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Yang J, Li M, Yin Y, Liu Y, Gan X, Mu X, Li H, Li J, Li H, Zheng J, Gou M. Spatial accumulation of lignin monomers and cellulose underlying stalk strength in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108918. [PMID: 38986238 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Lodging largely affects yield, quality and mechanical harvesting of maize. Stalk strength is one of the major factors that affect maize lodging. Although plant cell wall components including lignin and cellulose were known to be associated with stalk strength and lodging resistance, spatial accumulation of specific lignin monomers and cellulose in different tissues and their association with stalk strength in maize was not clearly understood. In this study, we found that both G and S lignin monomers accumulate highest in root, stem rind and leaf vein. Consistently, most lignin biosynthetic genes were expressed higher in root and stem than in other tissues. However, cellulose appears to be lowest in root. There are only mild changes of G lignin and cellulose in different internodes. Instead, we noticed a dramatic decrease of S-lignin accumulation and lignin biosynthetic gene expression in 2nd to 4th internodes wherein stem breakage usually occurs, thereby revealing a few candidate lignin biosynthetic genes associated with stalk strength. Moreover, stalk strength is positively correlated with G, S lignin, and cellulose, but negatively correlated with S/G ratio based on data of maize lines with high or low stalk strength. Loss-of-function of a caffeic acid o-methyltransferase (COMT), which is involved in S lignin biosynthesis, in the maize bm3 mutant, leads to lower stalk strength. Our data collectively suggest that stalk strength is determined by tissue-specific accumulation of lignin monomers and cellulose, and manipulation of the cell wall components by genetic engineering is vital to improve maize stalk strength and lodging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xinke Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Hanqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jiankun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Haochuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jun Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Feng X, Ma D, Lei T, Hu S, Yu X, Gao J. Subsoil tillage improved the maize stalk lodging resistance under high planting density. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1396182. [PMID: 39086917 PMCID: PMC11288881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1396182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Lodging reduces maize yield and quality. The improvement in maize lodging resistance has proven to be instrumental in maximizing the yield potential of maize varieties under high-density planting. Tillage practices accommodate larger groups by enhancing soil conditions. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of subsoil tillage in reducing the maize stalk lodging rate. The maize cultivars Xianyu 335 (XY335) and Zhongdan2 (ZD2) were selected for field experiments including two tillage methods, shallow rotary (RT) and subsoil (SS), and two densities, 75,000 plants ha-1 (D1) and 105,000 plants ha-1 (D2), were set up to investigate and analyze the changes of maize lodging rate and the related indexes of lodging resistance under SS and RT conditions. The findings revealed that under high density, as compared to rotary tillage, SS tillage decreased the plant and ear height by 9.01-9.20 cm and 3.50-4.90 cm, respectively. The stalk dry matter accumulation was enhanced by 8.98%-24.98%, while stalk diameter between two and seven internodes increased by 0.47- 4.15 mm. Stalk cellulose increased by 11.83% -12.38%, hemicellulose increased by 6.7%-15.97%, and lignin increased by 9.86%-15.9%. The rind puncture and crushing strength improved by 3.11%-20.06% and 11.90%-27.07%, respectively. The bending strength increased by 6.25%-27.96% and the lodging rate decreased by 1.20%-6.04%. Yield increased by 7.58%-8.17%. At SS tillage when density increased, the index changes in ZD2 were mostly less than those in XY335. The rind penetration strength, bending strength, crushing strength, stalk diameter, and dry matter accumulation all had a negative correlation with the lodging rate. It suggested that SS tillage was beneficial to lodging resistance and, in combination with stalk lodging-resistant varieties, can effectively alleviate the problem of stalk lodging after increased planting density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaofang Yu
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Julin Gao
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Shen Y, Adnan M, Ma F, Kong L, Wang M, Jiang F, Hu Q, Yao W, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Huang J. A high-throughput phenotyping method for sugarcane rind penetrometer resistance and breaking force characterization by near-infrared spectroscopy. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:101. [PMID: 37770966 PMCID: PMC10540387 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is the core crop for sugar and bioethanol production over the world. A major problem in sugarcane production is stalk lodging due to weak mechanical strength. Rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) and breaking force are two kinds of regular parameters for mechanical strength characterization. However, due to the lack of efficient methods for determining RPR and breaking force in sugarcane, genetic approaches for improving these traits are generally limited. This study was designed to use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration assay to accurately assess mechanical strength on a high-throughput basis for the first time. RESULTS Based on well-established laboratory measurements of sugarcane stalk internodes collected in the years 2019 and 2020, considerable variations in RPR and breaking force were observed in the stalk internodes. Following a standard NIRS calibration process, two online models were obtained with a high coefficient of determination (R2) and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) values during calibration, internal cross-validation, and external validation. Remarkably, the equation for RPR exhibited R2 and RPD values as high as 0.997 and 17.70, as well as showing relatively low root mean square error values at 0.44 N mm-2 during global modeling, demonstrating excellent predictive performance. CONCLUSIONS This study delivered a successful attempt for rapid and precise prediction of rind penetrometer resistance and breaking force in sugarcane stalk by NIRS assay. These established models can be used to improve phenotyping jobs for sugarcane germplasm on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi China-ASEAN Youth Industrial Park (Chongzuo Agricultural Hi-Tech Industry Demo Zone), Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Fumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Liyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Maoyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Fuhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongfang Zhou
- Nanning Sugar Industry Co., LTD, Nanning, 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center of Canesugar Industry, Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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DeKold J, Robertson D. Experimental error analysis of biomechanical phenotyping for stalk lodging resistance in maize. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12178. [PMID: 37500669 PMCID: PMC10374599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stalk lodging destroys between 5 and 25% of grain crops annually. Developing crop varieties with improved lodging resistance will reduce the yield gap. Field-phenotyping equipment is critical to develop lodging resistant crop varieties, but current equipment is hindered by measurement error. Relatively little research has been done to identify and rectify sources of measurement error in biomechanical phenotyping platforms. This study specifically investigated sources of error in bending stiffness and bending strength measurements of maize stalks acquired using an in-field phenotyping platform known as the DARLING. Three specific sources of error in bending stiffness and bending strength measurements were evaluated: horizontal device placement, vertical device placement and incorrect recordings of load cell height. Incorrect load cell heights introduced errors as large as 130% in bending stiffness and 50% in bending strength. Results indicated that errors on the order of 15-25% in bending stiffness and 1-10% in bending strength are common in field-based measurements. Improving the design of phenotyping devices and associated operating procedures can mitigate this error. Reducing measurement error in field-phenotyping equipment is crucial for advancing the development of improved, lodging-resistant crop varieties. Findings have important implications for reducing the yield gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph DeKold
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 0902, Moscow, ID, 83844-0902, USA
| | - Daniel Robertson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 0902, Moscow, ID, 83844-0902, USA.
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Wang S, Li H, Dong Z, Wang C, Wei X, Long Y, Wan X. Genetic structure and molecular mechanism underlying the stalk lodging traits in maize ( Zea mays L.). Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:485-494. [PMID: 36618981 PMCID: PMC9803694 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stalk lodging seriously affects yield and quality of crops, and it can be caused by several factors, such as environments, developmental stages, and internal chemical components of plant stalks. Breeding of stalk lodging-resistant varieties is thus an important task for maize breeders. To better understand the genetic basis underlying stalk lodging resistance, several methods such as quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) have been used to mine potential gene resources. Based on different types of genetic populations and mapping methods, many significant loci associated with stalk lodging resistance have been identified so far. However, few work has been performed to compare and integrate these reported genetic loci. In this study, we first collected hundreds of QTLs and quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) related to stalk lodging traits in maize. Then we mapped and integrated the QTLs and QTNs in maize genome to identify overlapped hotspot regions. Based on the genomic confidence intervals harboring these overlapped hotspot regions, we predicted candidate genes related to stalk lodging traits. Meanwhile, we mapped reported genes to these hotspot regions. Finally, we constructed molecular regulatory networks underlying stalk lodging resistance in maize. Collectively, this study provides not only useful genetic loci for deeply exploring molecular mechanisms of stalk lodging resistance traits, but also potential candidate genes and targeted strategies for improving stalk lodging resistance to increase crop yields in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huangai Li
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Zhenying Dong
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yan Long
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
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Wu L, Zheng Y, Jiao F, Wang M, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Jia X, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Guo J, Chen J. Identification of quantitative trait loci for related traits of stalk lodging resistance using genome-wide association studies in maize (Zea mays L.). BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:76. [PMID: 36319954 PMCID: PMC9623923 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stalk lodging is one of the main factors affecting maize (Zea mays L.) yield and limiting mechanized harvesting. Developing maize varieties with high stalk lodging resistance requires exploring the genetic basis of lodging resistance-associated agronomic traits. Stalk strength is an important indicator to evaluate maize lodging and can be evaluated by measuring stalk rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) and stalk buckling strength (SBS). Along with morphological traits of the stalk for the third internodes length (TIL), fourth internode length (FIL), third internode diameter (TID), and the fourth internode diameter (FID) traits are associated with stalk lodging resistance. RESULTS In this study, a natural population containing 248 diverse maize inbred lines genotyped with 83,057 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for genome-wide association study (GWAS) for six stalk lodging resistance-related traits. The heritability of all traits ranged from 0.59 to 0.72 in the association mapping panel. A total of 85 significant SNPs were identified for the association mapping panel using best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values of all traits. Additionally, five candidate genes were associated with stalk strength traits, which were either directly or indirectly associated with cell wall components. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of maize stalk lodging and provide valuable theoretical guidance for lodging resistance in maize breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Yunxiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Fuchao Jiao
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109 China
| | - Ming Wang
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Zhongqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Yaqun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Liying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Jinjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China
| | - Jingtang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Sub-Center for National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071001 China ,grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, Qingdao 266109 China
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Zhang X, Xue J, Tian M, Zhang G, Ming B, Wang K, Hou P, Xie R, Tang Q, Li S. Maize Lodging Resistance with Plastic Film Removal, Increased Planting Density, and Cultivars with Different Maturity Periods. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2723. [PMID: 36297747 PMCID: PMC9611338 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While plastic film mulching and proper high-density planting are important methods that can improve maize yield, years of accumulated residual film have created soil pollution and degraded soil, and thus has impeded sustainable agriculture development. Here, we compared the stalk and root lodging resistances of three maize cultivars grown at two planting densities both with (FM) and without (NM) plastic film mulch. Our aim was to provide a theoretical basis that may help assure a future of successful no-film planting with increased planting density. The results showed that, compared with FM, the average dry weight per unit length and bending strength of basal internode decreased for all cultivars at both planting densities in the NM treatment. At 9.0 × 104 plants ha-1, the stalk breaking force (SFC) of Xinyu77, KWS9384, and KWS2030 in the NM treatment decreased by 4%, 21%, and 22%, respectively. At 12.0 × 104 plants ha-1, SFC of Xinyu77 and KWS2030 increased by 14% and 1%, respectively, while KWS9384 decreased by 10%. Additionally, the root diameter, length, volume, width, depth, and the vertical root-pulling force of maize decreased. Although the lodging resistance of maize grown without film mulch was lower than that of maize grown with it, those adverse effects can be mitigated by selecting suitable cultivars and by using proper high-density planting and appropriate cultivation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Ming
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Keru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruizhi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiuxiang Tang
- College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Shaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Simanjuntak C, Gaiser T, Ahrends HE, Srivastava AK. Spatial and temporal patterns of agrometeorological indicators in maize producing provinces of South Africa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12072. [PMID: 35840590 PMCID: PMC9287399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change impacts on maize production in South Africa, i.e., interannual yield variabilities, are still not well understood. This study is based on a recently released reanalysis of climate observations (AgERA5), i.e., temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed data. The study assesses climate change effects by quantifying the trend of agrometeorological indicators, their correlation with maize yield, and analyzing their spatiotemporal patterns using Empirical Orthogonal Function. Thereby, the main agrometeorological factors that affected yield variability for the last 31 years (1990/91-2020/21 growing season) in major maize production provinces, namely Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, and North West are identified. Results show that there was a significant positive trend in temperature that averages 0.03-0.04 °C per year and 0.02-0.04 °C per growing season. There was a decreasing trend in precipitation in Free State with 0.01 mm per year. Solar radiation did not show a significant trend. Wind speed in Free State increased at a rate of 0.01 ms-1 per growing season. Yield variabilities in Free State, Mpumalanga, and North West show a significant positive correlation (r > 0.43) with agrometeorological variables. Yield in KwaZulu-Natal is not influenced by climate factors. The leading mode (50-80% of total variance) of each agrometeorological variable indicates spatially homogenous pattern across the regions. The dipole patterns of the second and the third mode suggest the variabilities of agrometeorological indicators are linked to South Indian high pressure and the warm Agulhas current. The corresponding principal components were mainly associated with strong climate anomalies which are identified as El Niño and La Niña events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Simanjuntak
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gaiser
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hella Ellen Ahrends
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 5, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Stubbs CJ, McMahan CS, Tabaracci K, Kunduru B, Sekhon RS, Robertson DJ. Cross-sectional geometry predicts failure location in maize stalks. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:56. [PMID: 35477510 PMCID: PMC9044803 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stalk lodging (breaking of agricultural plant stalks prior to harvest) is a multi-billion dollar a year problem. Stalk lodging occurs when high winds induce bending moments in the stalk which exceed the bending strength of the plant. Previous biomechanical models of plant stalks have investigated the effect of cross-sectional morphology on stalk lodging resistance (e.g., diameter and rind thickness). However, it is unclear if the location of stalk failure along the length of stem is determined by morphological or compositional factors. It is also unclear if the crops are structurally optimized, i.e., if the plants allocate structural biomass to create uniform and minimal bending stresses in the plant tissues. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to investigate the relationship between bending stress and failure location of maize stalks, and (2) to investigate the potential of phenotyping for internode-level bending stresses to assess lodging resistance. RESULTS 868 maize specimens representing 16 maize hybrids were successfully tested in bending to failure. Internode morphology was measured, and bending stresses were calculated. It was found that bending stress is highly and positively associated with failure location. A user-friendly computational tool is presented to help plant breeders in phenotyping for internode-level bending stress. Phenotyping for internode-level bending stresses could potentially be used to breed for more biomechanically optimal stalks that are resistant to stalk lodging. CONCLUSIONS Internode-level bending stress plays a potentially critical role in the structural integrity of plant stems. Equations and tools provided herein enable researchers to account for this phenotype, which has the potential to increase the bending strength of plants without increasing overall structural biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Stubbs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- School of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher S McMahan
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Kaitlin Tabaracci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Bharath Kunduru
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Rajandeep S Sekhon
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Daniel J Robertson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Fu Q, Fu J, Chen Z, Chen C, Zhang J, Ren L. Measurement and Analysis of Root Anchorage Effect on Stalk Forces in Lodged Corn Harvesting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852375. [PMID: 35498664 PMCID: PMC9039664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of root anchorage on corn stalk is the main cause of difficulties in stalk lifting and ear picking of lodged corn. To quantify the forces on the stalks caused by root anchorage in corn harvesting, a root force measurement system was designed and applied in this study. The bending moment and torsional moment on the upright and lodged corn stalks were measured in corn harvesting with the designed system and the results were compared with the manually measured failure boundaries. The manually measured results showed bending moments to push down the upright stalks, to lift the lodged corn stalks, and to slip the lodged corn stalks were 35.12, 23.33, and 40.36 Nm, respectively, whereas the torsional moments needed to twist off the upright and lodged corn stalks were 4.02 and 3.33 Nm, respectively. The bending moments that the corn header applied to the upright, forward lodged, reverse lodged, and lateral lodged corn stalks were 10.68, 22.24, 16.56, and 20.42 Nm, respectively, whereas the torsional moments on them were 1.32, 1.59, 1.55, and 1.77 Nm, respectively. The bending force was the main factor that broke the root anchorage and influenced the stalk movement of lodged corn in harvesting. By analyzing the bending moment curves on the lodged corn stalks, it was proposed that for the harvesting of corn lodged in the forward, reverse, and lateral direction, the corresponding harvester header improvement suggestions are enlarging the size of pins on the gathering chains, reducing the speed of gathering chains, and lengthening the snouts with a sleeker surface, respectively. This study provides base data for the root anchorage effect on lodged corn and provides references for the improved design of the corn harvester header.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Fu
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Fu
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Shah AN, Tanveer M, Abbas A, Yildirim M, Shah AA, Ahmad MI, Wang Z, Sun W, Song Y. Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Stem Lodging and Kernel Abortion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699085. [PMID: 34868101 PMCID: PMC8636062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Noor Shah
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Asad Abbas
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department of Field Crop, Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | | | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Youhong Song
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Youhong Song
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