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Franzoi IG, Sauta MD, De Luca A, Granieri A. Returning to work after maternity leave: a systematic literature review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024:10.1007/s00737-024-01464-y. [PMID: 38575816 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Working women often experience difficulties associated with balancing family and career, particularly if they choose to have children. This systematic literature review aimed at investigating women's experience in returning to work after maternity leave. METHODS The review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The literature search led to the identification of 52 articles, which underwent data extraction and qualitative analysis. RESULTS Results were organized in 5 categories: (1) Work-life balance; (2) Women's mental and physical health; (3) Job-related wellbeing and working experience; (4) Breastfeeding. Women's both mental and physical health seem connected to a longer maternity leave and a greater coworkers' and supervisors' support. Returning to work seems to constitute one of the most important barriers for exclusive breastfeeding or breastfeeding continuation. A shorter duration of maternity leave, a higher workload and the lack of occupational policies supporting breastfeeding seem to be hindering factors. Partner and family support, and the opportunity for fathers to work under a flextime system after childbirth seem to increase both breastfeeding initiation and duration. Women who continue breastfeeding after returning to work seem to experience more family-to-work conflict and overload. CONCLUSIONS This paper show that there are still many understudied aspects in exploring women's experience of returning to work after maternity leave. This represents an important gap in the literature, since returning to work represents a particularly critical time in women's personal and occupational life, in which challenges and barriers may arise, potentially affecting their experience in the immediate future and years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Domenica Sauta
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, Turin, 10124, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Luca
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, Turin, 10124, Italy
| | - Antonella Granieri
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, Turin, 10124, Italy
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Sarkar P, Rifat MA, Bakshi P, Talukdar IH, Pechtl SML, Lindström Battle T, Saha S. How is parental education associated with infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh? a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:510. [PMID: 36927525 PMCID: PMC10022043 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Education is expected to bring about positive behavioral changes which could lead to improved health behaviors. Parental education is a primary determinant of child health and development. However, some evidence showed inverse associations between high parental education and recommended infant and young child feeding (IYCF) in Bangladesh. How the association of parental education differs with specific IYCF components has not been reviewed. Therefore, the role of parental education on optimal IYCF practices in Bangladesh appears to be inconclusive. The objective of this review is to summarize how parental education is associated with IYCF practices in Bangladesh. METHOD This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. Record searching, study selection, and data extraction was performed using Endnote online and Covidence tool, respectively. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for quality assessment of the included studies. RESULTS Out of 414 initial hits, 34 studies were included for this review. Of the included studies, 32 were cross-sectional, one was a randomized controlled trial, and one was a retrospective cohort. Most of the studies (n = 24) were nationally representative whereas 10 studies had populations from district and sub-district level. Included studies considered different IYCF-related indicators, including breastfeeding (n = 22), complementary feeding (n = 8), both breastfeeding and complementary feeding (n = 2), both breastfeeding and bottle feeding (n = 1), and pre-lacteal feeding (n = 1). Parental education was found to be positively associated with complementary feeding practices. However, the role of parental education on breastfeeding, in general, was ambiguous. High parental education was associated with bottle-feeding practices and no initiation of colostrum. CONCLUSION Public health interventions need to focus not only on non- and/or low-educated parents regarding complementary feeding but also on educated mothers for initiation of colostrum and proper breastfeeding practices. TRIAL REGISTRATION This systematic review is registered to PROSPERO ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ) with registration ID: CRD42022355465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Sarkar
- Caritas Bangladesh, 2, Outer Circular Road, Shantibagh, Dhaka, 1217, Bangladesh
| | - M A Rifat
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.
| | - Progati Bakshi
- Department of Food and Agroprocess Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Imdadul Haque Talukdar
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah M L Pechtl
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Sanjib Saha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Health Economics Unit, Lund University, 22381, Lund, Sweden
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Huang Z, Li Y, Park H, Ho M, Bhardwaj K, Sugimura N, Lee HW, Meng H, Ebert MP, Chao K, Burgermeister E, Bhatt AP, Shetty SA, Li K, Wen W, Zuo T. Unveiling and harnessing the human gut microbiome in the rising burden of non-communicable diseases during urbanization. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2237645. [PMID: 37498052 PMCID: PMC10376922 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2237645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is witnessing a global increase in the urban population, particularly in developing Asian and African countries. Concomitantly, the global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising, markedly associated with the changing landscape of lifestyle and environment during urbanization. Accumulating studies have revealed the role of the gut microbiome in regulating the immune and metabolic homeostasis of the host, which potentially bridges external factors to the host (patho-)physiology. In this review, we discuss the rising incidences of NCDs during urbanization and their links to the compositional and functional dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. In particular, we elucidate the effects of urbanization-associated factors (hygiene/pollution, urbanized diet, lifestyles, the use of antibiotics, and early life exposure) on the gut microbiome underlying the pathogenesis of NCDs. We also discuss the potential and feasibility of microbiome-inspired and microbiome-targeted approaches as novel avenues to counteract NCDs, including fecal microbiota transplantation, diet modulation, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, celobiotics, and precision antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Centre, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Centre, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heekuk Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Ho
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kanchan Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Haryana, India
| | - Naoki Sugimura
- Gastrointestinal Centre and Institute of Minimally-Invasive Endoscopic Care (iMEC), Sano Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Huicui Meng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Matthias P. Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Cancer Centre (MCC), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kang Chao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Aadra P. Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sudarshan A. Shetty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Centre, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Human Microbiome and Chronic Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Centre, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Trends and predictors of early initiation, exclusive and continued breast-feeding in Bangladesh (2004-2018): a multilevel analysis of demographic and health survey data. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1857-1867. [PMID: 34924064 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The early initiation of breast-feeding (EIBF) within 1 h of birth, exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) to 6 months and continued breast-feeding (CBF) to 2 years are key infant and young child feeding guidelines promoted globally for optimal child health and development. Using publicly available national survey data from the five most recent, consecutive Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (2004, 2007, 2011, 2014 and 2017-2018), we assessed the trends in these key breast-feeding indicators. Multiple multilevel logistic regression models were built to assess socio-demographic predictors of breast-feeding using the latest 2017-2018 data set. Both EIBF and EBF have increased significantly between 2004 and 2017-2018, from 26 % to 60 % and 36 % to 68 %, respectively, and CBF decreased from 94 % to 85 %. Caesarean section delivery conferred lower EIBF practice (OR = 0·34, 95 % CI 0·27, 0·42) compared with vaginal delivery. Women who were currently working had 32 % lower odds of EBF (OR = 0·68, 95 % CI 0·48, 0·95). Compared with delivery at home, women who delivered in a health facility had 81 % higher odds of EBF (OR = 1·81, 95 % CI 1·25, 2·34). Larger family size (≥5) also predicted EBF (OR = 1·70, 95 % CI 1·21, 2·40). Rural residency was associated with 2·39 (95 % CI 1·32, 4·31) times of higher odds of CBF. Regional variation was also predictive of the various breast-feeding indicators. Although Bangladesh currently exceeds the 2019 global prevalence rates for these three breast-feeding indicators, efforts should be made to continue improving EIBF and EBF and to prevent future decreases in CBF.
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Maas-Mendoza E, Vega-Sánchez R, Vázquez-Osorio IM, Heller-Rouassant S, Flores-Quijano ME. Infant Feeding Practices That Substitute Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Semi-Rural Mexican Community: Types, Moments, and Associated Factors. Nutrients 2022; 14:2017. [PMID: 35631158 PMCID: PMC9146950 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
International organizations recommend mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months of their infant's life and introduce complementary feeding (CF) thereafter while continuing breastfeeding. However, the earlier introduction of liquids and foods is common worldwide and may have negative effects on breastfeeding practice, nutrition, and health. In this formative cross-sectional study, we interviewed 143 mothers from semi-rural communities in Tabasco, Mexico, whose infants were 4-6 months old. We explored (1) which feeding practices substituted EBF and (2) which factors were associated with each practice. During the first month of life, 42.7% of infants received formula milk (FM); this proportion increased to 74.5% by the sixth month. Adjusted Poisson regression analyses showed that giving FM was positively related to working away from home (PR 1.27; 95% CI 1.06, 1.54) and the perception that FM is an important food to accompany breast milk (PR 1.38; 95% CI 1.19, 1.70). Giving FM was negatively associated with not being sure the infant is full after breastfeeding (PR 0.75; 95% CI 0.61, 0.92). Regarding CF, less than half (47.5%) of infants had not received it by the fifth month. Factors positively associated with timely CF introduction were: the mother was told during prenatal care visits the optimal age to start CF is 6 months (PR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06, 1.29); she is convinced that giving only breast milk is best for her baby (PR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03, 1.29), and a higher infant weight-for-length (PR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00, 1.08) and length for age (PR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00, 1.09) z-scores at the study visit; conversely, it was negatively associated to the idea that if the infant is not full, she/he should receive formula milk or some other food (PR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78, 0.96). In these communities, EBF is lost to the use of FM and early CF. The factors associated with these inadequate feeding practices are related to returning to work, information received during prenatal visits, and the mother's beliefs and thoughts. This work will guide the design of an intervention on infant feeding practices for these communities and other similar ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Maas-Mendoza
- Licenciatura de Nutrición, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86040, Tabasco, Mexico; (E.M.-M.); (I.M.V.-O.)
| | - Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, Miguel Hidalgo 11000, Mexico;
| | - Inocente Manuel Vázquez-Osorio
- Licenciatura de Nutrición, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86040, Tabasco, Mexico; (E.M.-M.); (I.M.V.-O.)
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria 4 del Municipio de Centro, Secretaría de Salud, Villahermosa 86190, Tabasco, Mexico
| | | | - María Eugenia Flores-Quijano
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, Miguel Hidalgo 11000, Mexico;
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Sheikh SP, Akter SM, Anne FI, Ireen S, Escobar-Alegria J, Kappos K, Ash D, Rasheed S. Violations of International Code of Breast-milk Substitutes (BMS) in commercial settings and media in Bangladesh. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2022; 18 Suppl 3:e13351. [PMID: 35313083 PMCID: PMC9113473 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes (BMS) instituted to protect breastfeeding against unethical marketing, has been adopted by many countries, including Bangladesh. Despite national adoption, evidence suggests violations occur and inadequate BMS Code implementation is an issue. The study aimed to assess violations of the International BMS Code and the national ‘Breast‐milk Substitutes, Infant Foods, Commercially Manufactured Complementary Foods and the Accessories Thereof (Regulation of Marketing) Act, 2013’ of Bangladesh in commercial settings (retail outlets and media) in Bangladesh, for different types of milk, bottles, and teats using a standardized Network for Global Monitoring and Support for Implementation of the Code and Subsequent relevant World Health Assembly Resolutions (NetCode) protocol. This cross‐sectional quantitative study was conducted in Bangladesh from January to September 2018 in Dhaka, Chattogram, and Sylhet cities. Descriptive statistics were reported and χ2 tests were conducted to assess differences between categorical variables of interest. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. In retail outlets, there were higher proportion of violations observed in Dhaka than in Sylhet and Chattogram (p < 0.001). Significantly greater proportion of violations in product labels occurred among products sold without local distributors compared to others (p < 0.05); violations were higher among “other milk” for children aged 0 to <36 months compared to formulas and growing‐up milk (p < 0.05). Among media channels, internet clips had significantly higher proportions of violations compared to television, radio and newspaper (p < 0.001). BMS Code violations were prevalent in product labels and promotion of products through retail outlets. The study findings highlight the need for specific multisectoral strategies for better enforcement of BMS Code and points to the need for periodic assessment of Code violations. This is the first known study documenting violations in retail outlets, online stores, and media using the standard NetCode protocol in Bangladesh. BMS Code violations were high in retail stores and were more prevalent in the capital city compared to others. Violations were significantly higher in the internet compared to radio, television, and newspapers, highlighting the need for strengthening the monitoring of internet‐based promotions. It is essential to allocate resources to sensitize retail stores to the BMS Code to enhance the implementation of the law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifat P Sheikh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda M Akter
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Faugia I Anne
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Santhia Ireen
- FHI Solutions, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Deborah Ash
- FHI Solutions, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sabrina Rasheed
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Between and Within-Country Variations in Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in South Asia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074350. [PMID: 35410032 PMCID: PMC8998566 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore variations in Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices between different South Asian Countries (SACs) and within their sociodemographic characteristics including place of residence, mother age, mother education, child sex, and wealth quintiles within the SACs. We extracted 0–23 months age children’s data from the nationally representative survey of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, and Pakistan. Among all SACs, the early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) practice was 45.4% with the highest prevalence in the Maldives (68.2%) and the lowest prevalence in Pakistan (20.8%). Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice was 53.9% with the highest prevalence in Nepal (67%) and the lowest prevalence in Afghanistan (42%). Only 13% of children had a minimum acceptable diet (MAD), with the highest prevalence in the Maldives (52%) and the lowest prevalence in India (11%). We found higher IYCF practices among the mothers with secondary or higher levels of education (EIBF: 47.0% vs. 43.6%; EBF: 55.5% vs. 52.0%; MAD: 15.3% vs. 10.0%), urban mothers (MAD: 15.6% vs. 11.8%), and mothers from the richest households (MAD: 17.6% vs. 8.6%) compared to the mothers with no formal education or below secondary level education, rural mothers and mothers from the poorest households, respectively. Mothers from the poorest households had better EIBF, EBF, and continued breastfeeding at 1-year (CBF) practices compared to the mothers from the richest households (EIBF: 44.2% vs. 40.7%; EBF: 54.8% vs. 53.0%; CBF: 86.3% vs. 77.8%). Poor IYCF practices were most prevalent in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.
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Vázquez-Osorio IM, Vega-Sánchez R, Maas-Mendoza E, Heller Rouassant S, Flores-Quijano ME. Exclusive Breastfeeding and Factors Influencing Its Abandonment During the 1st Month Postpartum Among Women From Semi-rural Communities in Southeast Mexico. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:826295. [PMID: 35252066 PMCID: PMC8894443 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.826295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study we describe breastfeeding practices among women from semi-rural communities in southeast Mexico, and explore which factors, modifiable or not, are associated with such practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a formative cross-sectional study that included 143 mothers with infants 4-6 months old, from semi-rural communities in Tabasco, Mexico. We collected data on two categories of factors: (1) women's sociodemographic characteristics, and (2) maternal / infant factors. We first analyzed the frequency of various breastfeeding practices. Then, we classified participants into the up to 1 month of exclusive breastfeeding group ( ≤ 1 m-EBF) and the beyond 1 month EBF group (>1 m-EBF), if they practiced EBF for less or more than 1 month, respectively. We compared the two categories of factors between groups and then, using logistic regression models, explored which factors were associated with practicing >1 m-EBF. RESULTS By the end of the 1st month postpartum, 51.7% of participants had abandoned EBF, introduced milk formula (35%), other food (9.1%), non-nutritive liquids (7.7%), or had stopped breastfeeding completely. In the next months, EBF practice fell sharply and mixed feeding grew importantly.Logistic regression models showed that women were more likely to be in the >1 m-EBF group if they lived with the baby's father, had complications during pregnancy, delivered vaginally and attended a health center at least three times postpartum. To the contrary, women were less likely to be practice >1 m-EBF if they gave infants other liquids during their hospital stay; experienced pain or discomfort in breasts/nipples, or used a pacifier after hospitalization; had larger bodies (i.e., higher BMI); and believed that you should give the infant powdered milk or some other food when the baby is not full. CONCLUSION Many factors associated with abandoning EBF, particularly in the early postpartum period, are modifiable and can be altered through timely interventions that include giving correct information and ensuring its comprehension; assertive personal counseling and accompaniment must be provided to mothers; and reinforcement during the early postpartum at health facilities and other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inocente Manuel Vázquez-Osorio
- Licenciatura de Nutrición, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico.,Jurisdicción Sanitaria 4 del Municipio de Centro, Secretaría de Salud, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Maas-Mendoza
- Licenciatura de Nutrición, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Solange Heller Rouassant
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Private Practitioner, Naucalpan, Estado de México, Mexico, Mexico
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