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Liu X, Wang Y, Han L, Xia Y, Xie J. A virus induces alterations in root morphology while exerting minimal effects on the rhizosphere and endosphere microorganisms in rice. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad113. [PMID: 37742208 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly destructive southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) causes significant losses in rice production. To understand its impact on rice root, we studied fibrous root development and root microbiota variation (rhizosphere and endosphere) after SRBSDV infection. SRBSDV infection reduced the number and length of fibrous roots in rice. Interestingly, the rhizosphere had higher bacterial diversity and abundance at the initial (0 days) and 30-day postinfection stages, while 30-day-old roots showed increased diversity and abundance. However, there were no significant differences in microbiota diversity between infected and noninfected rice plants. The major rhizosphere microbiota included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Acidobacteriota, and Planctomycetota, comprising about 80% of the community. The endosphere was dominated by Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, constituting over 90%, with Bacteroidota as the next most prominent group. Further, we identified differentially expressed genes related to plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal, and ABC transporters, potentially affecting root morphology. Notably, specific bacteria (e.g. Inquilinus and Actinoplanes) showed correlations with these pathways. In conclusion, SRBSDV primarily influences root growth through host metabolism, rather than exerting direct effects on the root microbiota. These insights into the interactions among the pathogen, rice plant, and associated microbiota could have implications for managing SRBSDV's detrimental effects on rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Yirong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- School of Life Sciences, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqin Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technology under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Daxuecheng South Road No. 55, Shapingba District 401331, Chongqing, China
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Huizinga S, Bouwmeester HJ. Role of Strigolactones in the Host Specificity of Broomrapes and Witchweeds. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:936-954. [PMID: 37319019 PMCID: PMC10504575 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Root parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae, broomrapes and witchweeds, pose a severe problem to agriculture in Europe, Asia and especially Africa. These parasites are totally dependent on their host for survival, and therefore, their germination is tightly regulated by host presence. Indeed, their seeds remain dormant in the soil until a host root is detected through compounds called germination stimulants. Strigolactones (SLs) are the most important class of germination stimulants. They play an important role in planta as a phytohormone and, upon exudation from the root, function in the recruitment of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plants exude mixtures of various different SLs, possibly to evade detection by these parasites and still recruit symbionts. Vice versa, parasitic plants must only respond to the SL composition that is exuded by their host, or else risk germination in the presence of non-hosts. Therefore, parasitic plants have evolved an entire clade of SL receptors, called HTL/KAI2s, to perceive the SL cues. It has been demonstrated that these receptors each have a distinct sensitivity and specificity to the different known SLs, which possibly allows them to recognize the SL-blend characteristic of their host. In this review, we will discuss the molecular basis of SL sensitivity and specificity in these parasitic plants through HTL/KAI2s and review the evidence that these receptors contribute to host specificity of parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors Huizinga
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Mandal D, Datta S, Raveendar G, Mondal PK, Nag Chaudhuri R. RAV1 mediates cytokinin signaling for regulating primary root growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:106-126. [PMID: 36423224 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root growth dynamics is an outcome of complex hormonal crosstalk. The primary root meristem size, for example, is determined by antagonizing actions of cytokinin and auxin. Here we show that RAV1, a member of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors, mediates cytokinin signaling in roots to regulate meristem size. The rav1 mutants have prominently longer primary roots, with a meristem that is significantly enlarged and contains higher cell numbers, compared with wild-type. The mutant phenotype could be restored on exogenous cytokinin application or by inhibiting auxin transport. At the transcript level, primary cytokinin-responsive genes like ARR1, ARR12 were significantly downregulated in the mutant root, indicating impaired cytokinin signaling. In concurrence, cytokinin induced regulation of SHY2, an Aux/IAA gene, and auxin efflux carrier PIN1 was hindered in rav1, leading to altered auxin transport and distribution. This effectively altered root meristem size in the mutant. Notably, CRF1, another member of the AP2/ERF family implicated in cytokinin signaling, is transcriptionally repressed by RAV1 to promote cytokinin response in roots. Further associating RAV1 with cytokinin signaling, our results demonstrate that cytokinin upregulates RAV1 expression through ARR1, during post-embryonic root development. Regulation of RAV1 expression is a part of secondary cytokinin response that eventually represses CRF1 to augment cytokinin signaling. To conclude, RAV1 functions in a branch pathway downstream to ARR1 that regulates CRF1 expression to enhance cytokinin action during primary root development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Saptarshi Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Giridhar Raveendar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ronita Nag Chaudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
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Yoshida S, Kee YJ. Large-scale sequencing paves the way for genomic and genetic analyses in parasitic plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:248-254. [PMID: 34242992 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants pose a serious agricultural threat, but are also precious resources for valuable metabolites. The heterotrophic nature of these plants has resulted in the development of several morphological and physiological features that are of evolutionary significance. Recent advances in large-scale sequencing technology have provided insights into the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms of plant parasitism. Genome sequencing has revealed gene losses and horizontal gene transfers in parasitic plants. Mobile signals traveling between the parasite and host may have contributed to the increased fitness of parasitic life styles. Transcriptome analyses implicate shared processes among various parasitic species and the establishment of functional analysis is beginning to reveal molecular mechanisms during host and parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yoshida
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Grad. School Sci. Tech., Ikoma, Nara, Japan; JST, PRESTO, Japan.
| | - Yee Jia Kee
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Grad. School Sci. Tech., Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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Nelson DC. The mechanism of host-induced germination in root parasitic plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1353-1373. [PMID: 33793958 PMCID: PMC8133615 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signals known as strigolactones (SLs) were discovered more than 50 years ago as host-derived germination stimulants of parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae. Strigolactone-responsive germination is an essential adaptation of obligate parasites in this family, which depend upon a host for survival. Several species of obligate parasites, including witchweeds (Striga, Alectra spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche, Phelipanche spp.), are highly destructive agricultural weeds that pose a significant threat to global food security. Understanding how parasites sense SLs and other host-derived stimulants will catalyze the development of innovative chemical and biological control methods. This review synthesizes the recent discoveries of strigolactone receptors in parasitic Orobanchaceae, their signaling mechanism, and key steps in their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
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Wang Y, Murdock M, Lai SWT, Steele DB, Yoder JI. Kin Recognition in the Parasitic Plant Triphysaria versicolor Is Mediated Through Root Exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:560682. [PMID: 33123176 PMCID: PMC7573212 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.560682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triphysaria is a facultative parasitic plant in the Orobanchaceae that parasitizes the roots of a wide range of host plants including Arabidopsis, Medicago, rice and maize. The important exception to this broad host range is that Triphysaria rarely parasitize other Triphysaria. We explored self and kin recognition in Triphysaria versicolor and showed that exudates collected from roots of host species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula, induced haustorium development when applied to the roots of Triphysaria seedlings in vitro while those collected from Triphysaria did not. In mixed exudate experiments, Triphysaria exudates did not inhibit the haustorium-inducing activity of those from host roots. Interestingly, when roots of Triphysaria seedlings were treated with either horseradish peroxidase or fungal laccase, the extracts showed haustorium-inducing factor (HIF) activity, suggesting that Triphysaria roots contain the proper substrates for producing HIFs. Transgenic Triphysaria roots overexpressing a fungal laccase gene TvLCC1 showed an increased responsiveness to a known HIF, 2,6-dimethoxy benzoquinone (DMBQ), in developing haustoria. Our results indicate kin recognition in Triphysaria is associated with the lack of active HIFs in root exudates. Treatment of Triphysaria roots with enzymatic oxidases activates or releases molecules that are HIFs. This study shows that exogenously applied oxidases can activate HIFs in Triphysaria roots that had no previous HIF activity. Further studies are necessary to determine if differential oxidase activities in host and parasite roots account for the kin recognition in haustorium development.
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Fan YL, Zhang XH, Zhong LJ, Wang XY, Jin LS, Lyu SH. One-step generation of composite soybean plants with transgenic roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:208. [PMID: 32397958 PMCID: PMC7333419 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated (ARM) transformation is a highly efficient technique for generating composite plants composed of transgenic roots and wild-type shoot, providing a powerful tool for studying root biology. The ARM transformation has been established in many plant species, including soybean. However, traditional transformation of soybean, transformation efficiency is low. Additionally, the hairy roots were induced in a medium, and then the generated composite plants were transplanted into another medium for growth. This two-step operation is not only time-consuming, but aggravates contamination risk in the study of plant-microbe interactions. RESULTS Here, we report a one-step ARM transformation method with higher transformation efficiency for generating composite soybean plants. Both the induction of hairy roots and continuous growth of the composite plants were conducted in a single growth medium. The primary root of a 7-day-old seedling was decapitated with a slanted cut, the residual hypocotyl (maintained 0.7-1 cm apical portion) was inoculated with A. rhizogenes harboring the gene construct of interest. Subsequently, the infected seedling was planted into a pot with wet sterile vermiculite. Almost 100% of the infected seedlings could produce transgenic positive roots 16 days post-inoculation in 7 tested genotypes. Importantly, the transgenic hairy roots in each composite plant are about three times more than those of the traditional ARM transformation, indicating that the one-step method is simpler in operation and higher efficiency in transformation. The reliability of the one-step method was verified by CRISPR/Cas9 system to knockout the soybean Rfg1, which restricts nodulation in Williams 82 (Nod-) by Sinorhizobium fredii USDA193. Furthermore, we applied this method to analyze the function of Arabidopsis YAO promoter in soybean. The activity of YAO promoter was detected in whole roots and stronger in the root tips. We also extended the protocol to tomato. CONCLUSIONS We established a one-step ARM transformation method, which is more convenient in operation and higher efficiency (almost 100%) in transformation for generating composite soybean plants. This method has been validated in promoter functional analysis and rhizobia-legume interactions. We anticipate a broad application of this method to analyze root-related events in tomato and other plant species besides soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-lun Fan
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000 China
| | - Xing-hui Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000 China
| | - Li-jing Zhong
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000 China
| | - Xiu-yuan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000 China
| | - Liang-shen Jin
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000 China
| | - Shan-hua Lyu
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000 China
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Meng D, Yang Q, Dong B, Song Z, Niu L, Wang L, Cao H, Li H, Fu Y. Development of an efficient root transgenic system for pigeon pea and its application to other important economically plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1804-1813. [PMID: 30803117 PMCID: PMC6686128 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For non-model plants, functional characterization of genes is still hampered by lack of efficient stable transformation procedures. Here, we report a simple, fast and efficient transformation technique with Agrobacterium rhizogenes for generating stable transgenic roots in living plants to facilitate functional studies in vivo. We showed that injection of A. rhizogenes into stems of various plant species lead to stable transgenic root generation, which can sustain plant growth after the original, non-transgenic roots were cut off. A transformation system was established for pigeon pea, a major woody food crop, after optimizing the selection of A. rhizogenes strains, bacterium concentration, injection position and seedling age. RT-PCR and fluorescence observation indicated a transgenic root induction efficiency of about 39% in pigeon pea. Furthermore, induction of hairy roots was achieved in nine out of twelve tested economically important plants at an efficiency of 15-39%. As proof of concept, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay was applied to test the interaction between CcCIPK14 and CcCBL1/2 in pigeon pea. Additionally, ectopic expression of the bZIP transcription factor MdHY5 from apple confirmed the utility of the transformation technique for engineering anthocyanin synthesis in roots. Taken together, we show that this method allows fast in vivo studies of gene function in a wide range of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qing Yang
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Biying Dong
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhihua Song
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Litao Wang
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongyan Cao
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hanghang Li
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yujie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- The College of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbinChina
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