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Liu H, Pan W, Liu H, Xie D, Liao L. Biomimetic cryogel promotes the repair of osteoporotic bone defects through altering the ROS niche via down-regulating the ROMO1. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128481. [PMID: 38042316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease that is prone to fractures due to decreased bone density and bone quality, and delayed union or nonunion often occurs in osteoporotic fractures. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop tissue engineering materials to promote osteoporotic fracture healing. In this study, a series of biomimetic cryogels prepared from the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), methacrylate gelatin (GelMA), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) via unidirectional freezing, photo- and genipin crosslinking were applied for the regeneration of osteoporotic fractures. Specifically, dECM extracted from normal or osteoporotic rats was applied for the preparation of the cryogels, named as GC-Normal dECM or GC-OVX dECM, respectively. It was verified that the GC-Normal dECM demonstrated superior performance in promoting the proliferation of BMSCs isolated from osteoporotic rats (OVX-BMSCs), and the differentiation of OVX-BMSCs into osteoblasts both in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing and further verifications confirmed that GC-Normal dECM cryogel could scavenge the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OVX-BMSCs to accelerate the regeneration of osteoporotic fracture by down-regulating the reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (Romo1). The results indicated that by regulating the ROS niche of OVX-BMSCs, biomimetic the GC-Normal dECM cryogel was expected to be a clinical candidate for repairing osteoporotic bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Weilun Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Denghui Xie
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China.
| | - Liqiong Liao
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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2
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Calderari S, Archilla C, Jouneau L, Daniel N, Peynot N, Dahirel M, Richard C, Mourier E, Schmaltz-Panneau B, Vitorino Carvalho A, Rousseau-Ralliard D, Lager F, Marchiol C, Renault G, Gatien J, Nadal-Desbarats L, Couturier-Tarrade A, Duranthon V, Chavatte-Palmer P. Alteration of the embryonic microenvironment and sex-specific responses of the preimplantation embryo related to a maternal high-fat diet in the rabbit model. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:602-613. [PMID: 37822211 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The maternal metabolic environment can be detrimental to the health of the offspring. In a previous work, we showed that maternal high-fat (HH) feeding in rabbit induced sex-dependent metabolic adaptation in the fetus and led to metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. As early development representing a critical window of susceptibility, in the present work we aimed to explore the effects of the HH diet on the oocyte, preimplantation embryo and its microenvironment. In oocytes from females on HH diet, transcriptomic analysis revealed a weak modification in the content of transcripts mainly involved in meiosis and translational control. The effect of maternal HH diet on the embryonic microenvironment was investigated by identifying the metabolite composition of uterine and embryonic fluids collected in vivo by biomicroscopy. Metabolomic analysis revealed differences in the HH uterine fluid surrounding the embryo, with increased pyruvate concentration. Within the blastocoelic fluid, metabolomic profiles showed decreased glucose and alanine concentrations. In addition, the blastocyst transcriptome showed under-expression of genes and pathways involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid transport and metabolism, most pronounced in female embryos. This work demonstrates that the maternal HH diet disrupts the in vivo composition of the embryonic microenvironment, where the presence of nutrients is increased. In contrast to this nutrient-rich environment, the embryo presents a decrease in nutrient sensing and metabolism suggesting a potential protective process. In addition, this work identifies a very early sex-specific response to the maternal HH diet, from the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Calderari
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Catherine Archilla
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Nathalie Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Nathalie Peynot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Michele Dahirel
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Christophe Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
- Plateforme MIMA2-CIMA, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Eve Mourier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
- Plateforme MIMA2-CIMA, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Barbara Schmaltz-Panneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Anaïs Vitorino Carvalho
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Franck Lager
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, ParisF-75014, France
| | - Carmen Marchiol
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, ParisF-75014, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, ParisF-75014, France
| | - Julie Gatien
- Research and Development Department, Eliance, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lydie Nadal-Desbarats
- UMR 1253, iBrain, University of Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- PST-ASB, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Anne Couturier-Tarrade
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Véronique Duranthon
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort94700, France
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Sun MH, Jiang WJ, Li XH, Lee SH, Heo G, Zhou D, Chen Z, Cui XS. ATF6 aggravates apoptosis in early porcine embryonic development by regulating organelle homeostasis under high-temperature conditions. Zool Res 2023; 44:848-859. [PMID: 37501400 PMCID: PMC10559089 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), one of the three sensor proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is an important regulator of ER stress-induced apoptosis. ATF6 resides in the ER and, upon activation, is translocated to the Golgi apparatus, where it is cleaved by site-1 protease (S1P) to generate an amino-terminal cytoplasmic fragment. Although recent studies have made progress in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of ATF6, its function during early porcine embryonic development under high-temperature (HT) stress remains unclear. In this study, zygotes were divided into four groups: control, HT, HT+ATF6 knockdown, and HT+PF (S1P inhibitor). Results showed that HT exposure induced ER stress, which increased ATF6 protein expression and led to a decrease in the blastocyst rate. Next, ATF6 expression was knocked down in HT embryos under microinjection of ATF6 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Results revealed that ATF6 knockdown (ATF6-KD) attenuated the increased expression of CHOP, an ER stress marker, and Ca 2+ release induced by HT. In addition, ATF6-KD alleviated homeostasis dysregulation among organelles caused by HT-induced ER stress, and further reduced Golgi apparatus and mitochondrial dysfunction in HT embryos. AIFM2 is an important downstream effector of ATF6. Results showed that ATF6-KD reduced the occurrence of AIFM2-mediated embryonic apoptosis at HT. Taken together, our findings suggest that ATF6 is a crucial mediator of apoptosis during early porcine embryonic development, resulting from HT-induced ER stress and disruption of organelle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea 28644, Korea
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea 28644, Korea
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea 28644, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea 28644, Korea
| | - Geun Heo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea 28644, Korea
| | - Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea 28644, Korea
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea 28644, Korea. E-mail:
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Lee SH, Sun MH, Jiang WJ, Li XH, Heo G, Zhou D, Chen Z, Cui XS. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates heat stress-induced apoptosis via upregulating the heat shock response in porcine parthenotes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8427. [PMID: 37225872 PMCID: PMC10209172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is a long-standing hurdle that animals face in the living environment. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a strong antioxidant synthesized by plants and animals. The present study evaluated the mechanism of ALA action in HS-induced early porcine parthenotes development. Parthenogenetically activated porcine oocytes were divided into three groups: control, high temperature (HT) (42 °C for 10 h), and HT + ALA (with 10 µM ALA). The results show that HT treatment significantly reduced the blastocyst formation rate compared to the control. The addition of ALA partially restored the development and improved the quality of blastocysts. Moreover, supplementation with ALA not only induced lower levels of reactive oxygen species and higher glutathione levels but also markedly reduced the expression of glucose regulatory protein 78. The protein levels of heat shock factor 1 and heat shock protein 40 were higher in the HT + ALA group, which suggests activation of the heat shock response. The addition of ALA reduced the expression of caspase 3 and increased the expression of B-cell lymphoma-extra-large protein. Collectively, this study revealed that ALA supplementation ameliorated HS-induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses via activating the heat shock response, which improved the quality of HS-exposed porcine parthenotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Heo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Yang SG, Bae JW, Park HJ, Koo DB. Mito-TEMPO protects preimplantation porcine embryos against mitochondrial fission-driven apoptosis through DRP1/PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Life Sci 2023; 315:121333. [PMID: 36608867 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mdivi-1 (Md-1) is a well-known inhibitor of mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. The mitochondrial superoxide scavenger Mito-TEMPO (MT) exerts positive effects on the developmental competence of pig embryos. This study aimed to explore the adverse effects of Md-1 on developmental capacity in porcine embryos and the protective effects of MT against Md-1-induced injury. MAIN METHODS We exposed porcine embryos to Md-1 (10 and 50 μM) for 2 days after in vitro fertilization (IVF). MT (0.1 μM) treatment was applied for 4 days after exposing embryos to Md-1. We assessed blastocyst development, DNA damage, mitochondrial superoxide production, and mitochondrial distribution using TUNEL assay, Mito-SOX, and Mito-tracker, respectively. Subsequently, the expression of PINK1, DRP1, and p-DRP1Ser616 was evaluated via immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Md-1 compromised the developmental competence of blastocysts. Apoptosis and mitochondrial superoxide production were significantly upregulated in 50 μM Md-1-treated embryos, accompanied by a downregulation of p-DRP1Ser616, PINK1, and LC3B levels and lower mitophagy activity at the blastocyst stage. We confirmed the protective effects of MT against the detrimental effect of Md-1 on blastocyst developmental competence, mitochondrial fission, and DRP1/PINK1-mediated mitophagy activation. Eventually, MT recovered DRP1/PINK1-mediated mitophagy and mitochondrial fission by inhibiting superoxide production in Md-1-treated embryos. SIGNIFICANCE MT protects against detrimental effects of Md-1 on porcine embryos by suppressing superoxide production. These findings expand available scientific knowledge on improving outcomes of IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Gi Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deog-Bon Koo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zhou D, Sun MH, Jiang WJ, Li XH, Lee SH, Heo G, Niu YJ, Ock SA, Cui XS. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects porcine oocytes against post-ovulatory aging through inhibition of oxidative stress. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8633-8644. [PMID: 36375471 PMCID: PMC9699752 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of oxidative stress are major factors that drive the process of post-ovulatory oocyte aging. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which accounts for up to 50% of the catechins, possesses versatile biological functions, including preventing or treating diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. The aim of this study was to explore whether EGCG can delay porcine oocyte aging by preventing oxidative stress. Metaphase II (MII) oocytes were cultured for 48 h with different concentrations of EGCG (0-100 μM) in vitro as a post-ovulatory aging model. An optimal concentration of 5 μM EGCG maintained oocyte morphology and developmental competence during aging. The oocytes were randomly divided into five groups: fresh, 24 h control, 24 h EGCG, 48 h control, and 48 h EGCG. The results suggest that EGCG significantly prevents aging-induced oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH) reduction, apoptosis, and autophagy. Moreover, mitochondria DNA copy number was decreased, and the number of active mitochondria and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels significantly increased by supplementation with EGCG. Thus, EGCG has a preventive role against aging in porcine post-ovulatory oocytes due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and promote mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Geun Heo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ying-Jie Niu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sun A. Ock
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Sun M, Jiang W, Li X, Lee S, Heo G, Zhou D, Choi J, Kim K, Lv W, Cui X. ATF7-dependent epigenetic changes induced by high temperature during early porcine embryonic development. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13352. [PMID: 36254813 PMCID: PMC9890523 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor 7 (ATF7) is a member of the ATF/cAMP response element (CRE) B superfamily. ATF2, ATF7, and CRE-BPa are present in vertebrates. Drosophila and fission yeast have only one homologue: dATF2 and Atf1, respectively. Under normal conditions, ATF7 promotes heterochromatin formation by recruiting histone H3K9 di- and tri-methyltransferases. Once the situation changes, all members are phosphorylated by the stress-activated kinase P38 in response to various stressors. However, the role of ATF7 in early porcine embryonic development remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, we found that ATF7 gradually accumulated in the nucleus and then localized on the pericentric heterochromatin after the late 4-cell stage, while being co-localized with heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). Knockdown of ATF7 resulted in decreases in the blastocyst rate and blastocyst cell number. ATF7 depletion resulted in downregulation of HP1 and histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) expression. These effects were alleviated when P38 activity was inhibited. High temperatures increased the expression level of pP38, while reducing the quality of porcine embryos, and led to ATF7 phosphorylation. The expression level of H3K9me2 and HP1 was decreased and regulated by P38 activity. CONCLUSION Stress-induced ATF7-dependent epigenetic changes play important roles in early porcine embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Hong Sun
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Wen‐Jie Jiang
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Xiao‐Han Li
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Song‐Hee Lee
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Geun Heo
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Jung‐Seok Choi
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Kwan‐Suk Kim
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
| | - Wenfa Lv
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiang‐Shun Cui
- Department of Animal ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuSouth Korea
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