to a very diverse transcriptome. Since the cell interprets inosine as guanosine (G), editing can result in non-synonymous codon changes in transcripts as well as yield alternative splicing, but also affect targeting and disrupt maturation of microRNA. ADAR editing is essential for survival in mammals but its dysregulation can lead to cancer. ADAR1 is for instance overexpressed in, e.g., lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and chronic myoelogenous leukemia, which with few exceptions promotes cancer progression. In contrast, ADAR2 is lowly expressed in e.g. glioblastoma, where the lower levels of ADAR2 editing leads to malignant phenotypes. Altogether, RNA editing by the ADAR enzymes is a powerful regulatory mechanism during tumorigenesis. Depending on the cell type, cancer progression seems to mainly be induced by ADAR1 upregulation or ADAR2 downregulation, although in a few cases ADAR1 is instead downregulated. In this review, we discuss how aberrant editing of specific substrates contributes to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Fritzell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Li-Di Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Lagergren
- School of Computer Science and Communication, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Öhman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Wang C, Zou J, Ma X, Wang E, Peng G. Mechanisms and implications of ADAR-mediated RNA editing in cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 411:27-34. [PMID: 28974449 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded RNAs. Inosine exhibits similar properties as guanosine. As a result, A-to-I editing has a great impact on edited RNAs, not only affecting the base pairing properties, but also altering codons after translation. A-to-I editing are known to mediate and diversify transcripts. However, the overall biological effect of ADARs are still largely unknown. Aberrant ADAR activity and editing dysregulation are present in a variety of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, glioblastoma and melanoma. ADAR-mediated A-to-I editing can influence uncontrolled nucleotide changes, resulting in susceptibility of cells to developmental defects and potential carcinogenicity. A deeper understanding of the biological function of ADARs may provide mechanistic insights in the development of new cancer therapy. Here, we discuss recent advances in research on ADAR in detail including the structure and function of ADARs, the biochemistry of ADAR-mediated RNA editing, and the relevance of ADAR proteins in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiangyi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Edward Wang
- OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Huang Y, Huang H, Li M, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang Y. MicroRNA-374c-5p regulates the invasion and migration of cervical cancer by acting on the Foxc1/snail pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:1038-1047. [PMID: 28810526 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in cervical cancer development and progression. However, the roles and mechanisms of several miRNAs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cervical cancer remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a microarray analysis and found that miR-374c-5p was most down-regulated miRNA in TGFβ1-treated cervical cancer cells compared to the expression in parental cell lines. Ectopic overexpression of miR-374c-5p inhibited cervical cancerl invasion and migration in TGFβ1- treated cervical cancer cells. Conversely, miR-374c-5p knockdown increased the migration and invasion abilities of parental cell lines. Moreover, miR-374c-5p exerted its function by directly targeting the FOXC1 3/-UTR and repressing FOXC1 expression, thus leading to suppression of snail. In clinical cervical cancer samples, lower miR-374c-5p expression predicted poor patient survival and highe lymph node metastasis in cervical cancers. miR-374c-5p was negatively correlated with FOXC1, which was upregulated in cervical cancers with lymph node metastasis. Taken together, our findings highlight the important role of miR-374c-5p in regulating cervical cancers metastasis by targeting FOXC1, suggesting that miR-374c-5p may represent a novel potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker in cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Mojuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Yusong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China.
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32
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Spira A, Yurgelun MB, Alexandrov L, Rao A, Bejar R, Polyak K, Giannakis M, Shilatifard A, Finn OJ, Dhodapkar M, Kay NE, Braggio E, Vilar E, Mazzilli SA, Rebbeck TR, Garber JE, Velculescu VE, Disis ML, Wallace DC, Lippman SM. Precancer Atlas to Drive Precision Prevention Trials. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1510-1541. [PMID: 28373404 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process driven by inherited and acquired molecular and cellular alterations. Prevention is the holy grail of cancer elimination, but making this a reality will take a fundamental rethinking and deep understanding of premalignant biology. In this Perspective, we propose a national concerted effort to create a Precancer Atlas (PCA), integrating multi-omics and immunity - basic tenets of the neoplastic process. The biology of neoplasia caused by germline mutations has led to paradigm-changing precision prevention efforts, including: tumor testing for mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in Lynch syndrome establishing a new paradigm, combinatorial chemoprevention efficacy in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), signal of benefit from imaging-based early detection research in high-germline risk for pancreatic neoplasia, elucidating early ontogeny in BRCA1-mutation carriers leading to an international breast cancer prevention trial, and insights into the intricate germline-somatic-immunity interaction landscape. Emerging genetic and pharmacologic (metformin) disruption of mitochondrial (mt) respiration increased autophagy to prevent cancer in a Li-Fraumeni mouse model (biology reproduced in clinical pilot) and revealed profound influences of subtle changes in mt DNA background variation on obesity, aging, and cancer risk. The elaborate communication between the immune system and neoplasia includes an increasingly complex cellular microenvironment and dynamic interactions between host genetics, environmental factors, and microbes in shaping the immune response. Cancer vaccines are in early murine and clinical precancer studies, building on the recent successes of immunotherapy and HPV vaccine immune prevention. Molecular monitoring in Barrett's esophagus to avoid overdiagnosis/treatment highlights an important PCA theme. Next generation sequencing (NGS) discovered age-related clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Ultra-deep NGS reports over the past year have redefined the premalignant landscape remarkably identifying tiny clones in the blood of up to 95% of women in their 50s, suggesting that potentially premalignant clones are ubiquitous. Similar data from eyelid skin and peritoneal and uterine lavage fluid provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect the earliest phases of stem/progenitor clonal (and microenvironment) evolution/diversity with new single-cell and liquid biopsy technologies. Cancer mutational signatures reflect exogenous or endogenous processes imprinted over time in precursors. Accelerating the prevention of cancer will require a large-scale, longitudinal effort, leveraging diverse disciplines (from genetics, biochemistry, and immunology to mathematics, computational biology, and engineering), initiatives, technologies, and models in developing an integrated multi-omics and immunity PCA - an immense national resource to interrogate, target, and intercept events that drive oncogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1510-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neil E Kay
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary L Disis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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