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He YF, Liu JQ, Hu XD, Li HM, Wu N, Wang J, Jiang ZG. Breastfeeding vs. breast milk transmission during COVID-19 pandemic, which is more important? Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1253333. [PMID: 37744448 PMCID: PMC10511770 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1253333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The catastrophic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised many health questions, and whether breast milk from SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers may be a vector for SARS-CoV-2 transmission has become a hot topic of concern worldwide. Currently, there are extremely limited and conflicting data on the risk of infection in infants through breastfeeding. For this reason, we investigated almost all current clinical studies and systematically analyzed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and antibodies in the breast milk of mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2, their effects on newborns, and the mechanisms involved. A total of 82 studies were included in this review, of which 66 examined the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk samples from mothers diagnosed with COVID-19, 29 reported results of antibody detection of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk, and 13 reported both nucleic acid and antibody test results. Seventeen studies indicated the presence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in breast milk samples, and only two studies monitored viral activity, both of which reported that infectious viruses could not be cultured from RNA-positive breast milk samples. All 29 studies indicated the presence of at least one of the three antibodies, IgA, IgG and IgM, in breast milk. Five studies indicated the presence of at least one antibody in the serum of breastfed newborns. No COVID-19-related deaths were reported in all 1,346 newborns. Our study suggests that direct breastfeeding does not pose an additional risk of infection to newborns and that breast milk is a beneficial source of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that provide passive immune protection to infants. In addition, direct breastfeeding would provide maternal benefits. Our review supports the recommendation to encourage direct breastfeeding under appropriate infection control guidelines. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#myprospero, identifier: 458043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-fei He
- Health Management Center, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-qiang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-dong Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hu-ming Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Wu
- Health Management Center, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Health Management Center, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-gang Jiang
- Department of Statistics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Karimi H, Mansouri V, Rezaei N. Vertical transmission and maternal passive immunity post-SARS-CoV-2. Future Virol 2023:10.2217/fvl-2023-0089. [PMID: 37822684 PMCID: PMC10564388 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2023-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 2020, the highly contagious nature and various transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 have rendered the pandemic interminable. Vertical transmission (VT) through the placenta and breast milk, which is frequent for certain virus types, is thought to exist for SARS-CoV-2 and is hypothesized by many researchers. Conversely, antibodies are produced to counteract the effect of viruses. Since newborns' immunologic system cannot produce proper antibodies, maternal antibodies are usually transferred from mother to infant/fetus to meet the need. This theory leads to the hypothesis of transmission of antibodies through the placenta and breast milk following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. This paper further discusses these hypotheses, considering consequences of fetus/infant harm versus benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pillai A, Nayak A, Tiwari D, Pillai PK, Pandita A, Sakharkar S, Balasubramanian H, Kabra N. COVID-19 Disease in Under-5 Children: Current Status and Strategies for Prevention including Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:693. [PMID: 36992278 PMCID: PMC10058749 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic hit the globe in early 2020, we have steadily gained insight into its pathogenesis; thereby improving surveillance and preventive measures. In contrast to other respiratory viruses, neonates and young children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a milder clinical presentation, with only a small proportion needing hospitalization and intensive care support. With the emergence of novel variants and improved testing services, there has been a higher incidence of COVID-19 disease reported among children and neonates. Despite this, the proportion of young children with severe disease has not increased. Key mechanisms that protect young children from severe COVID-19 disease include the placental barrier, differential expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, immature immune response, and passive transfer of antibodies via placenta and human milk. Implementing mass vaccination programs has been a major milestone in reducing the global disease burden. However, considering the lower risk of severe COVID-19 illness in young children and the limited evidence about long-term vaccine safety, the risk-benefit balance in children under five years of age is more complex. In this review, we do not support or undermine vaccination of young children but outline current evidence and guidelines, and highlight controversies, knowledge gaps, and ethical issues related to COVID-19 vaccination in young children. Regulatory bodies should consider the individual and community benefits of vaccinating younger children in their local epidemiological setting while planning regional immunization policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Pillai
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Anuja Nayak
- Bai Jerabai Wadia Hospital for Children, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel East, Parel, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepika Tiwari
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pratichi Kadam Pillai
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aakash Pandita
- Medanta Super Specialty Hospital, Sector-A, Pocket-1, Amar Shaheed Path, Golf City, Lucknow 226030, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Sakharkar
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Nandkishor Kabra
- Surya Hospitals, Mangal Ashirwad Building, Swami Vivekananda Road, Santacruz West, Mumbai 400054, Maharashtra, India
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Pieri M, Maniori MA, Shahabian L, Kanaan E, Paphiti-Demetriou I, Pipis S, Felekkis K, Nicolaidou V, Papaneophytou C. Survival of Vaccine-Induced Human Milk SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA and SIgA Immunoglobulins across Simulated Human Infant Gastrointestinal Digestion. Nutrients 2022; 14:3368. [PMID: 36014873 PMCID: PMC9415426 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding can be a vital way of acquiring passive immunity via the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the breastfeeding infant. Recent evidence points to the fact that human milk contains immunoglobulins (Ig) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, either after natural infection or vaccination, but whether these antibodies can resist enzymatic degradation during digestion in the infant gastrointestinal (GI) tract or indeed protect the consumers remains inconclusive. Herein, we evaluated the levels of IgG, IgA, and secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 43 lactating mothers who received at least two doses of either an mRNA-based vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna; n = 34) or an adenovirus-based vaccine (AstraZeneca; n = 9). We also accessed the potential persistence of SARS-CoV-2 IgA, IgG, and secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies from vaccinated women in the GI tract of the infants by means of a static in vitro digestion protocol. Our data depict that, although slightly reduced, the IgA antibodies produced after vaccination resist both the gastric and intestinal phases of infant digestion, whereas the IgGs are more prone to degradation in both phases of digestion. Additionally, SIgA antibodies were found to greatly resist the gastric phase of digestion albeit showing some reduction during the intestinal phase. The evaluation of the vaccine induced Ig profile of breastmilk, and the extent to which these antibodies can resist digestion in the infant GI tract provide important information about the potential protective role of this form of passive immunity that could help decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtani Pieri
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Maria-Arsenia Maniori
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Lucy Shahabian
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Elie Kanaan
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | | | - Spyros Pipis
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia CY-2408, Cyprus
- Aretaeio Hospital, 55-57, Andrea Avraamidi St, Strovolos, Nicosia CY-2024, Cyprus
| | - Kyriakos Felekkis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Vicky Nicolaidou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Christos Papaneophytou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, Nicosia CY-1700, Cyprus
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Natarelli TRP, Brassarola HGM, Fonseca LMM. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic: what do we know so far? EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2022; 20:eRW6609. [PMID: 35830154 PMCID: PMC9262280 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2022rw6609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to conduct a literature review on safety in breastfeeding in mothers with COVID-19. An integrative review of national and international literature was carried out. Methods The search took place in the SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE® databases. Results A total of 25 scientific articles that specifically addressed the theme of breastfeeding and its risk and protective factors for infection by SARS-CoV-2 were selected. According to the studies analyzed, although the presence of viral RNA had already been detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in breast milk samples, there are still no proven cases of vertical transmission via human milk. Conclusion Breastfeeding appears to be safe if practiced according to precaution measures recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition, there is evidence of a potential for immunological protection by transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk. Breastfeeding should continue to be promoted even in cases of mothers with clinical suspicion or confirmation of COVID-19, as well as the provision of expressed breast milk in cases where there is no possibility of direct breastfeeding.
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6
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Detectable SARS-CoV-2 in Human Breast Milk: A Turkey Experience. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.995224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is considered the strongest postnatal bond between mother and baby and is the best source of nutrition that has implications for infant health and development. However, the global COVID-19 epidemic process and the lack of full understanding of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have significantly reduced breastfeeding practice. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the milk of lactating mothers with COVID-19 disease and to provide scientific evidence on whether breastfeeding will be safe. For this purpose, breast milk samples were collected from 60 women with COVID-19 in Şanlıurfa city of Turkey, and breast milk samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCRs. As a result of the analysis, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in any breast milk. According to the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that there is no evidence of mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and that mothers can safely breastfeed their children in this process. We think that it will be possible with more in-depth analyzes and comprehensive studies to fully understand whether the SARS-CoV-2 virus is transmitted to infants through breast milk.
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7
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Liu X, Chen H, An M, Yang W, Wen Y, Cai Z, Wang L, Zhou Q. Recommendations for breastfeeding during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Int Breastfeed J 2022; 17:28. [PMID: 35410357 PMCID: PMC8995694 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-022-00465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide. The safety of breastfeeding of SARS-CoV-2-positive women has not yet reached a consensus among the scientific community, healthcare providers, experts in lactation care, health organizations and governments. This study was conducted to summarize the latest evidence about the safety of breastfeeding among suspected/confirmed infected mothers and to summarize the recommendations on breastfeeding during COVID-19 from different organizations. Methods A comprehensive literature review of publications about the safety of breastfeeding among SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers was conducted. Scientific databases were searched up to 26 May 2021. The evidence was summarized into five perspectives according to a framework proposed by van de Perre et al. with certain modifications. Moreover, websites of different health organizations were visited to gather the recommendations for breastfeeding. Results The current evidence demonstrated that the majority of infants breastfed by infected mothers were negative for SARS-CoV-2. Breast milk samples from suspected/infected mothers mainly demonstrated negative results in SARS-CoV-2 viral tests. There was insufficient evidence proving the infectivity of breast milk from infected mothers. Recent studies found other transmission modalities (e.g., milk containers, skin) associated with breastfeeding. Specific antibodies in the breast milk of infected mothers were also found, implying protective effects for their breastfed children. According to van de Perre’s criteria, the breast milk of infected mothers was unlikely to transmit SARS-CoV-2. Owing to the low quality of the current evidence, studies with a more robust design are needed to strengthen the conclusion regarding the safety of breastfeeding. Further studies to follow up the health status of infants who were directly breastfed by their suspected/infected mothers, to collect breast milk samples at multiple time points for viral tests and to examine specific antibodies in breast milk samples are warranted. Current recommendations on breastfeeding during COVID-19 from different organizations are controversial, while direct breastfeeding with contact precautions is generally suggested as the first choice for infected mothers. Conclusions This review determined the safety of breastfeeding and identified the focus for further research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on breastfeeding are suggested to be updated in a timely manner according to the latest evidence.
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8
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Identified human breastmilk compositions effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and variants infection and replication. iScience 2022; 25:104136. [PMID: 35342878 PMCID: PMC8937612 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection confers great threat to the public health. Human breastmilk is a complex with nutritional composition to nourish infants and protect them from different kinds of infectious diseases including COVID-19. Here, we identified lactoferrin (LF), mucin1 (MUC1) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) from human breastmilk inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection using a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus system and transcription and replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus-like-particles (trVLP). Additionally, LF and MUC1 inhibited multiple steps including viral attachment, entry and post-entry replication, while α-LA inhibited viral attachment and entry. Importantly, LF, MUC1 and α-LA possessed potent antiviral activities towards variants such as B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta), P.1 (gamma) and B.1.617.1 (kappa). Taken together, our study provides evidence that human breastmilk components (LF, MUC1 and α-LA) are promising antiviral and potential therapeutic candidates warranting further development or treating COVID-19.
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Low JM, Low YW, Zhong Y, Lee CYC, Chan M, Ng NBH, Amin Z, Ng YPM. Titres and neutralising capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022; 107:174-180. [PMID: 34257103 PMCID: PMC8282417 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthesise evidence on production of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human milk of individuals who had COVID-19, and antibodies' ability to neutralise SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. DESIGN A systematic review of studies published from 1 December 2019 to 16 February 2021 without study design restrictions. SETTING Data were sourced from PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CNKI, CINAHL and WHO COVID-19 database. Search was also performed through reviewing references of selected articles, Google Scholar and preprint servers. Studies that tested human milk for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were included. PATIENTS Individuals with COVID-19 infection and human milk tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The presence of neutralising antibodies in milk samples provided by individuals with COVID-19 infection. RESULTS Individual participant data from 161 persons (14 studies) were extracted and re-pooled. Milk from 133 (82.6%) individuals demonstrated the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM and/or IgG. Illness severity data were available in 146 individuals; 5 (3.4%) had severe disease, 128 (87.7%) had mild disease, while 13 (8.9%) were asymptomatic. Presence of neutralising antibodies in milk from 20 (41.7%) of 48 individuals neutralised SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in vitro. Neutralising capacity of antibodies was lost after Holder pasteurisation but preserved after high-pressure pasteurisation. CONCLUSION Human milk of lactating individuals after COVID-19 infection contains anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM and/or IgA, even after mild or asymptomatic infection. Current evidence demonstrates that these antibodies can neutralise SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro. Holder pasteurisation deactivates SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA, while high-pressure pasteurisation preserves the SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ming Low
- Neonatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Paediatrics, National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Yue Wey Low
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Youjia Zhong
- Paediatrics, National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Ming Chan
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Beng Hui Ng
- Paediatrics, National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Zubair Amin
- Neonatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Paediatrics, National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Peng Mei Ng
- Neonatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Paediatrics, National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
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Milani GP, Porro A, Agostoni C, Giannì ML. Breastfeeding during a Pandemic. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2022; 78:1-9. [PMID: 35176736 DOI: 10.1159/000521349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current pandemic and the concerns of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have contributed to increasing the rate of breastfeeding interruption. This tendency has been associated with negative effects on the well-being of lactating mothers and their infants. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence on the strategies to support breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic and on the safety of breastfeeding during a SARS-CoV-2 infection or after COVID-19 vaccination. SUMMARY Available data show that the lack of support of lactating mothers during the pandemic has contributed to breastfeeding cessation worldwide. However, a few strategies have been proposed to overcome this issue. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from infected mothers to their offspring is extremely low. Furthermore, vaccination of lactating mothers is not associated with side effects in their infants. Key Messages: Increasing effort should be made to support breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mothers who are able to take care of their offspring and to adopt basic hygiene measures should not interrupt breastfeeding during a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccination of lactating mothers might further strengthen the protective effect of breastfeeding against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio P Milani
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Milan, Italy,
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, Milan, Italy,
| | - Alessandro Porro
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
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11
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Aiman U, Sholehah M, Husein MG. Risk transmission through breastfeeding and antibody in COVID-19 mother. GACETA SANITARIA 2021; 35 Suppl 2:S524-S529. [PMID: 34929891 PMCID: PMC8677354 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SARS-CoV-2 has spread beyond the world and makes a new challenge in the breastfeeding issue. There is some disagreement among breastfeeding management in confirmed COVID-19 patients China consensus but no evidence shows the transmission via breastfeeding. This paper aims to know the risk of transmission through breastfeeding in COVID-19 patients and antibodies in breast milk. METHOD We conducted a literature review of publicly available information to summarize knowledge about risk transmission through breastfeeding and antibody in mother confirmed COVID-19. RESULT A maternal woman was positive for COVID-19 in throat swabs show negative SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk. No evidence suggests the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to baby via vertical route or breast milk. IgG and IgA were detected in breast milk and potentially against SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION Mother with COVID-19 can continuing direct breastfeeding with appropriate hygiene precautions (using a mask and wash hand) and should remain separate (home isolation precautions) from other family members including the infant, except for breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu Aiman
- Medical Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
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12
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Florea RM, Sultana CM. COVID-19 and breastfeeding: can SARS-CoV-2 be spread through lactation? Discoveries (Craiova) 2021; 9:e132. [PMID: 34754901 PMCID: PMC8570917 DOI: 10.15190/d.2021.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new betacoronavirus that was first reported in the Hubei province, China, in December 2019. The virus is likely transmitted through air droplets. However, there are reported cases where SARS-CoV-2-RNA was found in other samples, such as blood or stool. Nonetheless, there is limited information concerning the presence of viral RNA in pregnancy-related samples, specifically breast milk. However unlikely, there is still uncertainty regarding the possibility of vertical transmission from mother to infant through breastfeeding. This review aims to synthetize the literature written so far on this topic.
Despite not being extensively researched, vertical transmission through breast milk seems unlikely. Case series showed that milk samples from mothers with COVID-19 were almost entirely negative. So far, there have been only 9 recorded cases of viral shedding in milk samples, uncertain however of the viability of the particles. Furthermore, WHO and UNICEF strongly encourage commencing breastfeeding after parturition, underlining the benefits of lactation. Moreover, some studies have proven the existence of IgG and IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2-antibodies in the maternal milk that could possibly play an important part in the neonate’s protection against the virus.
Vertical transmission through lactation seems unlikely, most studies pointing towards the safety of breastfeeding. However, further larger-scale studies need to be performed in order to clarify a yet uncertain matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camelia Madalina Sultana
- Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Stefan S. Nicolau Virology Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Wu Y, Zheng S, Liu T, Liu X, Tang H, He Y, Xu W, Li L, Yu W, Xing K, Xia X. Viral Haplotypes in COVID-19 Patients Associated With Prolonged Viral Shedding. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:715143. [PMID: 34858866 PMCID: PMC8631178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.715143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, more patients who recovered from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may later test positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) again using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. Even though it is still controversial about the possible explanation for clinical cases of long-term viral shedding, it remains unclear whether the persistent viral shedding means re-infection or recurrence. Methods Specimens were collected from three COVID-19-confirmed patients, and whole-genome sequencing was performed on these clinical specimens during their first hospital admission with a high viral load of SARS-CoV-2. Laboratory tests were examined and analyzed throughout the whole course of the disease. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out for SARS-CoV-2 haplotypes. Results We found haplotypes of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection in two COVID-19 patients (YW01 and YW03) with a long period of hospitalization. However, only one haplotype was observed in the other patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (YW02), which was verified as one kind of viral haplotype. Patients YW01 and YW02 were admitted to the hospital after being infected with COVID-19 as members of a family cluster, but they had different haplotype characteristics in the early stage of infection; YW01 and YW03 were from different infection sources; however, similar haplotypes were found together. Conclusion These findings show that haplotype diversity of SARS-CoV-2 may result in viral adaptation for persistent shedding in multiple recurrences of COVID-19 patients, who met the discharge requirement. However, the correlation between haplotype diversity of SARS-CoV-2 virus and immune status is not absolute. It showed important implications for the clinical management strategies for COVID-19 patients with long-term hospitalization or cases of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Wu
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shufa Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Huina Tang
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yutong He
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Lele Li
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wenxu Yu
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ke Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Xia
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
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14
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The Current Evidence Regarding COVID-19 and Pregnancy: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Head to Next? Viruses 2021; 13:v13102000. [PMID: 34696430 PMCID: PMC8541470 DOI: 10.3390/v13102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the volume of publications dedicated to unraveling the biological characteristics and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, available data on pregnant patients are limited. In the current review of literature, we present an overview on the developmental course, complications, and adverse effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed in PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases up to June 2021. This article collectively presents what has been so far reported on the identified critical aspects, namely complications during pregnancy, delivery challenges, neonatal health care, potential routes of viral transmission, including vertical transmission or breastfeeding, along with the risks involved in the vaccination strategy during pregnancy. Despite the fact that we are still largely navigating uncharted territory, the observed publication explosion in the field is unprecedented. The overwhelming need for data is undoubtable, and this serves as the driver for the plethora of publications witnessed. Nonetheless, the quality of data sourced is variable. In the midst of the frenzy for reporting on SARS-CoV-2 data, monitoring this informational overload is where we should head to next, considering that poor quality research may in fact hamper our attempts to prevail against this unparalleled pandemic outbreak.
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15
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Pérez-Bermejo M, Peris-Ochando B, Murillo-Llorente MT. COVID-19: Relationship and Impact on Breastfeeding-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:2972. [PMID: 34578848 PMCID: PMC8470649 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). One major problem faced is whether breastfeeding by mothers infected with the virus is safe. The objective of this work is to study the impact that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can have on breastfeeding, and whether the virus or antibodies can be transmitted from mother to child through milk. We carried out a systematic review of studies focusing on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on breastfeeding by mothers infected with the virus. The bibliographic search was done through Medline (Pubmed), MedlinePlus and Google Scholar. From 292 records, the title and summary of each were examined according to the criteria, and whether they meet the selection criteria was also analysed. A total of 30 articles are included, of which 26 deal with the study of RNA virus in breastmilk and its involvement in breastfeeding and four on the study of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in milk. Most studies have been conducted in China. Breastfeeding by mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 is highly recommended for infants, if the health of the mother and the infant allow for it. Direct breastfeeding and maintaining appropriate protective measures should be encouraged. Should the mother's health condition not permit direct breastfeeding, infants should be fed with pumped breastmilk or donor milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelino Pérez-Bermejo
- SONEV Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Quevedo nº 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Belén Peris-Ochando
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Quevedo nº 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Teresa Murillo-Llorente
- SONEV Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Quevedo nº 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
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16
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Amereh F, Negahban-Azar M, Isazadeh S, Dabiri H, Masihi N, Jahangiri-Rad M, Rafiee M. Sewage Systems Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2: Identification of Knowledge Gaps, Emerging Threats, and Future Research Needs. Pathogens 2021. [PMID: 34451410 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080946.pmid:34451410;pmcid:pmc8402176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent for novel coronavirus (COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only affects the human respiratory system, but also the gastrointestinal tract resulting in gastrointestinal manifestations. The high rate of asymptomatic infected individuals has challenged the estimation of infection spread based on patients' surveillance, and thus alternative approaches such as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) have been proposed. Accordingly, the number of publications on this topic has increased substantially. The present systematic review thus aimed at providing state-of-the-knowledge on the occurrence and existing methods for sampling procedures, detection/quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage samples, as well as anticipating challenges and providing future research direction to improve the current scientific knowledge. Articles were collected from three scientific databases. Only studies reporting measurements of virus in stool, urine, and wastewater samples were included. Results showed that improving the scientific community's understanding in these avenues is essential if we are to develop appropriate policy and management tools to address this pandemic pointing particularly towards WBE as a new paradigm in public health. It was also evident that standardized protocols are needed to ensure reproducibility and comparability of outcomes. Areas that require the most improvements are sampling procedures, concentration/enrichment, detection, and quantification of virus in wastewater, as well as positive controls. Results also showed that selecting the most accurate population estimation method for WBE studies is still a challenge. While the number of people infected in an area could be approximately estimated based on quantities of virus found in wastewater, these estimates should be cross-checked by other sources of information to draw a more comprehensive conclusion. Finally, wastewater surveillance can be useful as an early warning tool, a management tool, and/or a way for investigating vaccination efficacy and spread of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amereh
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
| | - Masoud Negahban-Azar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Environmental Service, Suez Water North America, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA
| | - Hossein Dabiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
| | - Najmeh Masihi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
| | - Mahsa Jahangiri-Rad
- Water Purification Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19168, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
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17
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Amereh F, Negahban-Azar M, Isazadeh S, Dabiri H, Masihi N, Jahangiri-rad M, Rafiee M. Sewage Systems Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2: Identification of Knowledge Gaps, Emerging Threats, and Future Research Needs. Pathogens 2021; 10:946. [PMID: 34451410 PMCID: PMC8402176 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent for novel coronavirus (COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only affects the human respiratory system, but also the gastrointestinal tract resulting in gastrointestinal manifestations. The high rate of asymptomatic infected individuals has challenged the estimation of infection spread based on patients' surveillance, and thus alternative approaches such as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) have been proposed. Accordingly, the number of publications on this topic has increased substantially. The present systematic review thus aimed at providing state-of-the-knowledge on the occurrence and existing methods for sampling procedures, detection/quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage samples, as well as anticipating challenges and providing future research direction to improve the current scientific knowledge. Articles were collected from three scientific databases. Only studies reporting measurements of virus in stool, urine, and wastewater samples were included. Results showed that improving the scientific community's understanding in these avenues is essential if we are to develop appropriate policy and management tools to address this pandemic pointing particularly towards WBE as a new paradigm in public health. It was also evident that standardized protocols are needed to ensure reproducibility and comparability of outcomes. Areas that require the most improvements are sampling procedures, concentration/enrichment, detection, and quantification of virus in wastewater, as well as positive controls. Results also showed that selecting the most accurate population estimation method for WBE studies is still a challenge. While the number of people infected in an area could be approximately estimated based on quantities of virus found in wastewater, these estimates should be cross-checked by other sources of information to draw a more comprehensive conclusion. Finally, wastewater surveillance can be useful as an early warning tool, a management tool, and/or a way for investigating vaccination efficacy and spread of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amereh
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran; (F.A.); (N.M.)
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
| | - Masoud Negahban-Azar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Environmental Service, Suez Water North America, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA;
| | - Hossein Dabiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran;
| | - Najmeh Masihi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran; (F.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Mahsa Jahangiri-rad
- Water Purification Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19168, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran; (F.A.); (N.M.)
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 35511, Iran
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18
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Vassilopoulou E, Feketea G, Koumbi L, Mesiari C, Berghea EC, Konstantinou GN. Breastfeeding and COVID-19: From Nutrition to Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661806. [PMID: 33897707 PMCID: PMC8058436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding not only provides the optimum source of nutrients for the neonate and its first strong shield against infection but also lays the foundation for somatic and psychological bonding between the mother and child. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, although the guidelines of the relevant international and national agencies recommend breastfeeding by SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers, considerable insecurity persists in daily clinical practice regarding the safety of the infants and the perceived advantages and disadvantages of discontinuation of breastfeeding. This is a systematic review of the currently available information regarding the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 through or while breastfeeding and the protection against infection that breast milk might provide. The accumulated body of knowledge regarding the role of breast milk in the development of the neonatal immune system and protection against infection by other respiratory viruses is discussed, with a focus on the anti-inflammatory role of the antibodies, microbes, and viruses provided to the infant in breast milk and its relevance to the case of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gavriela Feketea
- PhD School, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy Outpatient Clinic, “Karamandaneio”, Children Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Lemonica Koumbi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Mesiari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Camelia Berghea
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Clinical Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Clinical Hospital of Emergency for Children MS Curie, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - George N. Konstantinou
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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19
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Kumar J, Meena J, Yadav A, Kumar P. SARS-CoV-2 detection in human milk: a systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:5456-5463. [PMID: 33550866 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1882984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To synthesize the current evidence for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the human milk of mothers with confirmed COVID-19 and its potential role in neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using terms related to novel coronavirus 2019 and human milk, a systematic search was performed in three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science) for studies published between December 2019 and 15 October 2020. Published peer-reviewed studies reporting the results of RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in human milk in mothers with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Proportion meta-analysis of case series and prospective cohort studies was performed using STATA version 14.2 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) and pooled estimate (with 95% confidence interval) of overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was calculated. RESULTS We identified 936 records, of which 34 studies (24 case-reports, 10 cohort studies) were eligible for this systematic review. A total of 116 confirmed COVID-19 lactating women (88 in cohort and 28 in case-reports) underwent RT-PCR testing in human milk, and 10 (six in case reports) were detected to have SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The overall pooled proportion (from cohort studies) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in human milk was 2.16% (95% CI: 0.0-8.81%, I 2: 0%). Four studies (six patients) also reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies (along with RT-PCR) in human milk. CONCLUSIONS The limited low-quality evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in human milk in an extremely low proportion, however, based on current evidence no conclusion can be drawn about its infectivity and impact on the infants. In concordance with World Health Organization recommendations, exclusive breastfeeding should be considered in all cases unless any other contraindication exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogender Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitendra Meena
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arushi Yadav
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Favara DM, Ceron-Gutierrez ML, Carnell GW, Heeney JL, Corrie P, Doffinger R. Detection of breastmilk antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, spike and receptor-binding-domain antigens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2728-2731. [PMID: 33258732 PMCID: PMC7782901 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1858699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 40-year-old female was found to have strongly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 breastmilk IgA and IgG antibodies reactive against multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens at 2.5 months after documented infection with SARS-CoV-2. At 6.5 months following the infection, she remained positive for breastmilk and serum SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Holder breast milk pasteurization did not diminish SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres but it reduced its neutralizing capacity, while serum heat inactivation had no negative effect on SARS-CoV-2 serum antibody levels and neutralizing capacity. Current data on SARS-CoV-2 and breastmilk are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Favara
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Lynn, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M L Ceron-Gutierrez
- Department of Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - G W Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J L Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Corrie
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Doffinger
- Department of Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Mazur-Bialy AI, Kołomańska-Bogucka D, Tim S, Opławski M. Pregnancy and Childbirth in the COVID-19 Era-The Course of Disease and Maternal-Fetal Transmission. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3749. [PMID: 33233369 PMCID: PMC7700491 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From the beginning of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, special attention has been paid to pregnant women and to monitoring comorbidities, such as gestational diabetes and hypertension, which could increase their risk of disease and death. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the available knowledge on the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women as well as the risk of maternal-fetal transmission. The study indicated that the course of COVID-19 is worse in pregnant women who are more often admitted to intensive care units or who require mechanical ventilation than nonpregnant women with COVID-19. Some symptoms, such as dyspnea and cough, were similar to those observed in nonpregnant women, but fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, and diarrhea were less frequent. A study revealed that premature delivery and cesarean section were more common in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19. In addition, recent studies confirm the possibility of intrauterine maternal-fetal transmission by positive genetic tests and the presence of IgM in newborns just after delivery; at the moment, the probability of transmission through mother's milk is inconclusive. Considering all the above, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is an important factor that threatens the health and life of both the mother and the fetus, but further studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (D.K.-B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Zlotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Daria Kołomańska-Bogucka
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (D.K.-B.); (S.T.)
| | - Sabina Tim
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (D.K.-B.); (S.T.)
| | - Marcin Opławski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Zlotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
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22
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Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Pérez-Morente MA, Hueso-Montoro C, Álvarez-Serrano MA, de la Torre-Luque A. Congenital, Intrapartum and Postnatal Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3570. [PMID: 33233867 PMCID: PMC7700345 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is inconclusive evidence regarding congenital, intrapartum, and postnatal maternal-fetal-neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. A narrative review was conducted with the aim of guiding clinicians on the management of pregnant women with respect to congenital, intrapartum, and postnatal maternal-fetal-neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections and breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Searches were conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Dialnet, CUIDEN, Scielo, and Virtual Health Library to identify observational, case series, case reports, and randomized controlled trial studies assessing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to baby and/or through breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS A total of 49 studies was included in this review, comprising 329 pregnant women and 331 neonates (two pregnant women delivered twins). The studies were performed in China (n = 26), USA (n = 7), Italy (n = 3), Iran (n = 2), Switzerland (n = 1), Spain (n = 1), Turkey (n = 1), Australia (n = 1), India (n = 1), Germany (n = 1), France (n = 1), Canada (n = 1), Honduras (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1), and Peru (n = 1). Samples from amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, placenta, cervical secretion, and breastmilk were collected and analyzed. A total of 15 placental swabs gave positive results for SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) on the fetal side of the placenta. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in seven breastmilk samples. One umbilical cord sample was positive for SARS-CoV-2. One amniotic fluid sample tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS This study presents some evidence to support the potential of congenital, intrapartum, and postnatal maternal-fetal-neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mothers should follow recommendations including wearing a facemask and hand washing before and after breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18006 Granada, Spain; (R.A.C.-G.); (C.H.-M.)
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Cesar Hueso-Montoro
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18006 Granada, Spain; (R.A.C.-G.); (C.H.-M.)
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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